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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Chronic exposure to a trichloroethylene metabolite in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice promotes immune modulation and alopecia.

The industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread environmental contaminant known to impact the immune system. In the present study, female MRL+/+ mice were treated for 40 weeks with trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH), a metabolite of TCE, in the drinking water. The results were compared with the data from an earlier study in which MRL+/+ mice were exposed to TCAH for 4 weeks. Following a 40-week exposure, the mice developed skin inflammation and dose-dependent alopecia. In addition, TCAH appeared to modulate the CD4(+) T-cell subset by promoting the expression of an activated/effector (i.e., CD62L(lo)) phenotype with an increased capacity to secrete the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma. However, unlike what was observed after only 4 weeks of exposure, TCAH did not significantly attenuate activation-induced cell death (AICD) or the expression of the death receptor FasL in CD4(+) T cells. Some metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to play a role in susceptibility to AICD by inducing FasL shedding. Thus, both the 4- and 40-week sera were tested for MMP-7 levels in an attempt to explain the disparate results of TCAH on AICD and FasL expression. Serum MMP-7 levels were significantly higher in mice exposed to TCAH for 4 weeks. In contrast, the serum MMP-7 levels were increased in all the mice by 40 weeks when compared with a nonautoimmune strain. Taken together, a chronic exposure to TCAH promotes alopecia and skin inflammation. The early effects of TCAH on MMP-7 levels may provide a mechanism by which TCAH promotes skin pathology.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Syringomatous carcinoma of the scalp presenting as a slowly enlarging patch of alopecia.

A case of well-differentiated syringomatous carcinoma in a 50-year-old woman is reported. The tumor was located on the scalp and manifested as a slowly enlarging patch of alopecia. It was misdiagnosed as alopecia areata for years and subsequently was erroneously considered to be a benign syringoma on the basis of the results of a punch biopsy. When the correct diagnosis was made, the patient was referred to a plastic surgery department for the complete removal of her lesion.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1995

Effect of skin-graft harvesting on hair growth; implications for the study of alopecia.

An experiment using guinea pigs was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of repeated skin-graft harvesting as a model system in the study of diffuse alopecia. In response to four split-thickness skin harvests from the same site at 2-week intervals, the number of hairs observed and follicular area doubled, implying a transition of hair follicles from vellus to terminal, compared with ungrafted control skin from the alternate side of the same animals. The guinea pig may serve as a future model for the study of diffuse alopecia because its hair growth patterns are similar to those observed in humans.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2000

The limitation of primary excision of cicatricial alopecia: a report of 63 patients.

This 11-year retrospective study (1985-1996) of 63 patients demonstrates that cicatricial alopecia is almost always distressing for the patient and is considered as a social handicap, which makes repair a necessity. Two major therapeutic methods for remedying this condition were used in the study: suture excision and tissue expansion. The optimal use and limitations of each method are defined on the basis of treatment quality, as evaluated by the patient and the surgeon. Suture excision often ends with disappointing results for the surgeon as well as the patient and seems limited to alopecias no greater than 10 mm in width. Tissue expansion is considered generally satisfactory, but has the problem of scar enlargement, which reduces the quality of the result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A phase I trial of topical topitriol (calcitriol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

This study evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of topical topitriol (calcitriol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). Patients with breast cancer scheduled to receive FAC chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide) were eligible for the study. Initially, the first six patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to have received topitriol or placebo with all subsequent patients being treated with topitriol. Topitriol cream (0.0025 or 0.005%; 25 and 50 microg/g concentration) was administered topically twice a day. Three different doses and schedules of administration were evaluated including: 500 and 1000 microg daily for 7 days prior to chemotherapy, and 2000 microg daily for 5 days prior and 5 days post-chemotherapy. Fourteen patients were treated (12 with topitriol and two with placebo) at three different dose levels. All patients developed grade 2 alopecia between day 20 and 30 after chemotherapy, demonstrating the lack of efficacy of topical topitriol on this schedule of administration to prevent CIA. Eight patients exposed to topitriol developed a toxic maculopapular dermatitis in areas exposed to the drug. In conclusion, topical topitriol at the doses and schedules evaluated in this trial was ineffective to prevent CIA and induced a local dermatitis in areas exposed to the drug.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

Polymyositis, alopecia universalis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with Crohn's disease.

We report a 36-year-old man with Crohn's disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and alopecia universalis. Six years after the onset of intestinal disease, the patient developed severe muscular pain and weakness of the neck. Muscle biopsy revealed myositis. Immunosuppressive treatment led to a significant improvement of muscular symptoms. Myositis in inflammatory bowel disease appears to be an important differential diagnosis in corticoid myopathy. Both alopecia and polymyositis are rarely associated with inflammatory bowel disease; thus, they have to be discussed as extraintestinal manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody-positive autoimmune hepatitis associated with alopecia.

A 14-year-old girl presented with anti-liver-kidney microsome autoimmune hepatitis preceded by alopecia 3 years earlier. Both pathologies were greatly improved by immunosuppressive therapy. Alopecia is a newly reported extrahepatic manifestation of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Its appearance could alert the clinician to an increased risk of autoimmune hepatitis in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Postoperative alopecia in a woman after a lengthy plastic surgical procedure.

