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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Response covariation on self-stimulatory behaviors during sensory extinction procedures.

The effects of sensory extinction procedures on nontargeted self-stimulatory behaviors of two autistic boys were assessed. In Experiment 1, the frequencies of two topographically similar behaviors of one child and two topographically dissimilar behaviors of the other child were examined within a reversal design. Application of sensory extinction for target behaviors resulted in a decrease in the topographically similar behavior, but no change in the dissimilar behavior. In Experiment 2, sensory extinction procedures were applied to three behaviors of one child using a multiple-baseline design. Two of these behaviors were topographically similar and all were maintained by the same sensory modality. Suppression occurred only for the topographically similar behavior. Results are discussed in terms of their treatment implications.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1992

Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction.

The effects of morphine, naltrexone, and nalorphine were studied in rats trained to lever-press for intravenous heroin and then tested under conditions of non-reinforcement. Animals were reinforced for lever-pressing on a continuous reinforcement schedule (100 micrograms/kg per infusion) for 2-3 h each day following which reinforcement was terminated and animals were studied under extinction conditions for the remainder of the session. Each day following the termination of responding under extinction conditions, animals were given a single injection of saline, morphine, nalorphine, or naltrexone; lever-pressing under the extinction conditions was then observed for several hours. When animals adapted to this regimen, very low levels of responding were seen following saline injections; morphine (2 or 10 mg/kg) reinstated vigorous responding that lasted 1-4 h. Naltrexone (2 mg/kg) suppressed responding below the levels seen after saline, and nalorphine (10 mg/kg) had the same effect as saline. These observations support the view that opioid-seeking behavior is primed by the proponent or opioid-like actions of opioids and not by the opponent or drug-opposite effects associated with opioid withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effects of a sensory extinction procedure on stereotypic sounds of two autistic children.

A reversal design was used to investigate the effects of a sensory extinction procedure on stereotypic sounds produced by two autistic children. White noise programmed through earphones was used to mask auditory stimuli resulting from aberrant vocalizations (termed "slurring," "snorts," and "arias") and from clapping hands and dropping objects. This sensory extinction procedure substantially reduced the stereotypic vocalizations but had little practical effect on the clapping and object-dropping responses. The discussion addresses some of the limitations and potential uses of sensory extinction procedures.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality and conditioning: factors of classical CR acquisition and extinction and their relationship to personality types.

A number of psychophysiological, cognitive and personality measures, and classical appetitive and aversive SR acquisition and extinction rates were taken from a sample of 25 male undergraduate volunteers. Principal Components Analysis of the data revealed general acquisition and extinction factors which were indexed by the psychophysiological variables. Regression analyses showed additionally that Eysenck's E-I dimension predicts both acquisition and extinction rates, and that imagery may be an important mediational variable in CR acquisition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens during within-session extinction, outcome-dependent, and habit-based instrumental responding for food reward.

RATIONALE: Dopamine (DA) activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is related to the general motivational effects of rewarding stimuli. Dickinson and colleagues have shown that initial acquisition of instrumental responding reflects action-outcome relationships based on instrumental incentive learning, which establishes the value of an outcome. Given that the sensitivity of responding to outcome devaluation is not affected by NAc lesions, it is unlikely that incentive learning during the action-outcome phase is mediated by DA activity in the NAc. OBJECTIVES: DA efflux in the NAc after limited and extended training was compared on the assumption that comparable changes would be observed during both action-outcome- and habit-based phases of instrumental responding for food. This study also tested the hypothesis that increase in NAc DA activity is correlated with instrumental responding during extinction maintained by a conditioned stimulus paired with food. METHODS: Rats were trained to lever press for food (random-interval 30 s schedule). On the 5th and 16th day of training, microdialysis samples were collected from the NAc or mediodorsal striatum (a control site for generalized activity) during instrumental responding in extinction and then for food reward, and analyzed for DA content using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Increase in DA efflux in the NAc accompanied responding for food pellets on both days 5 and 16, with the magnitude of increase significantly enhanced on day 16. DA efflux was also significantly elevated during responding in extinction only on day 16. CONCLUSIONS: These results support a role for NAc DA activity in Pavlovian, but not instrumental, incentive learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Stress reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior after prolonged extinction and a drug-free period.

