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PubMed2001

Partial resistance to leaf rust in a collection of ancient Spanish barleys.

A collection of 569 Spanish barley accessions was screened for resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth) in the field at Córdoba during the 2000-2001 season. The level of resistance ranged from very low to very high. In 14% of the accessions the relative AUDPC (L94 = 100%) was lower than 10%. Selected accessions that were most resistant in the field, were tested in the seedling stage under controlled conditions. Macroscopic components of resistance indicated that six lines had a high level of partial resistance close to check cv. Vada and one line a similar level of partial resistance. Histological studies indicated that the resistance was based on a high percentage of early aborted colonies and reduction in colony size without plant cell necrosis. Three of the selected lines showed high percentage of plant cell necrosis associated with established colonies, which indicates a combination of prehaustorial resistance with late acting incomplete posthaustorial resistance. Although the new barley varieties already incorporate some partial resistance, new sources of partial resistance like these are needed to improve durability of the resistance.

Genetic Predisposition to Disease↗
PubMed1997

Exposure to video display terminals and risk of spontaneous abortion.

Clusters of spontaneous abortion among video display terminal (VDT) users in North America and Canada in the late 1970s aroused suspicion about the potential risk of an association between VDT. exposure and pregnancy outcome. This case-control study considered the association between VDT use and the risk of miscarriage. Cases were 508 women admitted for spontaneous abortion to the Clinica Luigi Mangiagalli and a network of obstetric departments in the Milan area. Controls were 1,148 women who gave birth at term to healthy infants on randomly selected days at the same hospitals where cases were identified. No association emerged between VDT exposure and spontaneous abortion, the estimated odds ratio being 1.0 (95% CI: 0.8-1.2). This evidence agrees with studies conducted in different countries by various authors.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1998

The alleged association between induced abortion and risk of breast cancer: biology or bias?

The alleged association between induced abortion and breast cancer is one of the most controversial and important questions in women's health today. To help clinicians provide appropriate counseling, we reviewed both the primary data and review articles on this topic. We identified the studies and reviews by using Medline and the reference lists of articles and texts. We then used the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force rating system to evaluate the evidence. Many case-control studies have addressed this question, but their results have been inconsistent. Persistent problems in the case-control studies include selection of an appropriate control group, recall bias (under-reporting of induced abortion by controls), and confounding by other risk factors. Two recent, large cohort studies, which are less susceptible to bias, showed either protection or no effect on breast cancer risk from an induced abortion. At present, level II-2 evidence (cohort and case-control studies) supports a class B recommendation (fair evidence) that induced abortion does not increase a woman's risk of breast cancer later in life.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

HIV screening for pregnant women in south eastern France: evolution 1992-1994-1996.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the evolution of the HIV screening practices towards pregnant women between 1992 and 1996, in relation with the 1993 French mandatory obligation to offer prenatal HIV testing and recent therapeutic possibilities to reduce HIV vertical transmission. STUDY DESIGN: Three successive surveys (January 1992, May 1994 and May 1996) about HIV screening policies among medical chiefs of all prenatal care and abortion departments of South Eastern France. Sixty-seven of the 74 departments concerned agreed to participate in the three surveys. RESULTS: The proportion of departments practising routine prenatal HIV screening had not increased since 1992 (89%) but systematic women's consent is more often requested (65.5 vs. 38.2%, P < 0.01). In the context of abortion, HIV testing is more often routinely offered (38.1 vs. 16.4%, P < 0.05) but selective screening remains a frequent practice (29.1%). CONCLUSION: Mandatory proposal of HIV testing to women who terminate could improve access to test but is not sufficient to guarantee adequate preventive counselling.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1980

Termination of pregnancy by menstrual extraction.

Termination of pregnancy by means of "menstrual extraction" is a useful procedure for family physicians opting to offer this service to their patients. It is an easily performed procedure which, when compared to the presently available avenues for abortion, offers significant advantages in cost, diminished morbidity, and the opportunity for continuity of care by the primary physician. The procedure is successful in properly selected patients 99 percent of the time.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

Effect of employment and its correlates on spontaneous abortion risk.

