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PubMed2003

Liver abscess and Aeromonas bacteremia with septic pulmonary embolism.

A 68-year-old healthy man was admitted because of liver abscess and aeromonas bacteremia accompanied by pulmonary embolism. Aeromonas sobria was isolated from blood. Coagulation parameters were normal and a lower limb venogram showed no evidence of thrombosis. Septic embolism originating from the liver abscess was considered as the possible cause of pulmonary embolism. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1989

Aeromonas septicemia: relationship of species and clinical features.

Thirteen patients with Aeromonas species septicemia were seen at Westmead Hospital between 1983 and 1987. In 10 patients (77%) septicemia was caused by A. sobria, and in 3 (23%) by A. hydrophila, A. caviae was not isolated. Chronic underlying illness was present in 10 patients (77%), hematological malignancy being the most common (46%). The average age of the patients was 65.8 years. Seven patients (54%) presented with clinical sepsis, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The biliary tract, lung and soft tissue were other primary sites of infection. Nosocomial infection occurred in 5 patients (38%). Cross-infection was not seen. Contact with fresh water or fish was observed in only 2 patients (15%). The majority of cases occurred in the warmer months of the year. The overall mortality was 46%. All isolates of Aeromonas species were resistant to ampicillin 8 mg/L. Ten isolates were resistant to tobramycin 1 mg/L, and 3 to tobramycin 4 mg/L. In contrast, 3 isolates were resistant to gentamicin 1 mg/L, and none to 4 mg/L. The isolates showed a varied pattern of resistance to other antibiotics tested, but all were susceptible to piperacillin 64 mg/L, imipenem 4 mg/L, ciprofloxacin 1 mg/L, and amikacin 16 mg/L.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fatal myofascial necrosis due to imipenem-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila.

We report the case of a fatal myofascial necrosis caused by an imipenem-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient with a history of aplastic anemia. He presented with fever and left thigh tenderness. The CT scan was consistent with cellulitis and, after cultures were obtained, empirical treatment with imipenem and amikacin was started. Two days later, necrotic bullae appeared on his thigh, and cultures showed Aeromonas hydrophila which was imipenem-resistant. Although surgical debridement was performed and ciprofloxacin was initiated, the patient died.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Aeromonas hydrophila and aspiration pneumonia: a diverse presentation.

Although there are ever increasing reports of extraintestinal human infections caused by Aeromonads, in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, respiratory tract infections remain uncommon. We describe a case of aspiration pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient with multiple sclerosis, caused by a community acquired, multidrug resistant strain of Aeromonas hydrophila sensitive only to meropenem. The case highlights the clinical significance of Aeromonas hydrophila as a respiratory pathogen, as well as the community origin of multidrug resistance and the utility of newer carbapenems in such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of genetic variability and relatedness among atypical Aeromonas salmonicida from marine fishes, using AFLP-fingerprinting.

Atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida are the causal agent of atypical furunculosis or ulcer disease in various fish species, including spotted wolffish Anarhichas minor, which is a promising species in the Norwegian fish-farming industry. Isolates of atypical A. salmonicida comprise a very heterogenous group showing large variety in biochemical, molecular and virulence characteristics. The genetic variability among atypical isolates from wolffish was characterised using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis: AFLP-fingerprinting. Additional isolates from halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus, turbot Scophthalmus maximus, cod Gadus morhua and several salmonid fishes were included for assessment of variability and relatedness among a total of 56 atypical isolates of A. salmonicida. They were compared to reference strains of A. salmonicida subspecies and to other Aeromonas species pathogenic in fishes. AFLP-fingerprints subjected to similarity analysis yielded a grouping of the isolates into several clusters, revealing genetic heterogeneity among the isolates. There seems to be a correlation between genetic similarity among isolates and the fish host. The Icelandic isolates, mainly from cod, formed a very homogeneous subcluster, which was closely related to the wolffish isolates. All atypical isolates from spotted and common wolffish grouped together in a large cluster and appear to be very homogeneous, even though they had been isolated over a period of 8 yr at different locations in Norway. On the other hand, most of the isolates from turbot and halibut grouped together into 2 different clusters, while the 9 atypical isolates from salmonids appeared in 4 different clusters. Thus, the atypical isolates of A. salmonicida from halibut, turbot and salmonid fishes seem to be more genetically diverse than those from wolffish and cod.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2002