We have shown previously, using an animal model of relapse, that acute exposure to intermittent footshock stress induces reinstatement of heroin-taking behavior in rats. Here we report that in rats trained to self-administer cocaine, exposure to acute intermittent footshock stress induces reinstatement of cocaine-taking behavior after prolonged extinction sessions and after a 4- to 6-week drug-free period; an effect comparable to that induced by a priming injection of cocaine. Animals were initially allowed to self-administer cocaine HCl (1.0 mg/kg per infusion, i.v.) during one 3-h session/day for 12 days. Subsequently, extinction conditions were introduced by substituting saline for cocaine so that lever-pressing resulted in i.v. infusions of saline rather than of drug. Extinction conditions were maintained until animals made 15 responses or less in the 3 h, after which animals were given saline infusions at the start of each daily session to establish baseline responding of ten responses or less. Subsequently, animals were tested for reinstatement of responding for saline infusions following a non-contingent injection of cocaine (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and exposure to intermittent footshock (10 min, 0.5 mA, 0.5 s on, mean off period of 40 sec). After an additional 4- to 6-week drug-free period, tests for reinstatement were repeated. Reinstatement of cocaine-taking behavior was observed in both sets of tests in response to footshock and cocaine. These results extend previous reports from this laboratory that footshock stress is an effective stimulus for reinstatement of drug-taking behavior in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sensory and response contributions to visual awareness in extinction.

Brain-damaged patients may extinguish contralesional stimuli when ipsilesional stimuli are presented simultaneously. Most theories of extinction postulate that stimuli compete for pathologically limited attentional resources with a bias to process ipsilesional over contralesional stimuli. Implicit in this view is the idea that responses follow the outcome of an earlier competition between inputs. In the current study of two patients, we used signal detection analyses to test the hypothesis that response criteria and response modalities also contribute to visual awareness. We found that identification was more sensitive than detection in uncovering deficits of contralesional awareness. Extinction was worse with bilateral stimuli when the ipsilesional stimulus was identical or similar to the target than when it was dissimilar. This diminished awareness was more likely to reflect a shift towards more conservative responses rather than diminished discrimination of contralesional stimuli. By contrast, one patient was better able to discriminate contralesional stimuli when using his contralesional limb to indicate awareness of targets than when using his ipsilesional limb. These data indicate that the nature of stimuli can modulate response criteria and the motor response can affect the sensory discriminability. Sensory discrimination and response output are not organized in a simple serial manner. Rather, input and output parameters interact in complicated ways to produce visual awareness. Visual awareness itself appears to be the outcome of two bottlenecks in processing, one having to do with sensory processing that may be covert and the other having to do with decision making, which by definition is overt. Finally, we advocate the use of signal detection analyses in studies of extinction, a method that has been surprisingly neglected in this line of research.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Asymmetric specialization and extinction risk in plant-flower visitor webs: a matter of morphology or abundance?

A recently discovered feature of plant-flower visitor webs is the asymmetric specialization of the interaction partners: specialized plants interact mainly with generalized flower visitors and specialized flower visitors mainly with generalized plants. Little is known about the factors leading to this asymmetry and their consequences for the extinction risk of species. Previous studies have proposed random interactions proportional to species abundance as an explanation. However, the simulation models used in these studies did not include potential biological constraints. In the present study, we tested the potential role of both morphological constraints and species abundance in promoting asymmetric specialization. We compared actual field data of a Mediterranean plant-flower visitor web with predictions of Monte Carlo simulations including different combinations of the potential factors structuring the web. Our simulations showed that both nectar-holder depth and abundance were able to produce asymmetry; but that the expected degree of asymmetry was stronger if based on both. Both factors can predict the number of interaction partners, but only nectar-holder depth was able to predict the degree of asymmetry of a certain species. What is more, without the size threshold the influence of abundance would disappear over time. Thus, asymmetric specialization seems to be the result of a size threshold and, only among the allowed interactions above this size threshold, a result of random interactions proportional to abundance. The simulations also showed that asymmetric specialization could not be the reason that the extinction risk of specialists and generalists is equalized, as suggested in the literature. In asymmetric webs specialists clearly had higher short-term extinction risks. In fact, primarily generalist visitors seem to profit from asymmetric specialization. In our web, specialists were less abundant than generalists. Therefore, including abundance in the simulation models increased the difference between specialists and generalists even more.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2006

Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex in mice with genetic knockout of monoamine oxidase A.