Pressure-induced alopecia was reported in the past. We observed postoperative alopecia (presumably pressure-induced) after a plastic surgical procedure of a long duration. Shortly after the operation, the patient noted swelling and exudation of the scalp near the vertex. The symptoms abated in the course of a week. The hair loss occurred quite rapidly (within 48 hours) in the area of the previous symptoms on the sixth postoperative day. Irregular regrowth of short hairs was first noted after 6 weeks. The patient's last examination 10 weeks after the operation revealed a 4 x 4 cm area of baldness with few scattered hairs 5 to 6 mm in length. The cause is considered to be pressure-induced ischemia based on the following: preceding period of deep unconsciousness (the operation) and natural history of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Use of the temporary soft-tissue expander in posttraumatic alopecia.

Use of temporary soft-tissue expansion in five patients with posttraumatic alopecia and one patient with congenital alopecia is presented. Indications, operative technique, results, and complications are discussed. It is recommended that transpositional and free scalp flaps be expanded prior to transfer, and it is shown that to achieve greater expansion secondarily, the expanders can be reinserted and the scalp reexpanded as needed. The expansion technique provides a quantity of tissue of similar color, texture, and hair-bearing qualities for reconstruction of adjacent defects and makes secondary reconstruction of donor sites unnecessary. After a minimum follow-up of at least 1 year in each case presented, we have determined that the method is safe, simple, and reliable and provides excellent aesthetic results and high patient acceptance and satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Vitiligo and alopecia areata in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the development of autoimmune diseases, while not life threatening, is an interesting phenomenon that may result from immune dysfunction or from B cell infection by HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, or other unknown viruses. Vitiligo and alopecia areata are among the autoimmune diseases that have been reported in 11 patients infected with HIV. We describe a 47-year-old man who had vitiligo and alopecia areata approximately 2 years after testing positive for HIV antibodies.

Alopecia Areata↗
PubMed2005

Madarosis and facial alopecia presumed secondary to botulinum a toxin injections.

PURPOSE: : Botulinum neurotoxins are considered relatively safe therapy for treatment of inappropriate muscle spasms. As seen in this report, undesirable consequences may result. METHODS: : The author conducted a clinical interview and examination of the patient. RESULTS: : Unilateral left-sided madarosis and facial alopecia were observed in a patient undergoing botulinum A toxin injections for the treatment of left oromandibular dystonia. The patient had started treatment 18 months previously. He received injections every 3 months in the left masseter and left temporalis muscles. He first noted loss of his left sideburn 8 months into treatment. After 10 months of treatment, he noted that he no longer needed to shave on the left side of his face. Eighteen months after receiving his first botulinum toxin injection, madarosis of the temporal aspect of the left lower lid was observed. CONCLUSIONS: : This is the first case report documenting an idiosyncratic unilateral madarosis and facial alopecia as adverse side effects presumed secondary to botulinum A toxin injections.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1997

Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia.

In this study, 12 women and 12 men, ages 18-33 y, with androgenetic alopecia were selected for biopsies from frontal and occipital scalp sites. The androgen receptor, type I and II 5alpha-reductase, cytochrome P-450-aromatase enzyme were measured and analyzed in hair follicles from these scalp biopsies. Findings revealed that both women and men have higher levels of receptors and 5alpha-reductase type I and II in frontal hair follices than in occipital follicles, whereas higher levels of aromatase were found in their occipital follicles. There are marked quantitative differences in levels of androgen receptors and the three enzymes, which we find to be primarily in the outer root sheath of the hair follicles in the two genders. Androgen receptor content in female frontal hair follicles was approximately 40% lower than in male frontal hair follicle. Cytochrome P-450-aromatase content in women's frontal hair follicles was six times greater than in frontal hair follicles in men. Frontal hair follicles in women had 3 and 3.5 times less 5alpha-reductase type I and II, respectively, than frontal hair follicles in men. These differences in levels of androgen receptor and steroid-converting enzymes may account for the different clinical presentations of androgenetic alopecia in women and men.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2005

Transfer of CD8(+) cells induces localized hair loss whereas CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells blockade disease onset in the C3H/HeJ mouse model.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a suspected hair follicle specific autoimmune disease. The potential for cell transfer of AA using the C3H/HeJ mouse model was examined. Cells isolated from lymph nodes and spleens of AA-affected mice using magnetic bead conjugated monoclonal antibodies were subcutaneously injected into normal C3H/HeJ recipients. Within 5 wk, all CD8(+) cell-injected mice exhibited localized hair loss exclusively at the site of injection that persisted until necropsy. In contrast, some CD4(+) and CD4(+)/CD25(-) cell-injected mice developed extensive, systemic AA, and a combination of CD8(+) and CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells injected yielded the highest frequency of systemic AA induction. CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells were less able to transfer the disease phenotype, partially blockaded systemic AA induction by CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells, and prevented CD8(+) cell-induced, injection site-localized hair loss. CD11c(+) and CD19(+) cells failed to promote significant phenotype changes. Increases in co-stimulatory ligands CD40 and CD80, plus increased leukocyte apoptosis resistance with reduced CD95, CD95L, and CD120b expression, were associated with successful alopecia induction. The results suggest that CD8(+) cells may be the primary instigators of the hair loss phenotype. However, systemic disease expression fate is, apparently determined by CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells, while CD4(+)/CD25(+) lymphocytes may play a predominantly regulatory role.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2005

A guide to assessing damage response pathways of the hair follicle: lessons from cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia in mice.

