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PubMed1993

Approval and disapproval: infant responsiveness to vocal affect in familiar and unfamiliar languages.

In a series of 5 auditory preference experiments, 120 5-month-old infants were presented with Approval and Prohibition vocalizations in infant-directed (ID) and adult-directed (AD) English, and in ID speech in nonsense English and 3 unfamiliar languages, German, Italian, and Japanese. Dependent measures were looking-time to the side of stimulus presentation, and positive and negative facial affect. No consistent differences in looking-time were found. However, infants showed small but significant differences in facial affect in response to ID vocalizations in every language except Japanese. Infants smiled more to Approvals, and when they showed negative affect, it was more likely to occur in response to Prohibitions. Infants did not show differential affect in response to Approvals and Prohibitions in AD speech. The results indicate that young infants can discriminate affective vocal expressions in ID speech in several languages and that ID speech is more effective than AD speech in eliciting infant affect.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Varying the intensity of acute exercise: implications for changes in affect.

Little is known regarding effects of components of the exercise stimulus (e.g., intensity, duration) on affective responses. The effect of varying levels of exercise intensity was examined for state anxiety (SA), positive affect (energetic arousal; EA), and negative affect (tense arousal; TA). Twenty subjects (M age = 22.6 years; M VO2 max = 47.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) participated in 3 randomly assigned conditions: (a) no exercise (control), (b) cycling@ 55% VO2max, and (c) cycling@ 70% VO2max. After being seated on an exercise bike, subjects completed the affect measures and were then told what condition they had been assigned for that day. Subjects either exercised or sat quietly on the bike for 30 min. Affect measures were obtained during exercise (or control), upon cessation of each condition, and then during the 30 min post-condition period. No changes occurred for the control condition on any variables. SA increased (p < 0.05) for both intensities during exercise followed by a significant post-exercise reduction only in the 70% VO2max condition. EA increased (p < 0.05) during exercise and remained elevated following both exercise intensities; increased EA was maintained to a greater extent following the 70% intensity condition (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that aerobic exercise (55-70% VO2max) elicits not only decreases in negative feeling states (state anxiety) but also increases in positive affect. Further, there is some evidence that such changes may be dependent on exercise intensity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Frontal brain asymmetry and affective style: a conceptual replication.

Recent studies have demonstrated that positive and negative affective reactivity can be predicted by resting electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry in frontal brain regions. These studies used different methods to assess asymmetry and affectivity. The goal of the present study was a conceptual replication of these results and to investigate their independence of employed procedures. Resting EEG of 37 subjects was recorded and affective slides were presented to obtain ratings of subjects' emotional reactions. Different procedures were applied to the data to assess the relation between asymmetries and affective reactivity. Depending on the particular analysis procedure, there were associations between anterior asymmetry and affectivity in line with the published findings, opponent to those findings, or no relation between anterior asymmetry and affective reactivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[A fair test of the spreading activation hypothesis: a study of affective congruency effects in the Stroop test].

It is argued that the Stroop color-naming task is especially suited to investigate affective priming effects in the sense of an automatic spreading of activation to other concepts of the same valence, because (a) the Stroop task is not prone to an explanation of affective congruency effects on the basis of reaction priming or reaction interference, and (b) it is possible to detect specific (fast and efficient stimulus processing due to heightened accessibility) as well as nonspecific (cognitive interference, triggering of global action tendencies) effects of an activation of valenced concepts in the Stroop task. Two experiments were conducted to investigate associative and affective priming effects with the Stroop task. In a first experiment (N = 36, SOA = 300 ms) a standard priming procedure was chosen; the primes were presented without any processing instructions. In a second experiment (N = 48, SOA = 500ms) the primes had to be reproduced after naming the color of the target. In both experiments significant association effects were found for the associative material. For the valenced material no affective congruency effects were found in either experiment. The present results are not compatible with the hypothesis of an automatic affective spreading of activation that was given as an explanation of affective congruency effects in previous studies using different tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The aprosodias. Functional-anatomic organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere.

It was recently proposed that the affective components of language, encompassing prosody and emotional gesturing, are a dominant function of the right hemisphere, and that their functional-anatomic organization in the right hemisphere mirrors that of propositional language in the left hemisphere. Ten right-handed patients with focal lesions of the right hemisphere and disorders of affective language are described. Observations were made about each patient's spontaneous prosody, prosodic repetition, prosodic comprehension, and comprehension of emotional gesturing. Using this particular examination strategy, which is derived from the usual bedside approach to aphasic disorders, the organization of affective language in the right hemisphere does mirror the organization of propositional language in the left hemisphere. Furthermore, the disorders of affective language seem to be classifiable in the same manner as the aphasias. Thus, the term "aprosodia," preceded by specific modifiers such as motor, global, transcortical sensory, etc, seems appropriate when classifying the various disorders of affective language that occur following-right-hemisphere damage. The relationships between affect, mood, pathologic laughing and crying, and depression are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Information from relatives. Diagnosis of affective disorders.

