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PubMed1981

Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against immature gastrointestinal pulmonary nematodes of calves.

Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin (greater than or equal to 80% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and less than or equal to 20% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b) was evaluated in a controlled experiment against immature nematodes. Twenty calves raised to about 8 weeks of age under nematode-free conditions were allocated into 4 groups. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus were given orally to each calf on a staggered schedule 6 to 14 days before treatments. The drug was given subcutaneously when the nematodes were in the early 4th stage of development, and the calves were killed 23 or 24 days later. Group 1 nonmedicated control calves had a geometric mean of 25,102 nematodes; groups 2, 3, and 4 calves given ivermectin at dose rates of 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/kg had reductions of 88.2%, 98.0%, and 99.8%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin given intramuscularly in horses.

The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin was evaluated in 18 female horses with naturally acquired parasitic infections. Horses were treated once (IM) with vehicle only (n = 6), 200 microgram/kg of body weight (n = 6), and 300 microgram/kg (n = 6). Efficacy of both dosages of ivermectin was greater than 99% against Gasterophilus spp, 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, H majus, and Draschia megastoma, 98% to 99% against adult cyathostomes, 86% to 97% against 4th-stage cyathostomes, and 100% against adult large strongyles. Although ivermectin was incomplete in its activity against arterial stages of Strongylus vulgaris, it was effective against microfilariae of Onchocerca spp. Adverse local or systemic reactions were not observed due to treatment with ivermectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of ruminant anthelmintics, using multiple dose administration.

Eleven ruminant anthelmintics were administered to lambs over a 30-day period, using medicated feeds or multiple oral doses. Fenbendazole and its sulfinyl analog, oxfendazole, were effective (greater than 90%) in the control of clinical parasitism at feeding levels of 5 mg/kg of feed. Parbendazole and albendazole were effective at daily oral dose levels of 1 mg/kg of body weight and at feeding dose levels of 10 mg/kg of feed, respectively. Levamisole, mebendazole, and oxibendazole were ineffective in controlling intense natural parasitic infections of sheep at daily oral dose levels equal to or less than 1 mg/kg of body weight and/or a feeding level equal to or less than 10 mg/kg of feed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The anthelmintic efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats.

The anthelmintic activity of the powdered shoots of Artemisia herba-alba was investigated in experimental haemonchosis in six Nubian goats which had been infected with single doses of 800 to 1,000 infective Haemonchus larvae. The clinical signs of caprine haemonchosis included inappetence, dullness and soft faeces and were correlated with the pathological findings. None of these changes were observed in four of the six goats following the treatment with 2, 10 or 30 g of Artemisia shoots. This successful therapy was supported by the absence of eggs in the faeces, of adult worms in the abomasum at necropsy and of significant lesions in the tissues of the goats and return of the concentrations of serum ammonia, sodium, potassium, total protein and creatinine and of the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) to normal. In two goats, treated with either 10 or 30 g of Artemisia shoots, egg production was not completely suppressed and a few adult Haemonchus worms were found in the abomasum.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel against gastrointestinal helminths in calves.

Three dosage levels of febantel were tested for anthelmintic activities in calves under field conditions. A total of 20 feeder calves affected with naturally occurring gastrointestinal parasites were used in the controlled test. The calves were allotted to 4 groups of 5 each on the basis of degree of parasitism, body weight, age, and sex. Calves in groups II through IV were treated with febantel paste formulation at dosage levels of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg of body weight; calves in group I were used as nonmedicated controls. Calves were euthanatized and necropsied 7 days after treatment. Medications were 97% to 100% effective against the adult forms of Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia pectinata, C oncophora, Nematodirus spathiger, and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 93% to 98% against Ostertagia ostertagi; and 78% to 95% against Trichuris sp. There were no differences in efficacies of the 3 dosage levels used against adult worms. Efficacy varied from 61% to 96% against larvae of O ostertagi. Activity was not detected against the tapeworm Moniezia benedeni. Medicated cattle did not show signs of intoxication.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Oxfendazole: anthelmintic activity in calves artificially infected with six species of nematodes and in calves naturally infested with tapeworms.

In a series of 5 trials, in which 115 artificially infected calves were used, larval anthelmintic tests were done to assess the activity of oxfendazole at 4, 5 mg/kg against all 3 parasitic stages of 6 species of namatodes. An efficacy of over 98% was demonstrated against the 4th stage larvae (L4), 5th and adult stages of Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia pectinata, Bunostomum Phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum and the 3rd larval stage (L3) of H. placei and C. pectinata. Against the L3 of O. ostertagi, B. phlebotomum and O. radiatum efficacies of 81,7%, 92,4% and 97,3% respectively were shown. Against Dictyocaulus viviparus adult, 5th, L4 and L3 efficacies were recorded of 100%, 96,7%, 95,4% and 89,1% respectively. A test for ovicidal activity confirmed that cattle can be safely moved to clean pasture 8 hours after dosing. Complete removal of strobilia of Moniezia benedeni from 25 naturally infested calves followed a dose rate of oxfendazole at 4,5 mg/kg, but of these each of 4 calves retained one scolex.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Clinical trials of broad spectrum anthelmintics against soil-transmitted helminthiasis.