After chemical, biological, or physical damage, growing (i.e. anagen) hair follicles develop abnormalities that are collectively called hair follicle dystrophy. Comparatively lower follicular damage induces the "dystrophic anagen" response pathway (=prolonged, dystrophic anagen, followed by severely retarded follicular recovery). More severe follicular damage induces the dystrophic catagen pathway (=immediate anagen termination, followed by a dystrophic, abnormally shortened telogen and maximally fast follicular recovery). In order to recognize these distinct damage response strategies of the hair follicle in a clinical or histopathological context, we have used the well-established C57BL/6J mouse model of cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia to define pragmatic classification criteria for hair follicle dystrophy (e.g., structure and pigmentation of the hair shaft, location, and volume of ectopic melanin granules, distension of follicular canal, number of TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive keratinocytes in the hair bulb; neural cell-adhesion molecule immunoreactivity and alkaline phosphatase activity as markers for the level of damage to the follicular papilla). These classification criteria for hair follicle dystrophy are useful not only in chemotherapy-induced alopecia models, but also in the screening of drug-treated or mutant mice in a highly standardized, accurate, sensitive, reproducible, easily applicable, and quantifiable manner.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1995

Alopecia areata in Korea (1982-1994).

I clinically studied 905 patients with alopecia areata (AA) who visited the Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University, from January of 1982 to February of 1994. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations and compare the effects of treatment with intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension and immunotherapy with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP). The results were as follows: 1) The incidence of AA among all out-patients (59,970) was 1.5% (905 cases), and the ratio of males to females was 1.3:1 (512:393). 2) The age distribution showed high incidences in the third (41.8%) and fourth decades (20.0%). 3) The family history was contributory in 104 cases (11.5%). 4) The relapse rate was 17.5% (158 cases). 5) Almost half of the patients had a solitary lesion (408 cases, 46.7%). 6) The most common site of predilection was the occipital region of the scalp in both male and female patients. 7) Associated diseases were seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, hepatitis, hypertension, open heart surgery, thyroid disease, pulmonary disease, and vitiligo in order of frequency. 8) The effect of treatment on the patients who had bald patches less than 50 cm2 was not significantly statistically different between intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide and immunotherapy with DNCB or DPCP. 9) In cases with bald areas more than 50 cm2, including alopecia totalis and universalis, DNCB or DPCP immunotherapy showed better therapeutic effects than did intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Fexofenadine, an H1-receptor antagonist, partially but rapidly inhibits the itch of contact dermatitis induced by diphenylcyclopropenone in patients with alopecia areata.

Antihistamines have been used for the treatment of not only allergic diseases such as allergic urticaria and rhinitis, but also of eczematous skin diseases because of their anti-pruritic effects. Moreover, the pruritus associated with eczematous diseases is considered to be induced, in part, by histamine. However, it is unclear whether antihistamines inhibit the itch of eczematous diseases in the absence of topical corticosteroids. In this study, we investigated the anti-pruritic effect of the antihistamine, fexofenadine, on the itch of contact dermatitis that was induced by topical application of diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment for alopecia areata. Thirteen patients with alopecia areata, who had been treated weekly with topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone for 3 months to 2 years, recorded the severity of their itching on a visual analog scale before and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after application of diphenylcyclopropenone for 4 consecutive weeks. Seven patients took fexofenadine during the first and third weeks, and six patients took fexofenadine during the second and fourth weeks. The severity of itching reached a maximum 6-12 h after the induction of the contact dermatitis in most of the patients. However, fexofenadine partially but rapidly reduced the severity of itching for 72 h during the entire period of treatment in the absence of topical corticosteroids. Our results suggest that fexofenadine can be beneficial in the daily management of patients with itching due to eczematous disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Androgenetic alopecia in adolescents: a report of 43 cases.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in adults, but it also occurs in adolescents, though its prevalence among this younger population is not well established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations and endocrine status of adolescent patients with AGA in Korea. This 5-year (January 2001-August 2005) clinical study involved 43 adolescent patients with AGA. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) laboratory studies were undertaken to investigate androgenic hormonal effects. Hair loss severity was categorized using the Hamilton-Norwood and Ludwig classifications. Gender ratio showed a male predominance (M : F, 35:8), and a mean age at onset of 16.8 years. These adolescent patients showed milder symptoms than adults, and a family history of alopecia was found in 72.1%, which is greater than that reported in adults, which ranges 30.9-64.5%. Seborrheic dermatitis (27.9%) was the condition most commonly associated with AGA among our study subjects, followed in descending order by acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Serum levels of testosterone and DHEA-S were within normal limits, except in one subject. Our study shows the clinical characteristics of AGA in Korean adolescents.

Adolescent↗