While several studies have examined the role of employment during pregnancy on reproductive risk, few have taken into account the potential selection pressures which may cause a woman to choose employment or non-employment during pregnancy. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that employment, or certain types or preconditions of employment, places a woman at increased risk for spontaneous abortion. A case-control study design, utilizing two control groups matched to the 334 cases for age and parity (total N = 981) allowed detailed comparisons of exposures and correlates during the index pregnancy. Control groups consisted of pregnant women (less than 25 wk gestation) and postnatal women. Detailed histories of employment in the 3 months preceding and 4 months following the last menstrual period (LMP), were taken, as well as data on such potential confounding variables as past obstetrical history and socioeconomic status. No significant differences were found between groups in terms of overall employment status. In addition, particular characteristics of jobs, such as hours worked per week, physical activity level, shift work or flexibility of hours were found to be non-significant when analyzed several ways. However, a marked difference in risk (OR for prenatal comparison 1.79, P less than 0.01; OR for postnatal comparison 2.13, P less than 0.001) was found for job motivation amongst full-time workers for risk, with those women stating they worked primarily out of financial need being at highest risk for abortion. This remained after using multiple logistic regression to control for family income and other socioeconomic variables, job characteristics and subjective measures of job satisfaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1999

Bovine neosporosis: comparison of serological methods using outbreak sera from a dairy herd in New Zealand.

Serological methods developed to detect Neospora caninum specific bovine antibodies were compared using sera from an abortion outbreak on a dairy farm in New Zealand. These methods included four ELISAs, IFAT and immunoblot. The abortions (n = 16) on the farm were restricted to one of two groups of the herd which consisted of 194 adult dairy cows. All ELISAs, IFAT and immunoblot (applying stringent cut-off levels) revealed a statistically significant association between seropositivity and abortion among the adult cows from the afflicted group 1. The strength of this association varied between different tests, and different seroprevalences were determined for various animal groups. Among the different ELISAs, the strength of the relationship between single test results was characterised by a considerable variation in the determinants of correlation. Discrepancies in positive-negative classification between the two commercial ELISAs and one of the in-house ELISAs were due mainly to differences in the cut-off selection.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2001

Pelvic embolization for treatment of hemorrhage related to spontaneous and induced abortion.

OBJECTIVE: Presentation of outcomes of pelvic arterial embolization for hemorrhage after spontaneous or induced abortion. STUDY DESIGN: We collected case reports of embolization after spontaneous or induced abortion from oral presentations and from members of the National Abortion Federation. RESULTS: Pelvic arterial embolization was performed for 11 women who had hemorrhage after spontaneous or induced abortion, and it was initially successful for all women. One woman ultimately required a hysterectomy after unsuccessful repeated embolization. Prophylactic embolization was done for 8 women who were at risk for hemorrhage from placenta accreta; 4 of these women had subsequent hysterectomies. CONCLUSIONS: Selective pelvic arterial embolization may be a successful treatment for hemorrhage associated with spontaneous and induced abortion. Embolization can be considered before hysterectomy is undertaken for control of hemorrhage. There may be a role for prophylactic catheterization or embolization when there is a risk of severe hemorrhage.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of various primer sets for detection of Toxoplasma gondii by polymerase chain reaction in fetal tissues from naturally aborted foxes.

Tissues from 4 aborted polar foxes (3 samples of brain and 4 samples of liver) were selected for Toxoplasma gondii PCR assay. Positive results of serological tests of mothers and immunofluorescence test (IFT) of fetal organ smears were the criteria of sample selection. Five sets of primers designed from B1 gene and ITS1 sequences of T. gondii were used for detection of the parasite in fetal fox tissues. All used primer sets successfully amplified T. gondii DNA in PCR from organs which were positive by IFT. Single tube nested PCR also showed positive result from a sample negative by IFT, but this product was not confirmed. The studies showed usefullness of PCR for routine diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in carnivores.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1986

[Population genetics study of differential fertility in humans (based on an example of habitual abortion). III. Distribution of individual heterozygosity and genotype combinations for 9 polymorphic loci].

Distribution of individual heterozygosity (the number of heterozygous loci per individual), wife/husband genetical differences and frequencies of genotypes formed by paired combination of eight polymorphic loci were studied in a group of couples and single women with repeated spontaneous abortions, and in a group of couples with normal fertility. No statistically significant differences were found for the first two parameters. Marked increase of genetical variability was shown for the women with repeated spontaneous abortions, as consequence of elevation of frequency of rare genotypic paired combinations. Therefore, differential fertility, as a component of stabilizing selection, alters the distribution of complex genotypes in human populations.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1997

Serological diagnosis of chlamydial abortion in sheep and goats: comparison of the complement fixation test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing solubilised proteins as antigen.

