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PubMed1997

The effects of human relations training on reported teacher stress, pupil control ideology and locus of control.

BACKGROUND: This study presents the reported outcomes of a two-year, part-time Masters' programme in human relations using an experiential learning methodology based mainly on humanistic psychological theory. AIMS: The following hypotheses were examined. That as a result of the two-year programme: the experience of reported stress would be reduced; reported attitudes to student classroom control would shift from custodial to humanistic; there would be an increase in reports from participants of a sense of control over their lives; changes of behaviour in work, social settings and at home related to these three variables would be reported. SAMPLE: Involved in the study were 42 experienced teachers. These included 32 women and 10 men, with an average age of 35, who worked in a wide range of educational institutions. Their learning style preferences were also considered as independent variables. A control group of 42 was established with similar demographic characteristics. METHODS: Prior to the course, the experimental group and the control group were given the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Pupil Control Ideology Form. In the early stages of the course, the experimental group completed the Kolb Learning Style Inventory and an informal measure of locus of control which was repeated at the end of the first year of the course. A sample of 32 from the experimental group were given semi-structured interviews relating to changes in their professional and personal lives. RESULTS: The results indicated that, following the training, there was a reduction in reported stress, indications of a more humanistic orientation towards pupil control and an increase in a sense of an internal locus of control. The quantitative data were confirmed by qualitative data generated from semi-structured interviews, which involved substantial reports of applications of the training in their professional and personal lives. CONCLUSION: These results provide support for including experiential human relations training as part of both the in-service and initial teacher training programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Approach for quantifying the overall function of the ascending central neural integration to release vasopressin in rats.

Electrical stimulation of the intermediate portion of the solitary nucleus (SOL) is known to consistently elicit a pressor response and increase in the release of vasopressin (VP) in rats, when the cervical spinal cord and vago-sympathetic trunks are cut. The aim of the present study was to provide a methodological assessment for this technique, in order to quantify the central neuroendocrine function to release VP. Experiments were conducted on rats with cervical cordotomy and vagotomy, under 60% N2O anesthesia and artificial ventilation. The animals were maintained at their normal arterial blood pressure by infusing phenylephrine, which itself exerted little influence on the arterial plasma VP concentration (pVP) during SOL stimulation. In order to prevent blood loss, cross circulation with a donor rat was utilized in the blood sampling for pVP determination. We confirmed that this technique itself did not significantly affect the pVP level. A monopolar stimulus at a frequency of 50 Hz was found to produce the pressor response most effectively. The current spread of the stimulation (0.5 ms duration; 1 s on/1 s off; up to at least 120 microA) did not induce a false-positive pressor response mediated by other structures adjacent to the SOL. We suggest that electrical stimulation of the SOL in rats with cervical cordotomy and vagotomy, for observing the pressor response and/or increase of pVP, represents a rapid approach for screening the overall function of the ascending efferent part of the reflex mechanisms to release VP.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evidence for the effects of HIV antibody counseling and testing on risk behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To review published abstracts, journal articles, and presentations for evidence of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody counseling and testing on risk behaviors. Studies reviewed focused on homosexual men, intravenous drug users in treatment programs, pregnant women, and other heterosexuals. DATA SOURCES: Peer-reviewed journals (January 1986 through July 1990) and published abstracts and oral presentations from the second (1986) through the sixth (1990) International Conferences on AIDS. STUDY SELECTION: We identified 66 studies that included data on the behavioral effects of HIV antibody counseling and testing. By consensus of the authors, 16 of these were excluded because of small sample size or inadequate study design. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were assessed by the authors according to methodological strength (sample selection, inclusion of appropriate comparison groups, and inclusion of statistical tests of significance). DATA SYNTHESIS: All longitudinal studies of homosexual men reported reductions in risky behavior among both tested and untested men, and a few reported greater decreases among seropositive men than among seronegative men and those untested or unaware of their serostatus. For intravenous drug users in treatment, we found reductions in intravenous drug use and sexual risk behaviors regardless of counseling and testing experience. We found little evidence for the impact of counseling and testing on pregnancy and/or pregnancy termination rates for either seropositive or seronegative high-risk women. We noted substantial risk reduction among heterosexual couples with one infected partner. Findings among other heterosexuals at increased risk were scanty and mixed. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies should specifically address the behavioral consequences of counseling and testing in various settings.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute ischemic hypoxia of the liver].

