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PubMed2000

Triarchic theories of intelligence: Aristotle and Sternberg.

Aristotle's triarchic theory of intelligence prefigures, but apparently does not serve directly as a source for, Sternberg's comparable contemporary theory. The indepently derived similarities in their gross structure lend weight to some triarchic view. Sternberg's analytical, practical, and creative intelligences closely resemble Aristotle's theoretical, practical, and productive excellences of intelligence. Each comparable component incorporates significantly related ideas. Disparities may be attributed to a variety of differences in the aims, methods, and resources of Aristotle's and Sternberg's inquiries. This is not the first time in the history of psychology that roughly parallel investigations have yielded comparable theories, but it is surely among the most temporally disjoined.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of social judgments of creativity and intelligence.

Social judgment of creativity and intelligence was investigated by having subjects give trait ratings for stimulus profiles of actual art students based on abilities information alone, based on personality information alone, based on biographical information alone, and finally, based on the total set of all three types of cue information. Regression equations differed depending upon whether intelligence or creativity judgments were being predicted. For all types of information, there was a significant amount of variation unique to creativity judgments which could not be accounted for by intelligence judgments, and vice versa. However, the proposition of variation unique to each type of trait judgment was smallest when subjects had only abilities information available and was approximately four times larger when judgments were based on the total set of three types of cue information. Implications of this finding for the study of creativity are discussed.

Aptitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heredity and familial environment in intelligence and educational level--a sibling study.

Although it is well established that family members resemble each other in intelligence , the extent to which this results from either shared genes or a shared environment remains controversial, perhaps especially since the relevant evidence presented by Burt has been shown probably to have been fabricated. The influence of heredity and familial environment may be distinguished by studying adoptees. Here we present correlations in intelligence and educational level between genetically related pairs of adult adoptees who have been reared separately, and, conversely, between genetically unrelated pairs of adult adoptees who have been reared together. We are unaware of any previous study of adults which has reported on both of these types of relationship. The results for intelligence conform closely to what would be predicted by a simple polygenic model of genetic transmission whereas those for educational attainment imply both genetic and familial environmental components.

Adoption↗
PubMed2006

A closer look at transcription intelligibility for speakers with dysarthria: evaluation of scoring paradigms and linguistic errors made by listeners.

PURPOSE: This study addressed the effects of 3 different paradigms for scoring orthographic transcriptions of dysarthric speech on intelligibility scores. The study also examined whether there were differences in transcription accuracy among words from different linguistic classes. METHOD: Speech samples were collected from 12 speakers with dysarthria of varying severity. Twelve different listeners made orthographic transcriptions of each speaker, for a total of 144 listeners. Transcriptions were scored using 3 different paradigms: total word phonemic match, informational word phonemic match, and informational word semantic match. Transcriptions were also coded into 3 linguistic categories: content words, modifiers, and functors. The number of words that each listener transcribed correctly within each category was tallied. RESULTS: There were significant differences among the 3 scoring paradigms. However, the magnitude of differences was relatively small. In addition, listeners transcribed functor words more accurately than content words or modifiers. They also transcribed free morphemes more accurately than bound morphemes. CONCLUSIONS: The specific scoring paradigm that clinicians employ for measuring speech intelligibility appears to be relatively inconsequential as long as consistent procedures are used. Analyses of the kinds of words that listeners transcribe correctly suggest that interventions focusing on listener processing strategies should be considered for enhancing intelligibility of speakers with chronic dysarthria.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Amplified earmuffs: impact on speech intelligibility in industrial noise for listeners with hearing loss.