A new ELISA for antibodies against chlamydial abortion of ewes which uses detergent solubilised proteins (dsp) of Chlamydia psittaci as antigen (Anderson, I.E., Herring, A.J., Jones, G.E., Low, J.C., Greig, A., 1995. Development and evaluation of an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies to abortion strains of Chlamydia psittaci in sheep sera. Vet. Microbiol., 43, pp. 1-12] was compared with the complement fixation test (CFT) in screening 1000 ovine and caprine sera obtained from selected flocks/herds ('flocks') and submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Fifteen of the 17 'flocks' had a history of abortion while the remaining two did not and were classified as 'negative flocks'. Infection with Chlamydia was confirmed during the study period in five 'flocks' using direct immunofluorescence and the modified Ziehl Neelsen stain on pathological material. The dspELISA and CFT identified 37 and 45 positive sera on 158 samples tested from these 'flocks'. Chlamydia antibodies were not detected in one of the two negative flocks, in two other flocks where the cause of abortion was undetermined and in three flocks in which the causes of abortion were diagnosed as Listeriosis and/or Salmonellosis. One of the 'negative flocks' yielded two positive reactors by CFT and five by dspELISA, suggesting infection with a cross-reactive subtype of C. pecorum. Of the five 'flocks' in which a definitive diagnosis from pathological material was not possible, four were positive by both serological tests, suggesting that the abortions were due to Chlamydia. The fifth flock, though negative by dspELISA and marginally positive in two samples by CFT, had experienced confirmed chlamydial abortions in previous lambing seasons, but culling and tetracycline treatment have prevented further abortions in the study period. Overall, the proportions of samples positive by CFT and dspELISA were similar (9.1% and 8.8%). These studies confirmed the value of the dspELISA as a screening test for chlamydial abortion. Furthermore, the dspELISA compared to the CFT is easier to perform, does not require reagent titration at each testing and uses automated assessment of results.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acceptability and feasibility of early pregnancy termination by mifepristone-misoprostol. Results of a large multicenter trial in the United States. Mifepristone Clinical Trials Group.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the regimen of oral mifepristone and misoprostol for medical abortion is acceptable to women and providers, in the United States, including physicians, nurses, and counselors, and whether proposed modifications of this regimen appear feasible for clinical practice. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Seventeen clinics in 15 states. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2121 women with pregnancies of 63 days or less in duration. INTERVENTIONS: The administration of mifepristone, 600 mg, orally, followed after 2 days by the administration of misoprostol, 400 micrograms, orally. Clinical observation for 4 hours followed misoprostol administration. Two weeks later, at a checkup, women were questioned about the abortion experience. Providers also answered questions about acceptability and feasibility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient reports of overall satisfaction with the abortion, the number of women who would choose medical abortion again if needed or recommend the method to others, the best and worst features of the method, and provider and patient assessments of home use. RESULTS: The regimen was highly acceptable. Nearly all women (95.7%) would recommend it to others, 91.2% would choose it again, and 87.6% found it very or moderately satisfactory. Even among women for whom the method failed, 69.6% would try it again, 84.9% would recommend it to others, and 51.9% found it very or moderately satisfactory. The chance to avoid a surgical procedure was reported as the method's best feature. The most commonly cited worst features were the uncertainty and fear of side effects. Providers and women considered home use feasible and safe. CONCLUSIONS: American women found abortion with the use of mifepristone and misoprostol acceptable. Even most with unsuccessful outcomes would select the regimen again and recommend it to others. Most providers and women thought that home use of misoprostol should be available for women who prefer it.

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗
PubMed1998

Aborted leiomyosarcoma after treatment with leuprolide acetate.

BACKGROUND: Leuprolide acetate has been used to decrease uterine size and shrink leiomyomata. In carefully selected patients, its treatment benefits are well recognized. However, if leuprolide acetate is inadvertently given to a patient with an unsuspected leiomyosarcoma, complications may occur. CASE: A patient presumed to have leiomyomata was treated with monthly injections of leuprolide acetate. In the third month of treatment, unusual manifestations, including increased bleeding, aborting mass, urinary retention, and severe pain, occurred suggesting a possible malignancy and requiring immediate operation. CONCLUSION: The use of leuprolide acetate can delay the diagnosis and treatment of leiomyosarcoma and thus may increase the risk of morbidity and affect the treatment outcome of patients with leiomyosarcoma. The histologic changes ascribed to leuprolide acetate treatment in leiomyomata also were seen in this leiomyosarcoma.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
PubMed2003