An Aeromonas salmonicida type IV pilin is required for virulence in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Aeromonas salmonicida expresses a large number of proven and suspected virulence factors including bacterial surface proteins, extracellular degradative enzymes, and toxins. We report the isolation and characterization of a 4-gene cluster, tapABCD, from virulent A. salmonicida A450 that encodes proteins homologous to components required for type IV pilus biogenesis. One gene, tapA, encodes a protein with high homology to type IV pilus subunit proteins from many gram-negative bacterial pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio vulnificus. A survey of A. salmonicida isolates from a variety of sources shows that the tapA gene is as ubiquitous in this species as it is in other members of the Aeromonads. Immunoblotting experiments demonstrate that it is expressed in vitro and is antigenically conserved among the A. salmonicida strains tested. A mutant A. salmonicida strain defective in expression of TapA was constructed by allelic exchange and found to be slightly less pathogenic for juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) than wild type when delivered by intraperitoneal injection. In addition, fish initially challenged with a high dose of wild type were slightly more resistant to rechallenge with wild type than those initially challenged with the tapA mutant strain, suggesting that presence of TapA contributes to immunity. Two of the other three genes identified, tapB and tapC, encode proteins with homology to factors known to be required for type IV pilus assembly in P. aeruginosa, but in an as yet unidentified manner. TapB is a member of the ABC-transporter family of proteins that contain characteristic nucleotide-binding regions, and which may provide energy for type IV pilus assembly through the hydrolysis of ATP. TapC homologs are integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins that may play a role in pilus anchoring or initiation of assembly. The fourth gene, tapD, encodes a product that shares homology with a family of proteins with a known biochemical function, namely, the type IV prepilin leader peptidases. These bifunctional enzymes proteolytically cleave the leader peptide from the pilin precursor (prepilin) and then N-methylate the newly exposed N-terminal amino acid prior to assembly of the subunits into the pilus structure. We demonstrate that A. salmonicida TapD is able to restore type IV pilus assembly and type II secretion in a P. aeruginosa strain carrying a mutation in its type IV peptidase gene, suggesting that it plays the same role in A. salmonicida.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2005

Identification of the major outer membrane proteins of Aeromonas salmonicida.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a serious infectious disease of salmonids. Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous waterborne bacteria responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases among aquatic organisms and humans. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play a significant role in virulence as they comprise the outermost surface in contact with host cells and immune defense factors. To identify the major OMPs of A. salmonicida a proteomic analysis was undertaken using a carbonate OMP-enrichment protocol. The enriched OMP-extracts were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and the spots identified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) via an electrospray ionization source. In total, 76 unique proteins were identified from the 125 spots observed on the 2-D gel. The surface layer (S-layer) VapA protein dominated the A. salmonicida OMP 2-D profile, accounting for 60% of the protein on the 2-D gels. Among the other outer membrane proteins identified were at least 10 porins and various receptors involved in nutrient acquisition. Also identified in the carbonate insoluble fraction were phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase and others that lacked classical export sorting signals. The putative association of these proteins with the cell surface might provide new insights concerning the biological and pathogenic roles of these molecules in A. salmonicida infection. This work represents the first systematic attempt to characterize the cell surface of A. salmonicida.

2,2'-Dipyridyl↗
PubMed1999

Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas spp. on fresh-cut produce packaged under equilibrium-modified atmosphere.

Storage experiments were conducted to follow the behavior of pathogens on fresh-cut vegetables (trimmed brussels sprouts, grated carrots, shredded iceberg lettuce, and shredded chicory endives) packaged under an equilibrium-modified atmosphere (EMA) (2 to 3% O2, 2 to 3% CO2, and 94 to 96% N2) and stored at 7 degrees C. As a comparison, fresh-cut vegetables were also packaged in a perforated high-barrier film (air conditions) and stored at 7 degrees C. In a first step, the shelf life of the vegetables in the two kinds of packages was determined by evaluating the microbiological quality as well as the sensorial quality (appearance, taste, and odor). In general, sensorial properties were faster in limiting the shelf life than microbiological criteria. The shelf life of the vegetables stored under an EMA was extended by 50% or more, compared with the air-stored vegetables. In a second storage experiment, the four fresh-cut vegetables were inoculated with a cocktail of psychrotrophic pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas caviae [HG4]) and A. bestiarum (HG2) before packaging under an EMA and air at 7 degrees C. The inoculated pathogens were more influenced by the type of vegetable than by the type of atmosphere. No growth was detected on the brussels sprouts or on carrots (L. monocytogenes). Aeromonas spp. had a higher growth rate than L. monocytogenes on the shredded chicory endives and shredded iceberg lettuce at 7 degrees C.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2002

