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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Accommodative lag using dynamic retinoscopy: age norms for school-age children.

BACKGROUND: Nott dynamic retinoscopy (DR) is a technique that provides an objective, rapid assessment of accommodative function. Presently there are no data available regarding age norms of accommodative function for school-age children using Nott DR. METHODS: Accommodative responses were assessed in a group of 125 school-age children (4 to 15 years of age) using Nott DR. A range of accommodative demands was included [4 D (25 cm), 6 D (16.7 cm), and 10 D (10 cm)]. All the subjects had fully corrected refractive errors and a binocular visual acuity of at least 6/6. RESULTS: Accommodative responses were assessed successfully at each distance with all the subjects (N = 125). A mean overall lag of accommodation was noted with each age group at each distance tested. Regression analysis demonstrated no significant difference in accommodative responses between age groups (p = 0.531 at 4 D, p = 0.062 at 6 D, and p = 0.883 at 10 D). Therefore, results for all the age categories were grouped together to produce a table of normal ranges of accommodation for children aged 4 to 15 years for the three stimuli demands. The mean lag of accommodation was found to be 0.30 +/- 0.39 D at 4 D, 0.74 +/- 0.58 D at 6 D, and 2.50 +/- 1.27 D at 10 D. The normal ranges of accommodation (95% confidence limits) were 2.94 to 4.46 D at 4 D, 4.12 to 6.40 D at 6 D, and 5.02 to 10.00 D at 10 D. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive table has been produced detailing the mean lags and normal ranges of accommodative responses expected for school-age children when using Nott DR. These data allow practitioners and researchers to determine whether accommodative responses measured using Nott DR are within normal limits.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

Neurodevelopmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school-aged and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study are to describe the quality of life and cognitive function in school-aged children who have undergone staged palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), and to identify factors that are predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome in this population. METHODS: School-aged survivors with HLHS who had undergone palliative surgery at our institution were identified and mailed a questionnaire to assess subjectively quality of life, school performance, and incidence of medical complications. A subgroup of local patients underwent standardized testing of cognitive function and neurologic examination. These patients were compared with the larger (remote) group of questionnaire respondents to determine whether results may be generalizable to the entire HLHS population. Potential predictors of neurologic and cognitive outcome were tested for their association with test scores using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Questionnaire results were obtained from 115 of 138 eligible children (83%; mean age: 9.0 +/- 2.0 years). Standardized testing was performed in 28 of 34 (82%) eligible local patients (mean age: 8.6 +/- 2.1 years). The majority of parents or guardians described their child's health as good (34%) or excellent (45%) and their academic performance as average (42%) or above average (42%). One third of the children, however, were receiving some form of special education. Chronic medication usage was common (64%); the incidence of medical complications was comparable to that previously reported in children with Fontan physiology. Cognitive testing of the local group demonstrated a median full scale IQ of 86 (range: 50-116). Mental retardation (IQ: <70) was noted in 18% of patients. In multivariate analysis, only the occurrence of preoperative seizures predicted lower full scale IQ. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of school-aged children with HLHS had IQ scores within the normal range, mean performance for this historical cohort of survivors was lower than that in the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A novel back school using a multidisciplinary team approach featuring quantitative functional evaluation and therapeutic exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: the Japanese experience in the general setting.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To introduce a novel back school for the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP), and to report its clinical results. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although back school is one of the treatment methods for patients with CLBP, its efficacy and appropriate style remain controversial. No studies have been published regarding the combined program of back school with a multidisciplinary team approach. METHODS: A total of 182 patients with CLBP (74 men and 108 women; average age, 43.8 years) participated in this study. All patients were enrolled in the back school using a multidisciplinary team approach featuring quantitative functional evaluation and therapeutic exercises. The following outcome measures were evaluated at the baseline, and 6 and 12 months after the enrollment: the level of pain evaluated with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), flexibility of trunk and hamstrings (finger-floor distance, straight leg raising), trunk muscle strength and endurance, frequency of therapeutic exercises, and self-reported patient satisfaction. RESULTS: An averaged VAS score was 6.2 before enrollment in the program and 2.8 at follow-up. The pain improved in 141 patients (80.8%), did not change in 27 (15.4%), and was aggravated in 7 (3.8%). There was statistically significant improvement of finger-floor distance, trunk muscle strength, and endurance in the patients whose pain was relieved after enrollment in the program (P < 0.05). The compliance with the exercise program was significantly correlated with the clinical results (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a novel back school using a multidisciplinary team approach, featuring quantitative functional evaluation and therapeutic exercises. The current study demonstrated that our program could provide a satisfactory result for the treatment of patients with CLBP. The quantitative functional evaluation was a worthwhile outcome measure when evaluating the efficacy of the treatment program. Teaching body mechanics and performing the therapeutic exercises through the multidisciplinary team approach are essential to managing CLBP in a general setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Social control of childhood stealing in a public school: a case study.