We compared diagnoses made blindly by experienced clinicians from interview records with diagnoses obtained by computer pooling and scoring of relatives' information on the same persons. For major affective disorder diagnosed by interview, the relatives' information agreed on presence of affective illness for 96% of 159 probands and 48% of 195 relatives of affectively ill and control probands. In 1,093 relatives of affectively ill and control probands, the k values for diagnostic agreement were as follows: any major affective disorder, 51; bipolar I disorder, .61; and unipolar disorder, .42. Schizoaffective and bipolar II diagnoses did not show significant agreement. Only 15% of interview-diagnosed relatives were identified as having a major affective disorder by one informant alone, going up to 64% agreement with four or more informants. Final diagnostic estimate from all available information, including medical records, generally followed the interview diagnosis rather than the relatives' information.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Electrodermal activity in young adults at genetic risk for affective disorder.

Low electrodermal activity has been proposed as a trait marker for affective disorder. We attempted to determine if low electrodermal activity could be a genetic marker by testing subjects at genetic risk for affective disorder. High-risk subjects, 22 offspring of a parent with bipolar affective disorder, and 27 low-risk controls 15 to 25 years old had skin conductance recorded bilaterally during rest periods, presentation of 10 nonsignal tones, and performance of reaction-time and mental arithmetic tasks. There were no significant differences in skin conductance levels under any condition or in the frequency or amplitude of orienting responses to nonsignal tones. During task periods high-risk subjects showed significantly greater electrodermal activity that was lateralized to the left hand. Self-rated depression was higher in the high-risk group during task periods. The results show that low electrodermal activity is not a likely genetic marker for affective disorder but suggest that autonomic hyperresponsivity, atypically lateralized information processing, and depressive affect occur during mild stress in persons at risk for the development of affective disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Correcting for ascertainment bias of relative-risk estimates obtained using affected-sib-pair linkage data.

Locus-specific sibling relative risk is often estimated using affected-sib-pair lod score analysis of affected sibships and may be used to decide whether to continue or discontinue the search for additional susceptibility genes. We showed that relative-risk estimates obtained using affected-sib-pair data are asymptotically unbiased when each pair is given a weight inversely proportional to the sibship ascertainment probability. Here we show by simulation that the extent of the bias of relative risks estimated using the incorrect ascertainment weights is small for dominant models, but large for single-locus recessive models and some two-locus heterogeneity models. Since in practice the ascertainment scheme is often unknown, we investigate methods for jointly estimating ascertainment and relative risks from affected-sibship data. Given a sufficient sample size, a reasonable estimate of relative risk may always be obtained using only affected pairs from sibships with two affected and no unaffected siblings. This estimate, which has a large variance, may then be used in a three-stage procedure (which we call the alpha method) to estimate consistently both the ascertainment probabilities and the relative risks with greater precision. We additionally propose correction factors to eliminate small-sample bias of relative risks and investigate the bias due to error in the estimate of disease locus location.

Bias↗
PubMed1998

Urodynamic parameters in scrapie-affected ewes and their modifications in the course of the disease.

The aim of this study was to determine the urological abnormalities linked to spontaneous spongiform encephalopathy and their occurrence in the course of the disease. The animals used in this were 11 healthy and 20 scrapie-affected ewes. The scrapie-affected ewes were studied at a rate of once a month (1 to 5 measures; mean, 2.55) until they died. Urodynamic explorations were performed. The bladder activity was explored using cystometry. The urethral activity was measured during cystometry and during a urethral pressure profile. Both were analyzed using International Continence Society recommendations. Results showed in scrapie-affected ewes a decrease in functional bladder capacity and an increase in detrusor contraction incidence during filling of the bladder and in the occurrence of significant urethral instability. Bladder abnormalities were seen only in scrapie-affected ewes and worsened during the course of the disease. Urethral instability was not typical of the disease but was significantly more frequent in scrapie-affected ewes. It was concluded that lower urinary tract dysfunction occurred in scrapie-affected ewes and worsened during the course of the disease. This dysfunction is in agreement with overactive detrusor function due to neurological lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Self-esteem and negative affect.