Clinical trials on the three broad spectrum anthelmintics against trichuriasis, ascariasis and hookworm infection were carried out in a rural community in Irosin, Sorsogon. Flubendazole (Fluvermal) appears to be a promising drug against trichuriasis particularly when periodic mass treatment of a community is carried out. Mebendazole (Antiox) also appears to be promising given as single dose during mass treatment of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. As shown in previous studies, oxantel-pyrantel (Quantrel) should be given at 15 mg/kg body weight at 12-hour intervals or 20 mg/kg body weight single dose rather than 10 mg/kg body weight in a single dose when treating trichuriasis.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1981

The efficacy of anthelmintics against Thysaniezia giardi in South Africa.

Two field cases of apparent inefficacy of albendazole against cestodes in lambs were investigated. In both farms Thysaniezia giardi was identified and 2 critical controlled trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of 5 anthelmintics against T. giardi. Albendazole dosed at 3,8 mg/kg or 7,6 mg/kg live mass, mebendazole at 15 mg/kg were totally ineffective against T. giardi. Treatment with resorantel at 65 mg/kg or niclosamide at 50 mg/kg however, caused expulsion of the strobilae within 16--24 hours after treatment and at autopsy, lambs were free of scoleces of T. giardi.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1981

A field evaluation of pro-benzimidazole, benzimidazole, and non-benzimidazole anthelmintics in horses.

The effectiveness of 1 pro-benzimidazole (pro-BZD) drug, 3 benzimidazole (BZD) drugs, and 3 non-benzimidazole (non-BZD) drugs in keeping fecal egg counts below 50 eggs per gram 2 and 4 weeks after treatment at 6-week intervals was compared in groups of brood mares and yearlings at 2 Standardbred farms. In a preliminary study (December 1978 to April 1979) as well as major study (April to November 1979), horses were kept in the same groups in the same areas. In the major study, treatments were arranged in a Latin square design. On farm 1, which had a history of repeated use of BZD drug since 1964, the non-BZD drugs, dichlorvos and pyrantel pamoate, rated 83%-100% in their ability to suppress egg counts below 50 eggs per gram. They were significantly better (P less than 0.05) than pro-BZD (febantel) or BZD (cambendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole) drugs, which rated 13%-58%. Phenothiazine-piperazine-carbon disulfide rated 60%-77% on farm 1 and also was significantly better (P less than 0.05) than pro-BZD or BZD drugs. On farm 2, which had a history of limited use BZD drugs, there was no significant difference between the 3 classes of anthelmintics, which all rated between 67% and 100%. Results of larval culture showed small strongyles to be the major source of high egg counts. In all groups of horses, irrespective of the treatment, there was a marked increase in fecal egg counts by 6 weeks after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Physiological characteristics of free-living and parasitic stages of strains of Haemonchus contortus, susceptible or resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics.

The effect of changes in genetic constitution (associated with developing benzimidazole resistance) on the physiological characteristics of Haemonchus contortus was investigated. Benzimidazole resistant H contortus were significantly more infective for sheep (20 per cent) than benzimidazole susceptible strains. Pathological changes were more severe in sheep infected with resistant H contortus as measured by packed cell volume, plasma protein concentration and haemoglobin levels. Faecal egg output was significantly higher for resistant strains as was the development and survival of eggs and free-living stages on pasture. Infective third stage larvae of benzimidazole resistant H contortus had a significantly faster exsheathment rate in rumenal fluid than did susceptible strains. These adaptive changes in response to continuing anthelmintic selection of resistant worm populations are discussed and the implications of these findings for worm control programmes indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The residual anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin against selected nematodes affecting sheep.

Determination of the residual anthelmintic efficacy in sheep of an oral formulation of moxidectin at a dosage rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 was evaluated 27-29 (mean: 28) d after dosing and that of the injectable formulation of moxidectin at a dosage rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 at 27-29 (mean: 28) and 34-36 (mean: 35) d post-treatment. The injectable formulation was more than 80% effective in more than 80% of treated sheep against a third larval stage challenge of Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, Gaigeria pachyscelis and Oesophagostomum columbianum at both 28 and 35 d post-treatment. The oral formulation on the other hand was equally effective against a third larval stage challenge of G. pachysce1is at 28 d post-treatment and more than 60% effective in more than 60% of treated sheep against a third larval stage challenge at 28 d post-treatment of H. contortus, T. circumcincta and O. columbianum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The pathomorphological changes in the kidneys of white mice with experimental trichocephaliasis and after the use of anthelmintic preparations].