Although a common problem encountered by mental health specialists, there are few published descriptions of behavior therapy intervention for childhood stealing. The present case study addresses the behavioral treatment of stealing exhibited by a child in a pubic school setting. A functional assessment suggested that the behavior was maintained by the social attention it elicited from school personnel and parents. Using an hypothesis-driven model of treatment formulation, intervention consisted of eliminating multiple sources of attention in an extinction paradigm. Intervention was associated with a systematic reduction in stealing and results were maintained through a 12-month follow-up. Issues related to functionally determined treatment of behavior disorders are discussed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Social functioning in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To test that methylphenidate combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention, which includes social skills training, significantly enhances social functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with methylphenidate alone and methylphenidate plus nonspecific psychosocial treatment (attention control). METHOD: One hundred three children with ADHD (ages 7-9), free of conduct and learning disorders, who responded to short-term methylphenidate were randomized for 2 years to receive (1) methylphenidate alone, (2) methylphenidate plus multimodal psychosocial treatment that included social skills training, or (3) methylphenidate plus attention control treatment. Assessments included parent, child, and teacher ratings of social function and direct school observations in gym. RESULTS: No advantage was found on any measure of social functioning for the combination treatment over methylphenidate alone or methylphenidate plus attention control. Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: In young children with ADHD, there is no support for clinic-based social skills training as part of a long-term psychosocial intervention to improve social behavior. Significant benefits from methylphenidate were stable over 2 years.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2003

A survey of information technology management at U.S. dental schools.

The purpose of this project is to assess how information technology (IT) is being implemented and managed in U.S. dental schools. Recent advances in IT have restructured many of the administrative, curricular, and clinical functions in dental schools. Purchasing hardware and software and hiring personnel to maintain IT present significant financial and administrative commitments for these schools. A nine-question survey was sent to all U.S. dental schools via email with a follow-up postal mailing. Forty-six surveys were returned (83.6 percent response rate). The analysis indicates that dental schools are managing IT in vastly different ways. For example, 71 percent of the schools report a centralized structure, and 61 percent have a line item in the budget to manage IT. On average there are 4.4 full-time equivalents hired to manage IT, with the majority of these people being trained in IT (eight schools reported dually trained IT/dental personnel). The majority of schools report using software to manage their admissions process (70 percent), curriculum analysis (72 percent), and delivery of curriculum content (72 percent), as well as to manage their student clinics (91 percent, business aspect; 87 percent, patients; 65 percent, grading on clinic floor; 76 percent, managing clinical evaluations) and faculty practices (85 percent, business aspect; 65 percent, patients). The use of multimedia (50 percent) and simulation (52 percent) in the preclinical area is mixed. The purchase of laptops (24 percent) and PCs (11 percent) is required in almost a third of all schools participating in this survey. Dental schools in the United States are managing IT in a variety of different ways, using various internally and commercially available tools. The cost to institutions can be large and is usually handled in centralized structures in the school with fixed budgets. The results of this survey can be used to assist schools in the planning and implementation of IT at their institutions.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1984

[Sample of high school students with a demonstration of intervening factors in school achievement and failure].