We report here the results obtained from comparative analysis of learning and the dynamics of extinction of a conditioned passive avoidance response in mice with genetic knockout of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and the progenitor line C3H. Mice of both lines acquired the conditioned passive avoidance reaction efficiently. Mice with genetic knockout of MAO A were characterized by prolonged retention of reproduction of the memory trace, as compared with rapid extinction in C3H mice. Smaller numbers of transfers, and vertical rearings on days 7-13 and the numbers of glances into and rom the dark sector on days 11-13 of extinction in MAO A-knockout mice appear to reflect their more marked fear reactions when confronted with the "dangerous" sector, along with increased anxiety, these facilitating longer-lasting retention of the memory trace.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effects of activation of D1 dopamine receptors on extinction of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex and amnesia in aggressive and submissive mice.

The studies reported here demonstrate the relationship between the effect of activation of D1 dopamine receptors on the reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex during extinction and amnesia and the aggressive and submissive behavioral stereotypes. During extinction, the D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 at a dose of 5 mg/kg given before acquisition of the conditioned reflex and on test day 12 suppressed the reproduction of the conditioned skill in aggressive mice and improved reproduction in submissive mice. The effects of activation of D1 receptors were also opposite relative to the stereotype in amnesia. In aggressive mice, SKF 38393 significantly decreased the resistance to amnesia characteristic of these animals; in submissive mice, SKF 38393 weakened the amnestic effects of the delay in the "dangerous" sector and restored memory traces. The possible mechanisms of the selectivity of the actions of D1 receptors in mice with alternative behavioral stereotypes in retaining memory traces related to aversive stimulation during extinction and amnesia are discussed.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1987

Conditioned avoidance acquisition and extinction following repeated electroconvulsive shock: strain effect and response to vasopressin.

Male albino rats (Sabra strain) were exposed to electroconvulsive shock (ECS) once daily for periods ranging from 1 to 13 days, and proactive effects on conditioned avoidance response (CAR) acquisition and extinction were studied. CAR acquisition was intact following both single and repeated ECS, but extinction was accelerated by multiple ECS administration. These findings resembled the effect of repeated ECS on anterograde memory function in humans and confirmed previous observations based on a passive avoidance paradigm. However, extinction was not accelerated in a different rat strain (LC2). Parallel open field activity measures suggested that these findings were not related to ECS-induced alterations in locomotor activity. Administration of arginine vasopressin prior to each ECS, or following acquisition sessions, as well as 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin administration following acquisition sessions, did not ameliorate ECS-induced deficits in the Sabra rats. Differences between the present paradigm of ECS administration and those in which positive effects of vasopressin and other neuropeptides have been reported are discussed. The potential research applications of a rodent model of ECS-induced memory impairment that parallels deficits encountered in the clinical context are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Evidence suggesting that DMI-induced resistance to extinction is not mediated by the dorsal noradrenergic bundle.

Rats were trained to press a lever for food rewards, then given a 5 week break, followed by a single extinction session. Animals which received 14 daily desmethylimipramine (DMI) injections, ending 4 days before the extinction session, showed resistance to extinction; no effect was seen in animals which received DMI during acquisition. The opposite pattern of results would be predicted if the effect were mediated by changes in the efficacy of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Implicit redundant-targets effect in visual extinction.

Patients with left visual extinction as a result of unilateral right hemisphere damage were tested on a redundant-targets effect paradigm (RTE). LED-generated brief flashes were lateralized either to the left or to the right visual hemifield or presented bilaterally. Subjects were asked to press a key as fast as possible following either unilateral or bilateral stimuli and immediately afterwards to report on the number of stimuli presented. As previously found in normal subjects, bilateral stimuli were responded to faster than unilateral ones, and this was evidence of a RTE. The main thrust of this study was that extinction patients showed a RTE not only for correctly perceived bilateral stimuli but also in trials in which they extinguished the stimulus on the field contralateral to the lesion. This result is compatible with a preserved processing of the extinguished input at least up to the stage at which it may interact with the input from the normal side to yield a speeded motor response. Interestingly, the implicit redundancy gain of extinction patients was found to fit a coactivation (i.e. neural) rather than a probabilistic model.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Omission training and extinction in rats with septal damage.