The experiments were carried out with 170 white mice divided into 4 groups. The first group consisted on 72 intact animals, administered subcutaneous ivomek (0.01 ml/kg) and oxfendasole (10 mg/kg) per os; Group 2 consisted of 15 animals with induced trichocephaliasis, administered no anthelmintics. The third group, 72 animals, were infected with Trichocephalus muris invasion eggs and administered anthelminthic agents on day 46 postinfection. The fourth group consisted of 11 intact animals, neither infected, nor treated (reference group). The animals were decapitated 3, 12, 24 and 72 h after the drug administration and histologic examination of the kidneys was carried out. The findings evidence that the morphologic changes in the kidneys of mice with trichocephaliasis are characterized by alternating proliferative processes. Both the drugs used were found characterized by a more or less pronounced nephrotoxicity. Ivomek induced the most marked structural changes in the kidneys of intact animals. The changes in the kidneys of intact mice were more manifest after the drugs administration than in intact animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of cations and anthelmintics on enzymes of respiratory chains of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta.

The enzymes involved in the catabolism of malate namely fumarate reductase, NADH oxidase, "malic" enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase as well as NADPH:NAD transhydrogenase, which is involved in the electron transport chain, were studied in Hymenolepis diminuta, a rat intestinal tapeworm. Among cations, K+ had no effect on any enzyme whereas Ca2+ and Mg2+ showed an increase or decrease of varying degrees of different enzyme activities. Most of the compounds, which have been synthesized by the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (India) and found to possess some anthelmintic properties, strongly inhibited the above enzymes except malic enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in The Netherlands].

The prevalence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes in sheep was investigated in 1994 with a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and an egg hatch assay (EHA) on 71 farms in the Netherlands. A benzimidazole (oxfendazole) was tested on 70 farms, ivermectin on 51 farms, and levamisole on 35 farms. Based on the FECRT benzimidazole resistance was present on 56 farms, 2 were suspected, on 9 no resistance was observed, while 3 farms could not be tested due to a too low egg output before treatment. No clear indications for resistance to ivermectin and levamisole were found. Benzimidazole resistance was demonstrated in Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia spp. and/or Trichostrongylus spp. No resistance was seen in species from the genus Nematodirus, Chabertia ovina and/or Oesophagostomum spp. De results of the EHA confirmed the results of the FECRT. On 59 farms the ED50 value was > 0.12 microgram ml-1 thiabendazole.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 3-substituted 5-methylthio-isoxazoles.

Isoxazole derivatives have been shown to possess antiparasitic activity. In the present study, 3-substituted 5-methylthio-isoxazoles were synthesized and tested for anthelmintic activity, along with some other isoxazoles which have been reported but not tested earlier. Nine compounds (2a, 2b, 2e, 2g, 2u, 3a, 3b, 3e and 3f) showed activity against both A. ceylanicum and N. dubius in vitro. Twelve compounds (2a, 2b, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2h, 2l, 2n, 2o, 2u, 3d and 3e) showed activity against N. dubius in vivo, a parasite of veterinary importance.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1993

Prevention of pathophysiologic and immunomodulatory effects of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in calves by use of strategic anthelmintic treatments.

Effects of strategic anthelmintic treatment on pathophysiologic and immunomologic changes induced by infection with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora were studied in 2 groups, of 12 calves each: an infected group, inoculated with 200,000 mixed O ostertagi and C oncophora third-stage larvae (L3) on day 1; and an infected-treated group, similarly inoculated, but treated with ivermectin at 9 and 33 days. All calves were also inoculated at 12 weeks with Brucella abortus vaccine, at 13 weeks with bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine (bovine herpesvirus 1), and at 14 weeks with a soluble O ostertagi L3 extract, then were allowed to graze on a contaminated pasture. Four calves from each group were slaughtered at 7, 11, and 19 weeks of the study. Calves of the infected group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gain than did those in the infected-treated group (60.90 kg vs 75.86 kg). They also had high plasma pepsinogen and serum gastrin values, and low serum albumin concentration from 2 or 4 weeks. Calves in the infected-treated group had steady weight gain and no significant changes in albumin and gastrin values. They also had less severe abomasal lesions and higher carcass yield. Compared with calves of the infected-treated group, those of the infected group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower blood lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin at 14 and 16 weeks, to concanavalin A at 10 weeks, to pokeweed mitogen at 14 weeks, and to soluble O ostertagi L3 extract at 2, 4, and 14 weeks. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The technology for manufacturing antiparasitic preparations. 1. The development of a technology for producing the anthelmintic triklazan in finely dispersed form and the evaluation of its antinematodal, anticestodal and antitrematodal activities].

The authors describe the technology of preparing a new anthelmintic agent triclazan, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole-4-sulfonyl)amino]-5- chlorobenzamide, finely dispersed (the particles size 4-8 mu). Triclazan is highly effective not only in hymenolepiasis and trichocephaliasis, as was shown previously, but in fascioliasis, monieziasis and intestinal nematodiasis of sheep as well.

Animals↗