Effects of refrigeration and alcohol on the load of Aeromonas hydrophila in oysters.

Members of the bacterial genus Aeromonas are widely distributed throughout the environment and are readily cultured from a variety of foods. One member of this genus, Aeromonas hydrophila, has been reputed to be a significant cause of gastrointestinal disease. In this study, we examined the effects of refrigeration and alcohol on the level of A. hydrophila in oysters. Specifically, vodka was examined because it is used by the food service industry in preparation of Oysters Romanoff. One set of oysters was shucked on receipt, whereas others were refrigerated intact for 7 days at 5 degrees C. The oysters were blended and the numbers of A. hydrophila present determined using starch ampicillin agar. Oysters were also shucked and placed on the half shell with 5 ml of vodka for 10 min. The oysters were then washed and presumptive A. hydrophila levels determined in both the washate and homogenate. On the day of purchase, the average number of presumptive A. hydrophila found was 7.6 x 10(4) CFU/g of oyster meat. After 7 days of refrigeration, the average number had increased to 3.2 x 10(5) CFU/g of oyster meat. In the oysters treated with vodka, the average number of A. hydrophila present internally was 9.9 x 10(4) with high numbers (10(3) to 10(4)) isolated from the oyster surface. From these data, it is clear that refrigeration and alcohol treatment are not sufficient to reduce loads of A. hydrophila in or on oysters.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed1983

Enterotoxigenic Aeromonas hydrophila and diarrhoea in adults.

Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the faeces of 32 patients during a nine month period in three hospitals in Western Australia. All 32 isolates produced enterotoxin which was detected by the suckling-mouse test, and all patients except one had diarrhoea. Treatment should be considered in patients with chronic diarrhoea and in those with malignant disease or with hepatobiliary disease who are at risk of developing aeromonas septicaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a captive caracal lynx (Felis caracal).

Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of a captive caracal lynx (Felis caracal) which died of acute septicemia. Grossly, patchy areas of focal necrosis were found in the lungs, liver and kidney; there was ulceration in the stomach and intestines. Microscopically, lesions contained cellular debris, neutrophils, lymphocytes and gram-negative bacilli. This is the first report of isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a captive wild animal in Nigeria.

Aeromonas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

O-serogrouping scheme for mesophilic Aeromonas strains.

The O-antigens of 307 strains of mesophilic Aeromonas including 227 A. hydrophila and 80 A. caviae were studied and 44 O-serogroups defined among them. The presence of heat-labile masked antigen, which inhibits O-agglutination, was observed in some strains. As all the O-antisera prepared with these mesophilic Aeromonas strains contained some R-antibody, all diagnostic O-antisera must be absorbed with R-organisms before use. Some of the O-antigens were found to be identical or closely related to those of certain serovars of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio fluvialis or Plesiomonas shigelloides.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1985

Peritrichous flagella in mesophilic strains of Aeromonas.

A total of 186 mesophilic strains of Aeromonas, comprising 151 A. hydrophila and 35 A. caviae, were tested for peritrichous flagella by Leifson's staining method. When incubated on solid medium for 18 hr at 22 C, peritrichous flagella were demonstrated in 28 (18.5%) of the 151 strains of A. hydrophila and in 6 (17.1%) of the 35 strains of A. caviae. The peritrichous flagella in these 34 mesophilic strains of Aeromonas were also observed by electron microscopy.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1999

Biochemical characteristics & secretory activity of Aeromonas species isolated from children with gastroenteritis in Chennai.