PURPOSE: To determine how amplified earmuffs affect the intelligibility of speech in noise for people with hearing loss, and to determine how various brands of amplified earmuffs compare in terms of speech intelligibility and electroacoustic response. METHOD: The Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) was used to measure the intelligibility of speech for 10 participants with hearing loss when they listened in a background of recorded industrial noise at 85 dBA. Participants listened with 3 different sets of amplified earmuffs (Peltor Tactical 7-S, Elvex COM 55, and Bilsom 707 Impact II), with a set of passive earmuffs (E-A-R Ultra 9000), and with ears unoccluded. Two measurements of sentence threshold were obtained under each of the 5 listening conditions. Gain was measured electroacoustically across a range of input levels and frequencies for each amplified earmuff. RESULTS: Electroacoustic measurements indicated that each electronic earmuff amplified at low input levels and attenuated at high input levels. However, gain characteristics varied greatly across devices. HINT sentence thresholds were not significantly different across the 5 listening conditions or across the 2 trials. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that each type of earmuff can be used to reduce the noise exposure of people with hearing loss without compromising their ability to understand speech.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of speech coders and atypical speech I: effects on speech intelligibility.

We investigated how standard speech coders, currently used in modern communication systems, affect the intelligibility of the speech of persons who have common speech and voice disorders. Three standardized speech coders (viz., GSM 6.10 [RPE-LTP], FS1016 [CELP], FS1015 [LPC]) and two speech coders based on subband processing were evaluated for their performance. Coder effects were assessed by measuring the intelligibility of vowels and consonants both before and after processing by the speech coders. Native English talkers who had normal hearing identified these speech sounds. Results confirmed that (a) all coders reduce the intelligibility of spoken language; (b) these effects occur in a consistent manner, with the GSM and CELP coders providing the least degradation relative to the original unprocessed speech; and (c) coders interact with individual voices so that speech is degraded differentially for different talkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Ataxic dysarthria: treatment sequences based on intelligibility and prosodic considerations.

Treatment programs of four improving ataxic dysarthric speakers are reviewed. Treatment sequences were based on two overall measures of speech performance-intelligibility and prosody. Increases in intelligibility were initially achieved by control of speaking rate. A hierarchy of rate control strategies, ranging from a rigid imposition of rate through thythmic cueing to self-monitored rate control is discussed. As speakers improved their monitoring skills, a compromise was made between intelligibility and rate. Normal prosodic patterns were not achieved by the ataxic speakers due to difficulty in precisely coordinating the subtle fundamental frequency, loudness and timing adjustments needed to signal stress. Three of the four subjects were taught to use only durational adjustments to signal stress. In this way, they were able to achieve stress on targeted words consistently and minimize bizarreness which resulted from sweeping changes in fundamental frequency and bursts of loudness. The need for further clinically oriented research is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Alaryngeal speech intelligibility and the older listener.

Past investigations of alaryngeal speech intelligibility have focused on comparative intelligibility as perceived by young normally hearing adults. However, the spouses and social companions of laryngectomees may have significantly different auditory capabilities compared to young listeners. This report presents a comparison of alaryngeal and laryngeal speech identification performance for a group of young normally hearing listeners and a group of older adult listeners representative of the age of the laryngectomee's social companions. The speech signals investigated included normal laryngeal speech, artificial larynx speech, traditional esophageal speech, and tracheoesophageal speech. The results obtained reveal not only differences in speech signals but also a difference in the proficiency of speech perception for the two groups, favoring the younger listeners. The results of the speech identification measures in the presence of auditory competition revealed greatest intelligibility for the artificial larynx speech signal and poorest for the tracheoesophageal speech signal.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The effects of different frequency responses on sound quality judgments and speech intelligibility.

Four speech programs and two music programs were reproduced using five different frequency responses: one flat and the others combinations of reductions at lower frequencies and/or increases at higher frequencies. Twelve hearing impaired (HI) and 8 normal hearing (NH) subjects listened monaurally to the reproductions at comfortable listening level and judged the sound quality on seven perceptual scales and a scale for total impression. Speech intelligibility was measured for phonetically balanced (PB) word lists and for sentences in noise. Significant differences among the reproductions appeared in practically all scales. The most preferred system was characterized by a flat response at lower frequencies and a 6 dB/octave increase thereafter. There were certain differences between the NH and HI listeners in the judgments of the other systems. The intelligibility of PB word lists did not differ among the systems, and the S/N threshold for the sentences in noise only distinguished the flat response as worse than all others for the HI listeners. There was little correspondence between intelligibility measures and sound quality measures. The latter provided more information and distinctions among systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Development of the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test for hearing aid comparisons.

The Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) Test has been developed for use in clinical comparisons of hearing aid conditions. After listening to a short passage of connected speech, subjects generate a rating proportional to its intelligibility using an equal-appearing interval scale from 0 to 10. Before test passages are presented, the signal-to-babble ratio (SBR) is adjusted to a level that elicits intelligibility ratings of 7-8 for a "setup" passage. Then, with SBR held constant, three or more test passages are rated and the results averaged for each aided condition. This paper describes the generation of recorded test materials and their investigation using normally hearing listeners. Based on these data, a critical difference of about 2 scale intervals is recommended. A future paper will deal with results for hearing-impaired subjects.

Hearing Aids↗
PubMed1990

Acoustic dimensions of hearing-impaired speakers' intelligibility: segmental and suprasegmental characteristics.

Regression and principal components analyses were employed to study the relationship between 28 segmental and suprasegmental acoustic parameters of speech production and measures of speech intelligibility for 40 severely to profoundly hearing-impaired persons in an effort to extend the findings of Metz, Samar, Schiavetti, Sitler, and Whitehead (1985). The principal components analysis derived six factors that accounted for 59% of the variance in the original 28 parameters. Consistent with the findings of Metz et al., a subsequent regression analysis using these six factors as predictor variables revealed two factors with strong predictive relationships to speech intelligibility. One factor primarily reflected segmental production processes related to the temporal and spatial differentiation of phonemes, whereas the other primarily reflected suprasegmental production processes associated with contrastive stress. However, the predictive capability of the present factor structure was somewhat reduced relative to the findings of Metz et al. (1985). Data presented indicate that the populations sampled in the two studies may have differed on one or more dimensions of subject characteristics. Considered collectively, the present findings and the findings of Metz et al. support the tractability of employing selected acoustic variables for the estimation of speech intelligibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effects of a tracheostoma valve on the intelligibility and quality of tracheoesophageal speech.

In a listening experiment, speech samples obtained from a tracheoesophageal speaker were judged for intelligibility and general quality by inexperienced and experienced listeners. The speaker produced the speech samples using finger occlusion of the stoma and using a tracheostoma valve. Results showed no significant differences in intelligibility of speech between occlusion conditions for single words, 5-word sentences, and 10-word sentences. Conversational intelligibility was judged to be adversely affected by the tracheostoma valve, though quality of speech was not. No significant differences were found between the judgments of inexperienced and experienced listeners.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the speech intelligibility rating (SIR) test for hearing aid comparisons.

The SIR test was created for use in hearing aid comparisons. The test protocol obtains listener judgments of the intelligibility of connected speech passages. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the SIR test in differentiating among hearing aids. Specific research questions were (a) Is the sensitivity of the SIR test sufficient for differentiating among very similar and slightly dissimilar hearing aids? (b) Does the SIR test result in reliable hearing aid rankings? and (c) What are the effects of using shortened connected speech passages? Ten listeners with hearing impairments rated the intelligibility of both full-length and shortened SIR test passages while wearing each of four individually selected hearing aids representing three different frequency/gain prescriptions. Results suggested that the SIR test is capable of differentiating among slightly dissimilar hearing aids and that hearing aid rankings resulting from speech intelligibility ratings were reliable. The decision to use full-length or shortened SIR test passages depends on the outcome the user wishes to maximize. Under the conditions used in this study, maximum sensitivity was achieved with ratings from five shortened passages, whereas maximum reliability was obtained with three full-length passages.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Intelligibility and nonspeech orofacial strength and force control following traumatic brain injury.