The author studied some aspects related to the acute ischaemic hypoxia of the liver using an original methodology based on the selective in situ perfusion of the liver of dogs. Hypoxia was obtained by clamping the liver pediculum for a duration of 30 minutes. In a first group of experiments the dynamics of the carbohydrate metabolism during hypoxia was followed. On this occasion was established the use of some washing solutions containing large amounts of substances involved in the protection of the hepatocytes from the viewpoint of their glycogenic stores in the course of the sampling of the liver grafts. This has important effects in maintaining the biological qualities of the organ. In a second group of experiments the involvment of the Kupffer-cell system was investigated, as a result of ischaemic hypoxia. A colloidopexia test was used, which employed 198Au. In view of obtaining an increased tolerance to hypoxia selective perfusions were carried out, with a solution containing cortison hemisuccinate and Essentiale 303. The results confirmed the lysosome-protecting effects of this solution when perfusion preceded ischaemia by 90-120 minutes. It also confirmed the test value of the colloido-pexia method. For the first time it was confirmed that there is a significant increase in the 198Au fixation in the spleen in the animals the liver of which was exposed to ischaemia.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of a dynamometer in hospital pharmacy. Its use to study the mechanical properties of plastic materials].

The stretching test is in current use in Pharmaceutical Industry to characterize the mechanical properties of materials or to control medical devices such as catheters. Given the lack of official standards in the French Pharmacopée, we present here the results of an experiment carried out in Hospital Pharmacy. The value of the results will be depending on the manual gesture of the operator and on the experimental conditions for a given material. The factors which appear to be essential are the following: numerous samples, necessary to assess a good repeatability, the stretching speed and the place of the rupture that have to be defined, so as the manual fixation of the samples. This test is interesting in Hospital Pharmacy but the methodology remains a problem so that it cannot be recommended for an occasional use, in spite of an apparent simplicity.

Catheterization↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Statewide survey of risk factor prevalence: the Ohio experience.

In 1982, a statewide survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of health risk factors among Ohio's population. The survey was mandated by a health education-risk reduction grant to the Ohio Department of Health. The background, development, and validation of the survey instrument are described. The four goals of "Health Ohio"--the collection of descriptive statistics on selected risk factors for adult Ohioans, the compilation of baseline data, the development of a standard methodology for a prevalence survey, and the reporting of these findings for potential users of the data--were achieved. The population sample consisted of 607 Ohioans aged 18 and older who were polled by telephone. Subjects were selected through a modified random digit dialing technique. As a result of this technique and the designation of a specific household respondent, demographic characteristics of the sample matched those of the State's population in the 1980 census. Among the implications of the survey findings were the needs to (a) remove economic barriers that apparently impede the installation of residential smoke detectors, (b) initiate health education at an earlier age to counter cigarette smoking trends, and (c) encourage adult self-determination in reducing health risk. The February 1982 "Health Ohio" data describing the need for intervention to reduce health risk factors have become the basis for health education-risk reduction efforts of the Ohio Department of Health. In addition, "Health Ohio" has spawned two local prevalence surveys in the State; these resulted in more precise local data on the prevalence of health risk factors. Other multiplier effects of health education-risk reduction projects should be documented for future reference.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do early adverse experiences establish a cognitive vulnerability to depression on exposure to mirroring life events in adulthood?

BACKGROUND: We pursue a 'lock and key' hypothesis which posits that early adverse events ('locks') create an increased vulnerability to depression in the face of mirroring life events ('keys') in adulthood. Here we examine whether any such vulnerability links are cognitively mediated. METHODS: We study a sample of 96 clinically depressed patients who reported an identifiable 'cognitive schema' being activated when depressed. We examine for significant associations between early adverse events and later precipitants to the patients' depression, and then assess the extent to which any identified links are cognitively mediated. RESULTS: Qualitative analyses suggested quite strong associations between early childhood experiences and identified schemas, while the quantitative analyses identified few links. LIMITATIONS: These contrasting results may present a challenge to the hypothesis or reflect methodological limitations, and we therefore detail some of the complexities involved in identifying cognitive schemas.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Optimization of tannin extraction from infant foods.

The design of experiments (DOE) was used in the development of a laboratory procedure for the extraction of tannins from three infant food types comprising different ingredients of vegetable origin and meat. The diversity of vegetables included in the product formulas required the use of DOE to establish parameters that maximize the recovery of tannins using a central composite rotatable design. Once the experimental results from the DOE were obtained, response surface methodology was used to find the best analytical conditions for samples comprising different ingredients. Sample weight was found to be a critical factor in tannin extraction from foods. Different optimal conditions were obtained for samples including soya in the formula.

Infant Food↗
PubMed2003

Facilitation of iontophoretic drug delivery through intact and caries-affected dentine.