Management of incomplete abortion in South African public hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current management of incomplete abortion in South African public hospitals and to discuss the extent to which management is clinically appropriate. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective descriptive study. SETTING: South African public hospitals that manage gynaecological emergencies. SAMPLE: Hospitals were selected using a stratified random sampling method. All women who presented to the above sampled hospitals with incomplete abortion during the three week data collection period in 2000 were included. METHODS: A data collection sheet was completed at the time of discharge for each woman admitted with a diagnosis of incomplete, complete, missed or inevitable abortion during the study period. Information gathered included demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms at admission, medical management, surgical management, anaestetic management, use of blood products and antibiotics and complications. Three clinical severity categories were used for the purpose of data analysis and interpretation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detail of medical management, detail of surgical management, use of blood products and antibiotics, methods of analgesia and anaesthesia used, and use of abortifacients. RESULTS: There is a trend towards low cost technology such as the use of manual vacuum aspiration and sedation anaesthesia; however, this is mainly limited to the better resourced tertiary hospitals linked to academic units. The use of antibiotics and blood products has decreased but much of the use is inappropriate. The use of abortifacients does include some use of misoprostol but merely as an adjunct to surgical evacuation. CONCLUSIONS: The management of incomplete abortion remains a problem in South Africa, a low income country that is still managing a common clinical problem with costly interventions. The evidence of a trend towards low cost technology is promising, albeit limited to tertiary centres. This study has given us information as how to best address this problem. More training in low cost methods is needed, targeting in particular the district and regional hospitals, and reinforced by skills training focussed mainly on undergraduates and midwife post-abortion care programmes.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed2000

Germinal centers without T cells.

Germinal centers are critical for affinity maturation of antibody (Ab) responses. This process allows the production of high-efficiency neutralizing Ab that protects against virus infection and bacterial exotoxins. In germinal centers, responding B cells selectively mutate the genes that encode their receptors for antigen. This process can change Ab affinity and specificity. The mutated cells that produce high-affinity Ab are selected to become Ab-forming or memory B cells, whereas cells that have lost affinity or acquired autoreactivity are eliminated. Normally, T cells are critical for germinal center formation and subsequent B cell selection. Both processes involve engagement of CD40 on B cells by T cells. This report describes how high-affinity B cells can be induced to form large germinal centers in response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP)-Ficoll in the absence of T cells or signaling through CD40 or CD28. This requires extensive cross-linking of the B cell receptors, and a frequency of antigen-specific B cells of at least 1 in 1,000. These germinal centers abort dramatically at the time when mutated high-affinity B cells are normally selected by T cells. Thus, there is a fail-safe mechanism against autoreactivity, even in the event of thymus-independent germinal center formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detection of chromosomal aberration in fetuses arising from recurrent spontaneous abortion by comparative genomic hybridization.

Chromosomal abnormalities (mostly aneuploidy) account for approximately 50% of fetal losses in the first 8-15 weeks of gestation. Cytogenetic analysis of aborted fetal material depends on conventional tissue culturing and karyotyping. This technique is laborious and is subject to problems including external contamination, culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to determine the chromosomal constitution of 27 fetuses arising from recurrent spontaneous abortion. In 12 samples, the CGH results were compared to the results obtained by conventional cytogenetic techniques. Correlation was found in 75% of samples. Overall, CGH detected chromosomal abnormalities in 48% of the samples, including trisomies, monosomies, and partial chromosome gains and losses. The preliminary data in this study show that CGH can be added, at least as a complementary method, to the traditional cytogenetic techniques used in the investigation of recurrent spontaneous abortions.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1981

[Chromosome abnormalities, tumours and developmental disorders (author's transl)].

Clonal chromosome disorders occurring or acquired at any postnatal age are often closely related with the origin of tumours. In man the Ph1-chromosome (9; 22) anomaly in CML or the 8; 14 translocation in the African malignant Burkitt Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are, among other cases, prominent examples. On the other hand, constitutive, inherited or novel chromosome anomalies conveyed from the zygote to all tissues of the organism may cause a higher risk for the origin of tumours. Rarely, inheritable minor structural chromosome mutations are known to determine the occurrence of dysontogenetic tumours, as e.g., nephroblastoma, but it is assumed that more such cases will become elucidated in the future. As a special phenomenon, true hydatiform mole is a tumour of the placental tissue due to a disorder of intragenome regulation. Constitutive or numerical structural chromosome anomalies of man are a frequent cause of early or late abortion or of abnormal development and malformation. Despite the predominating principle of selective fetal elimination, a few anomalies such as Down's syndrome, may escape to longer survival due to the relatively mild effects of chromosome 21 triplication. Trisomies which represent in man the most frequent type of chromosome disorders, can be induced, and systematically studied in an experimental model of the mouse. This allows the elaboration of the developmental profiles of all trisomies (and monosomies) of the mouse. Also, the above mentioned principle of selective elimination of abnormal implants can be analysed experimentally. Although the developmental span of a trisomic zygote is limited, there is evidence that cells and tissues isolated from the chromosomally abnormal organism can survive much longer. Thus, haemopoietic stem cells, at least in Ts 12 and 19 of the mouse, can be rescued from trisomic fetuses by transferring them to lethally irradiated adult mice, whose blood forming organs may eventually become permanently repopulated by the trisomic cell lineage. This type of experiments is suited for closer analyses of potential functions vs. defects of chromosomally abnormal cellular systems, e.g., with regard to growth and development.

Animals↗