Objective measures of nonspeech orofacial strength and force control were obtained for 20 individuals with traumatic brain injury. The dynamic and static force generating abilities of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue, and jaw were assessed. Based on sentence intelligibility scores, the subjects were divided into two groups, more and less intelligible. Force measures included reaction time, slope, derivative, peak overshoot, and first- and second-half mean hold and standard deviation. Groups differed only in the ability to sustain the 2 N force level with the tongue. Other potential contributors to the differences in intelligibility are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effects of a flattened fundamental frequency on intelligibility at the sentence level.

The purpose of this preliminary experiment was to evaluate the effect of a flattened fundamental frequency (F0) contour on sentence intelligibility. The perceptual dimension monotone pitch is frequently used to describe the speech of persons with dysarthria, and relatively flat F0 contours have been noted in several acoustic studies of dysarthria. To determine the independent effect of a flattened F0 contour on sentence intelligibility a resynthesis technique was used that held timing and spectral characteristics of utterances constant while allowing parametric control over successive pitch periods. Two male speakers produced low-probability utterances selected from the SPIN test, which were then resynthesized with a flattened F0 contour. Speech intelligibility was assessed using two measures: one involving word transcription and the other interval scaling. These measures were collected from 10 listeners. The results showed that both measures were significantly lower when the F0 contour was flattened, as compared with naturally varying contours. Several different explanations are proposed for this effect, which can and should be explored in greater detail using the resynthesis technique given the prominence of this characteristic in dysarthria.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Speech intelligibility in patients with complete dentures according to the material used.

The principal purpose of this study was to investigate the speech of two edentulous subjects fitted with a complete maxillary prosthesis made of three different palatal materials: aluminium, resin, stellite. The study was performed using two speakers fitted with a prosthesis (a man and a woman). They took part in the acoustic recording of logatoms read by themselves while wearing various prostheses. These recordings were tested from the auditory point of view by a series of six listeners (four men and two women) in an anechoic room. After 144 different tests, a speech reception threshold (SRT) was defined for each speaker and each different prosthesis. This SRT shows a level of speech intelligibility defined so that the lower the SRT, the more intelligible for the listener. The results show that: (i) both the material and the listener influence SRT: (P < 0.05); (ii) an interaction between the material factor and the speaker factor appears. (P < 0.05); (iii) The hierarchy factors influencing SRT are most important in the order: Listener --> material --> speaker; and (d) The group fitted with a metal prosthesis (aluminium, stellite) was more intelligible regarding the way they were perceived by others.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2000

Validity of brief intelligence tests for patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The validity of two kinds of brief intelligence tests for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated. In study 1, five short forms of the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (JWAIS-R) were administered to 102 AD patients. The results showed that the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) between IQ estimated with the short forms and those obtained by administration of the full JWAIS-R were satisfactory, ranging from 0.82 to 0.98, and that the abbreviated forms took a shorter time to execute. In study 2, the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered to 67 AD patients. The ICC between the IQ estimated with these tests and the full-scale IQ of the JWAIS-R were both acceptable at 0.57, and each test could be carried out in a very short time. It was concluded that these brief tests, particularly the WAIS-R short forms, are highly practical for quick measurement of intelligence in AD patients, although they have their respective limitations.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Primate encephalization and intelligence.

The amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass is called encephalization. And quantifying encephalization has been argued to be directly related to an animal's level of intelligence. In this study, the legitimacy of the encephalization hypothesis was tested for encephalization slopes 0.28, 0.67, and 0.75 in Snell's equation of simple allometry by determining the intersexual encephalization similarity for humans and 18 other primate species and by comparing the encephalization quotients for humans and six other primate species against the learning ability evaluations for their intelligence. Results suggest that the most accurate means for quantifying the encephalization of humans and other adult primate species requires the use of Lapicque's universal exponent of 0.28 in Snell's equation of simple allometry. Since Lapicque's slope was derived from various vertebrate groups, this equation may potentially be universally applicable for determining relative adult vertebrate encephalization and intelligence.

Animals↗