This research investigates the relationship and link between intellectual cathexis, school achievement and personality functioning in a representative sample of secondary school students aged 12 to 15 years. The level of structure of the personality plays a most significant role. Good school achievement does not necessarily depend on an optimal psychological equilibrium. In fact, the most determining factor seems to be the part played by the defense mechanisms--particularly those which aim at controlling libidinal drives--developed and elaborated during the period of latency. A certain intellectual potential, however, is a necessary but not sufficient condition for school achievement - indeed, an end of school certificate i.e. the Swiss "certificat de maturité" could be obtained by students of average intelligence. The capacity of maintaining an active intellectual investment seems to be an equally determining factor. This quality of functioning contains an oedipal component - particularly the ability of taking one's stand and of competing - as well as a pre-oedipal one - the narcissistic integrity, allowing one to preserve one's self-esteem facing difficulties. Contrary to our hypothesis, the quality of subject-environment interaction with family, peers, teachers, plays a relatively minor role. A more important aspect concerns the effects and results of relations established during childhood such as the interiorization of parental expectations, the quality of the superego, the degree of internal autonomy allowing compromise with external demands, etc. Underlying conflicts can intervene at several levels. One of these levels could result in the subject's incapacity to utilize his own resources and these imply consequences ranging from difficulties in basic school achievement to non-acquisition of cognitive mecanisms and under-development of symbolization. Psychological testing is a means of identifying the underlying difficulties and determining their nature. Remediating methods include psycho-pedagogical or psychotherapeutic intervention or, in some cases, both.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

The renal functional reserve in health and renal disease in school age children.

The capacity to increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to stimuli is a characteristic of the healthy kidney. To establish normal limits of this functional reserve is of clinical relevance because its loss may be the earliest indication of renal damage. For this purpose we have used a method applicable in clinical practice: one-hour clearances of creatinine (CCr) done under water diuresis, before (unstimulated) and two hours after (stimulated) a test meat meal, taking a single postmeal blood sample. Urine collection was done by voluntary voiding under direct supervision. In studies done in 14 control subjects, inulin clearance (CIn)/CCr ratios were (mean +/- SEM) 1.04 +/- 0.05 and 0.96 +/- 0.03, in unstimulated and stimulated clearances, respectively. In studies repeated at three to nine week intervals, we found a variation coefficient (mean +/- SEM) of 24.5 +/- 3.11% and 9.25 +/- 1.43% (P less than 0.001) for the unstimulated and stimulated CCr, respectively. The corresponding values for CIn were 19.3 +/- 2.36% and 9.17 +/- 1.19% (P less than 0.001), suggesting that stimulated GFR values are more stable. Unstimulated and stimulated GFR and renal functional reserve (stimulated CCr - unstimulated CCr) were studied in 260 school aged children, ages 6 to 16 years (140 boys and 120 girls). The distribution of the renal functional reserve was approximately Gaussian but the distribution of the urinary creatinine excretion, unstimulated and stimulated GFR had considerable positive skewness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed2002

What have we learned from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study?

The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study was the first longitudinal assessment of the natural history of asthma in which children were enrolled at birth. Over 1200 children were originally included and over 800 were still participating at age 13. The study has provided general indications about the most important risk factors for and the prognosis of different phenotypes associated with recurrent airway obstruction during childhood. The most important conclusion from the study is that asthma is a heterogeneous disease, with different predominant expressions at different ages. The form of the disease that is associated with atopy is not very frequent in early life, but becomes preponderant during the school years. However, this form is more persistent and is associated with significant deficits in lung function growth up to age 11. Up to two-thirds of infants who wheeze have a transient form of recurrent airway obstruction associated with low premorbid lung function. Many children who wheeze during the preschool years do so only during viral infections. These children usually have a history of wheezing due to respiratory syncytial virus during early life and low levels of lung function during the school years. Understanding the different asthma phenotypes of childhood will provide new clues for strategies for the primary prevention of the disease.

Asthma↗
PubMed1989

[Significance of hormonal studies in the assessment of the health status of children and adolescents].