An attempt was made to delineate the phenotypic markers for the detection of enterotoxigenic strains of Aeromonas. Eighteen Aeromonas species comprising one isolate of A. hydrophila, six isolates of A. sobria and 11 isolates of A. caviae were obtained from 379 children suffering from acute diarrhoea in Chennai. Nine of these isolates inclusive of three A. sobria and six A. caviae were found to produce secretory response in vitro in the rabbit intestinal mucosa mounted in the Ussing chambers as revealed by significant increases in the short circuit current. Eleven strains hydrolysed aesculin, 8 fermented arabinose, 6 produced acetyl methyl carbinol, 14 produced lysine decarboxylase, 3 fermented salicin, 9 produced beta-haemolysin, 9 produced CAMP-like factor and only two isolates took up congo red dye. None of these phenotypic traits were found to correlate with the in vitro secretory activity.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2000

Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila in children with diarrhea.

Aeromonas species are gram-negative bacilli that lead to a wide spectrum of infectious diseases in human. In the present study, these bacilli were reviewed to assess their significance as enteric pathogens in this area. During the years of 1994 to 1998, the clinical microbiology laboratory received 2150 stool specimens of children with diarrhea. Medical charts of patients who had positive culture for Aeromonas hydrophila were reviewed. A. hydrophila were isolated from 50 (2.3%) of 2150 children with diarrhea. Most patients were outpatients with ages ranging from 5 months to 16 years old (mean age 3.5 years). The male to female ratio was 0.85:1. All patients suffered from watery or loose diarrhea, some with blood-tinged stool. Whether or not they received medication, all patients had uneventful recoveries. The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all strains were not susceptible to ampicillin. In summary, A. hydrophila may be considered as a causative agent of gastrointestinal illness in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of Aeromonas caviae and A. sobria by sodium choloride, citric acid, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate and extracts of Thymus vulgaris.

The respective and combined effects of sodium chloride, ascorbic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, and Thymus vulgaris extract on the growth of Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas sobria were investigated. Sodium chloride (3%) significantly reduced the growth and 4% NaCl inhibited growth of the tested strains. Ascorbic acid (0. 1%), potassium sorbate (0.05%), and citric acid (0.03%) slightly inhibited growth. T. vulgaris extract (0.3%) greatly reduced the growth. Various combinations of these compounds prevented growth of the tested strains. A combination of NaCl (3%) and ascorbic acid (0. 1%), citric acid (0.03%) and potassium sorbate (0.05%), or citric acid (0.03%) and ascorbic acid (0.1%) inhibited growth of A. caviae and A. sobria. In fish homogenates, the addition of ascorbic acid (0. 1%) and citric acid (0.03%) was the most effective combination tested.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2000

[Purification and characterization of recombinant Aeromonas punctata prolyl endopeptidase].

The study of down-stream techniques of recombinant Aeromonas punctata prolyl endopeptidase (apPEP) was presented here. High cell-density fermentation of E. coli BL21/pKKH-PEP in NBS BioFlo 3000 5 L fermentor was achieved, the final cell density was 22.5 g (DCW)/L after 14 h cultivation, the yield of apPEP expressed in soluble protein was 3.0 g per litter broth. After sonication, the supernatant of free cell extract was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, High performance Q sepharose FF, Phenyl sepharose 6 FF, the purity of apPEP reached 96%, enzyme specific activity was 65.5 u/mg, apPEP yield reached 0.86 g/L broth. Total recovery of enzyme protein was 8.2%, actviity recovery was 24.4%. The molecular weight of apPEP was 76,464 +/- 30 Da measured by MS, N terminus amino acids sequence consistent with that deduced from DNA sequence. pI 6.0, which was similar with PEP from Aeromonas hydrophila.

Aeromonas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of Listeria spp., Aeromonas spp., and Vibrio spp. from seafood products].

Forty-one strains of Listeria, Aeromonas and Vibrio have been isolated in 71 samples of seafood, both raw and ready to eat and frozen. L. monocytogenes, detected by PCR also, is found in the smoked salmon only. Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. are isolated in the raw products (shrimps and shellfish). No relationship is found between the presence of such microrganisms and the common indicator bacteria. Finally, the health hazard related to strong contamination and the need to diversify the food safety assurance programmes, for the various products, are underlined.

Aeromonas↗