It was hypothesized that the Profile of Mood States (bipolar form) measures two higher-order dimensions: Positive and Negative Affect. It also was conjectured that subjects low in self-esteem report more Negative Affect than those high in self-esteem. POMS and the Self-Attitude Inventory were administered to 102 high school students. A principal component analysis of the 12 half-scale scores of POMS isolated the two affect dimensions postulated. Tests also showed that subjects low in Confidence report significantly greater Negative Affect than subjects high in Confidence. Thus, the Watson-Tellegen theory of affect is supported, and Negative Affect is linked to self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The effects of reduced fertility, method of ascertainment, and a second unlinked locus on affected sib-pair marker allele sharing.

The method of affected sib-pair marker allele sharing has been used not only for the detection of linkage, but also for discerning inheritance. The application of this method has included the tacit assumption of no selective disadvantage for affected individuals. For some of the disorders analyzed by this method, this assumption is not tenable. Also, the method of ascertainment of affected sib pairs is not taken into account. It is shown here that the ascertainment procedure and reduced reproductivity of affected individuals can alter the expected distribution of affected sib-pair marker allele sharing. The effect is greatest for a recessive disease susceptibility locus. While the effect of reduced reproductivity is to inflate the gene frequency necessary to account for the observed distribution, a second unlinked disease susceptibility locus can diminish this effect. Application to type 1 diabetes shows that according to a simple recessive model with 50% penetrance, the observed distribution of affected sib-pair HLA haplotype sharing requires a gene frequency in the range of 0.55-0.60, much greater than estimates previously proposed. According to such a model, the frequency of disease would be around 15%, clearly out of range of the observed frequency of 0.4%.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Is cholinergic sensitivity a genetic marker for the affective disorders?

The recent literature on the involvement of cholinergic muscarinic mechanisms and adrenergic/cholinergic balance in affective disorders is reviewed and integrated with the older literature. There is strong evidence supporting the presence of exaggerated responses (behavioral, neuroendocrine, sleep) to cholinergic agents in affective disorder patients relative to normal controls and certain other psychiatric patients. There is also some, albeit less, conclusive evidence that these exaggerated responses may occur in euthymic individuals with a history of affective disorders, or in children at risk for development of affective disorders. Despite these promising results, suggesting a role for acetylcholine in the genetics of the affective disorders, further work in biochemistry and genetics is needed to link specific muscarinic receptors or other cholinergic variables to affective illness.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Increased prevalence of renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus families with affected male relatives.

OBJECTIVE: To distinguish familial differences from sex-related differences in the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: A total of 372 affected individuals from 160 multiplex SLE pedigrees were analyzed. Twenty-five of these pedigrees contained at least 1 affected male relative. Comparisons of the presence of each of the 11 1982 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were made between female family members with affected male relatives and those without affected male relatives, using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: The presence of renal disease was significantly increased in female family members with an affected male relative when compared with those with no affected male relative (68% and 43%, respectively; P = 0.002). This trend remained after stratifying by race and was most pronounced in European Americans. A familial basis for differences in hematologic and immunologic manifestations was also suggested, while arthritis and dermatologic features appeared to be most influenced by sex. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the increased prevalence of renal disease previously reported in men with SLE is, in large part, a familial rather than sex-based difference, at least in multiplex SLE families. Distinguishing familial from sex-related differences may facilitate efforts to understand the genetic and hormonal factors that underlie this complex autoimmune disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions.

Positive and negative affects may bias behavior toward approach to rewards and withdrawal from threat, particularly when the contingencies are ambiguous. The hypothesis was that positive and negative affects would associate predictably with identification of happy, disgusted, or angry expressions that may signal potentially rewarding or aversive social interactions. Healthy volunteers (n=86) completed affect ratings and a facial emotion task that employed morphed continua in which emotional expressions gradually decreased in ambiguity. Relations between mood and intensity thresholds for emotion identification were computed. Anhedonia (low positive affect) predicted thresholds for happy expressions (r=0.24; P=.026) whereas negative affect predicted thresholds for disgust (r=-0.25; P=.022). Even within a normal range of mood, mood predicted emotion identification, supporting constructs of positive and negative affect derived originally from self-report measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Testing linkage and gene x environment interaction: comparison of different affected sib-pair methods.