Rats with either control operations or septal damage were pretrained on a VI 30-sec schedule and tested for response suppression ability on either an omission training (OT) task or on extinction. Septal damage enhanced barpressing on the VI 30-sec task. Animals with septal damage took longer to suppress responding on the OT task than controls while lesioned and control animals tested on extinction did not differ. Increased emotionality was seen in subjects with septal damage on the first test day but not thereafter. Animals tested with OT suppressed responding more rapidly than animals tested on extinction.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of additional cues on passive avoidance learning and extinction in rats with hippocampal lesions.

Following the acquisition of a water-rewarded approach response in a straight runway, the effects of introducing shock in the goal box (passive avoidance - PA) or withdrawing reinforcement (extinction) were compared in hippocampal, cortical, and operated control groups of rats. Under standard test conditions, hippocampal groups were impaired in PA learning and showed strong resistance to extinction, relative to the control groups. When additional cues were provided such that external stimuli associated with goal box events could be easily detected early in the runway, performance differences between the hippocampal and control groups were eliminated in the PA test and significantly reduced in extinction. The results emphasize the inefficient processing by hippocampally-damaged animals of stimulus cues following a shift in experimental contingencies.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of malnutrition and environment on the acquisition and extinction of avoidance behavior in rats.

Twelve newborn rats were fed by mothers maintained on a protein-deficient diet (12% casein, M) during lactation, and 12 rats fed by mothers maintained on a diet containing 25% casein were used as controls (C). After weaning, all animals were fed standard lab ration. Half of each group was housed individually (MI and CI), while the other half was allowed to live in pairs (MP and CP). When adult, all animals were trained to avoid footshocks by jumping onto a platform. Training sessions consisted of 40 trials starting with a 20 sec light stimulus (CS) and followed by a 2 sec, 0.6 mA shock (US) with an average intertrial interval of 54 sec. When all animals displayed consistent avoidance behavior, the extinction phase was initiated. The procedure was the same as for the training sessions except that the shock generator was disconnected. Extinction continued until each animal showed a 50% reduction in avoidance performance. During acquisition, MI learned faster than CI and CI showed greater avoidance performance than CP, but no differences were observed between MP and CP. During extinction, group M responded more persistently than group C. The present acquisition results may explain the contradictory data reported in the literature with respect to the effects of malnutrition on avoidance performance, since environmental stimulation was shown to reduce the effects of early malnutrition. Individually housed animals showed greater avoidance performance during both phases.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pimozide on appetitive behavior and locomotor activity: dissimilarity of effects when compared to extinction.

The effects of pimozide were examined in a runway paradigm using food reward. Rats received one of three doses of pimozide, vehicle or Ringer's prior to testing. Two additional groups received pimozide or vehicle after the test trial in the home cage. An extinction group received no food in the goal box on test days. Several components of running behavior were assessed as was food consumed in the goal box. Effects of pimozide on general locomotor activity were assessed in the open-field following the runway phase. Results of the runway indicated that pimozide-treated rats differed from the extinction group in latencies to leave the start box and enter the goal box. Pimozide-treated rats consumed less saccharin-flavored food than controls. The post-treatment pimozide group showed a reduction in saccharin-food intake suggesting a conditioned taste aversion. Thus, the reduction observed in the pretreated pimozide group may be due to some unconditioned aversion induced by the drug. Open-field revealed that pimozide resulted in lower activity than controls. This study indicates that the effects of pimozide on food reinforcement are not similar to the effects seen in extinction. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of pimozide, in this paradigm, constitute an interference with motor responses as opposed to an attenuation of reward properties of the stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Noradrenaline and the context-dependent extinction effect.

Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of noradrenaline (NA) depletion upon the context-dependent extinction effects in conditioned taste-aversion learning. Three different methods were used to deplete NA: lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB) with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), lesions induced by neonatal treatment with 6-OHDA and lesions induced by systemic administration with the NA neurotoxin, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). In each experiment, novel saccharin was presented in novel noisy bottle followed by lithium chloride. Later, during the extinction phase, half the control and half the NA depleted rats received saccharin in noisy bottles while the other half received saccharin in silent bottles. In the control condition, the rats that received saccharin in the noisy bottles (same context as conditioning) showed considerably more aversion than those that received saccharin in the silent bottles (different context to conditioning); NA depletion attenuated this effect. Reinstatement of the conditioning context (noisy bottle) resulted in a stronger aversion in the case where the different context (silent bottle) was present during extinction; this effect was attenuated in the NA depletion condition. These findings maintain a role for noradrenaline in compound conditioning tasks.

Animals↗