Hormonal studies into adrenal function were carried out in 500 children and adolescents. Comparatively high correlation ratios attest to the relationship between androgenous and glucocorticoid functions of the adrenals and indicators of the physical, sexual development and osseous age. In the muscular type of constitution, the reserve possibilities of the adrenals appeared to be the most powerful as compared to those seen in the thoracal and digestive types, which is conductive to the least development of the lymphoid and throat ring and the least disease incidence. In children and adolescents engaged in sports swimming, favourable reactions of the adrenals were demonstrable in 50% of cases, pointing to the presence of the reserve possibilities of androgenous and glucocorticoid functions which should be taken into consideration on exercise indication. As influenced by the total school load throughout the entire school year, glucocorticoid function of the adrenals deteriorated 1.5-fold, this is accompanied by the astheno-neurotic manifestations and hypotension. All these facts should be taken into account in the assessment of the health status and undertaking preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Menstrual functioning and psychopathology in a county-wide population of high school girls.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between menstrual functioning and depressive disorder symptoms (DDS), obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (OCDS), and eating disorder symptoms (EDS) in high school girls. METHOD: Survey data from a county-wide high school population (completion rate 91%) were used. Associations between menstrual indices and scores above clinical cutoff on the Beck Depression Inventory, Leyton Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version, and Eating Attitudes Test were examined by using logistic regression ( = 2,547 girls). RESULTS: Controlling for chronological age and other risk factors, late menarche was associated with DDS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-4.18). Gynecological year 1 (GY1) was associated with DDS (OR = 3.13, CI = 1.23-7.33), EDS (OR = 3.11, CI = 1.00-8.09), and OCDS, both number (OR = 5.75, CI = 1.79-15.74) and interference (OR = 12.55, CI = 3.20-41.4). Secondary amenorrhea was associated with DDS (OR = 1.94, CI = 11.30-2.84) and EDS (OR = 2.32, CI = 1.51-3.49); polymenorrhea with EDS (OR = 1.92, CI = 1.27-2.86); and irregular cycles with EDS (OR = 1.70, CI = 1.11-2.54) and DDS (OR = 1.76, CI = 11.21-2.53). CONCLUSIONS: In high school girls, late menarche, GY1, and menstrual cycle abnormalities are associated differentially with DDS, OCDS, and EDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The treatment of severe behavior problems in school settings using a technical assistance model.

We evaluated the feasibility of local school personnel conducting functional analysis and reinforcement-based treatment procedures within actual classroom settings. Following an initial in-service workshop on functional assessment and differential reinforcement procedures, on-site technical assistance was provided two to four times per month to local school personnel working in transdisciplinary teams. Overall results suggest that local school personnel were able to implement all procedures adequately with periodic technical assistance. In addition, functional analysis was effective in identifying individual maintaining contingencies, the derived treatments were effective, and the results were maintained throughout the approximate 18 months of this investigation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Negative life events and the adjustment of school-age children: testing protective models.

Investigated the association between negative life events and protective factors in predicting the adaptive, emotional, and behavioral functioning of school-age children. Three possible models of this relation were tested using hierarchical analyses: the compensatory model, the challenge model, and the immunity/vulnerability model. Participants were 140 children between the ages of 8 to 13.6 years. Inconsistent with all 3 models, negative life events were not associated with adaptive or internalizing behavior. However, consistent with the compensatory model, both negative life events and protective factors contributed independently to the prediction of externalizing behavior. Also, a significant interaction was found in predicting internalizing behavior for the female-only sample showing girls with significant negative life events and social support demonstrating less internalizing behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Social support is important in daily activities of the elderly. This study tests the hypothesis that there is an association between social support and cognitive function among the elderly in a community setting. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a cross-sectional stratified random sample of 4,993 elderly (> or =65 years) city residents. Using multiple regression analysis, we investigated the influence of social support on cognitive function. RESULTS: 12% were over 80 years old. 53.28% were men. 67.14% were married. Higher Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) scores (higher score means better cognitive function) were associated with strong social support, as measured by marital status and perceived positive support from friends. Lower cognitive function was associated with older and with female respondents. Only instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were statistically and negatively related to SPMSQ. Lower functional status was associated with lower cognitive function. Elders with grade school educations had lower SPMSQ scores than did elders with high school educations. CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, higher cognitive function in community-living elderly was associated with increased social support. Life-style management should provide social activities for the elderly to promote a better quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological maturity and specific features of mental and physiological development in children before their going to school].

The paper presents data of examination of 34 preschool children from Orenburg, in whom the level of biological maturity was determined and the functional capacities of some systems, adaptive abilities and mental and physiological indices of the functions required for school were evaluated. It was ascertained that school disadaptation might be predicted in 85% of the children to go to school.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Whither school health services for lower primary schoolchildren in Soweto?

Over 1,000 clinical examinations and screening procedures in Soweto lower primary schoolchildren revealed few significant health problems which had not previously been identified. Information from parents and teachers was of limited value. The study revealed that only a small percentage of children referred for further medical attention attended for investigation or treatment as advised. Most of the health problems found could well have been managed at a school-based primary care level. It would thus be desirable to modify and extend the role and functions of the school nurse. However, the effectiveness of so doing would depend on adequate training, the availability of personnel and the organisational structure of health care services.

Black or African American↗