The aim of this study was to compare, under different models of gene-environment (G x E) interaction, the power to detect linkage and G x E interaction of different tests using affected sib-pairs. Methods considered were: 1) the maximum likelihood lod-score (MLS), based on the distribution of parental alleles identical by descent (IBD) in affected sibs; 2) the sum of the MLS (sMLS) calculated in affected sib-pairs with 2, 1, or 0 sibs exposed; 3) the predivided sample test (PST), which compares the IBD distribution between affected sib-pairs with 2, 1, or 0 sibs exposed; 4) the triangle test statistic (TTS), which uses the IBD distribution among discordant affected sib-pairs (one exposed, one unexposed); and 5) the mean interaction test (MIT), based on the regression of the proportion of alleles shared IBD among affected sib-pairs on the exposure among sib-pairs. The MLS, sMLS, and MIT allow detection of linkage. However, the sMLS and MIT account for a possible G x E interaction without testing it. In contrast, the PST and the TTS allow detection of both linkage and G x E interaction. Results showed that when exposure cancels the effect of the gene, or changes the direction of this effect (i.e., the protective allele becomes the risk allele), the PST, sMLS, and MIT may provide, under some models, greater power to detect linkage than the MLS. Under models where exposure changes the direction of the effect of the gene, the TTS test may also be more powerful than the other tests accounting for G x E interaction. Under the other models, the MLS remains the most powerful test to detect linkage. However, only the PST and TTS allow the detection of G x E interaction.

Environment↗
PubMed2006

Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task.

Damasio proposes in his somatic marker theory that not only cognitive but also affective components are critical for decision making. Since affective judgment requires an interplay between affective and cognitive components, it might be considered a key process in decision making that has been linked to neural activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the relationship between VMPFC, emotionally (unexpected)- and cognitively (expected)-accentuated affective judgment, and beneficial decision making (Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) in healthy subjects. Neuronal activity in the VMPFC during unexpected affective judgment significantly correlated with both global and final performance in the IGT task. These findings suggest that the degree to which subjects recruit the VMPFC during affective judgment is related to beneficial performance in decision making in gambling.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge, use, and education regarding folic acid supplementation: continuation study of women in Colorado who had a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to: (1) determine whether women who have had a neural tube defect (NTD) affected pregnancy know about recommendations for NTD recurrence prevention; (2) educate them about the recommendations; and (3) ensure that they have access to folic acid prior to another pregnancy. METHODS: Colorado women who had an NTD affected pregnancy in 1999 or later were interviewed about their knowledge and use of folic acid, provided with verbal information about folic acid and NTD prevention, and offered written information and a voucher for free folic acid. RESULTS: Thirty-two of 68 women who had an NTD affected pregnancy were interviewed. Of these, 22 (69%) were aware of the 0.4 mg. folic acid recommendation for women of child bearing age who have not had an NTD affected pregnancy (MMWR, '91). Only 15 (47%) of the women knew about the U.S. Public Health Service recommendation (MMWR, '92) to consume 4.0 mg of folic acid prior to another pregnancy for NTD recurrence prevention. Twenty-five (78%) of the women reported taking a multivitamin or folic acid daily. CONCLUSIONS: Nine years after national folic acid recommendations, a majority of interviewed women (53%) with NTD affected pregnancies did not know about the recommendation to consume 4.0 mg of folic acid for NTD recurrence prevention. This sample of women are receptive to information about folic acid. Health care providers and public health officials should ensure that education about folic acid is provided in an effective and timely manner to women with NTD-affected pregnancies.

Colorado↗
PubMed1994

Plasma lipid changes in PRCD-affected and normal miniature poodles given oral supplements of linseed oil. Indications for the involvement of n-3 fatty acids in inherited retinal degenerations.

It has previously been shown that miniature poodles with progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) have lower plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) than normal poodles and it has been suggested that affected animals have a defect in the metabolism of 22:6n-3. To test this hypothesis in vivo, PRCD-affected and normal miniature poodles were given daily oral supplements of linseed oil (enriched in 18:3n-3). Blood was drawn from food-deprived animals at predetermined times before, during and after supplementation, and plasma lipid fatty acids were analysed. There were no differences in the levels of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3 between affected and normal dogs. Therefore, there appears to be no abnormality in the elongation and desaturation system that takes 18:3n-3 to 22:5n-3. Surprisingly, the plasma level of 22:6n-3 was reduced in both groups following supplementation, but to a significantly greater extent in affected dogs. This resulted in a significantly higher 22:5n-3/22:6n-3 ratio in affected animals. These results support the earlier suggestion of an abnormality in 22:6n-3 metabolism in PRCD-affected miniature poodles. To determine the effect of n-3 supplementation on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in dogs (not as a function of disease), results from both groups of dogs were pooled and compared at times before and near the end of supplementation. Dietary 18:3n-3 led to predictable increases in 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3, but to a decrease in 22:6n-3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