AIM: To investigate the facilitative role of iontophoresis in drug delivery through intact and caries-affected dentine into the pulp. METHODOLOGY: Forty-eight intact dentine or caries-affected dentine discs were prepared from freshly extracted human third molars. The hydraulic conductance was measured before and after the experiments. Drug diffusion with and without iontophoresis (0.05 mA, 10 min) was evaluated using a split-chamber device. The enamel side chamber was filled with metronidazole (MN), sodium salicylate (SS) or naproxen sodium (NA), while the pulpal side was circulated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and pressurized (15 cmH2O). Samples were collected after 1 h. Drug concentrations of the pulpal side solution were determined using a spectrophotometer. Then, electrical impedance of each dentine disc was measured. Finally, the dentine disc surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Drug diffusion was significantly influenced by iontophoresis, caries-induced changes in dentine and the drugs used (three-way anova, P < 0.05). The diffusion of all the drugs through caries-affected dentine was significantly less than that through intact dentine (independent t-test, P < 0.05). Also, iontophoresis facilitated the diffusion of all the drugs through intact and caries-affected dentine. The drug diffusion of SS was significantly higher than MN and NA (one-way anova, P < 0.05), independent of iontophoresis. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of dental caries may inhibit drug diffusion through dentine into the pulp. However, iontophoresis could enhance the delivery of ionized drugs through both intact and caries-affected dentine.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The symmetry of symptom patterns in pre-post treatment designs.

This article proposes a new nonparametric method for statistical evaluation of clinical pre-post treatment designs. In clinical research, models of marginal symmetry typically are estimated from log-linear models of axial and quasi-symmetry. As such, they provide overall goodness-of-fit information concerning change in probabilities of categories of one variable that was observed twice. This paper proposes the following three extensions: (1) using models of marginal symmetry for changes in patterns of two or more variables, and (2) following up global marginal symmetry tests using Lehmacher's sign tests. (3) To protect the experiment-wise alpha, a modified Bonferroni-Holm procedure is proposed. The new approach allows researchers to make statements about treatment effects at the level of single symptoms. Examples illustrate application of all three symmetry models and the follow-up test using data from pharmaco-psychiatry. The discussion relates Lehmacher's tests to two-sample Configural Frequency Analysis of multi-discrimination types. Strategies of statistical significance testing are presented and the importance of the proposed methodological approach for psychiatric research is discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Promoting sexual and reproductive health in early adolescence in South Africa and Tanzania: development of a theory- and evidence-based intervention programme.

AIMS: Action to prevent the spread of HIV among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa is needed urgently. In order to be effective, such action should be theory and evidence based and carefully adapted to local cultures and contexts. The present article describes the organization, theoretical basis, and methodological approach of a project that aims at developing and evaluating school-based interventions targeting adolescents aged 12-14 years. METHODS: Researchers from European and African universities have developed interventions that were conducted in three sites: Cape Town and Polokwane (South Africa) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). In each site the interventions were evaluated through large-scale field experiments with intervention schools and delayed intervention schools and with baseline and two follow-up data collections. Minimum sample sizes were estimated for each site based on local data and taking into account that the unit of allocation was schools and not individual students (the design effect). During the formative phase as well as within the field experiments, qualitative studies were also conducted. DISCUSSION: The interventions were developed consistent with the Intervention Mapping approach, and the theoretical framework was based on a modified version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The limitations of Western social cognition models were recognized, and the theoretical framework has therefore been expanded in two directions: towards integrating cultural processes and towards taking societal factors and constraints into account. CONCLUSION: The project will throw light on the application of social cognition models as well as the usefulness of the Intervention Mapping approach to intervention development in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Strategies for mutational analysis of the large multiexon ATM gene using high-density oligonucleotide arrays.

Mutational analysis of large genes with complex genomic structures plays an important role in medical genetics. Technical limitations associated with current mutation screening protocols have placed increased emphasis on the development of new technologies to simplify these procedures. High-density arrays of >90,000-oligonucleotide probes, 25 nucleotides in length, were designed to screen for all possible heterozygous germ-line mutations in the 9.17-kb coding region of the ATM gene. A strategy for rapidly developing multiexon PCR amplification protocols in DNA chip-based hybridization analysis was devised and implemented in preparing target for the 62 ATM coding exons. Improved algorithms for interpreting data from two-color experiments, where reference and test samples are cohybridized to the arrays, were developed. In a blinded study, 17 of 18 distinct heterozygous and 8 of 8 distinct homozygous sequence variants in the assayed region were detected accurately along with five false-positive calls while scanning >200 kb in 22 genomic DNA samples. Of eight heterozygous sequence changes found in more than one sample, six were detected in all cases. Five previously unreported sequence changes, not found by other mutational scanning methodologies on these same samples, were detected that led to either amino acid changes or premature truncation of the ATM protein. DNA chip-based assays should play a valuable role in high throughput sequence analysis of complex genes.

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Proteomics in pulmonary medicine.

Proteomics is the study of the entire protein complement of the genome (the proteome) in a biological system. Proteomic studies require a multidisciplinary approach and have only been practical with the convergence of technical and methodologic improvements including the following: advances in mass spectrometry and genomic sequencing that now permit the identification and relative quantization of small amounts (femtomole) of nearly any single protein; new methods in gel electrophoresis that allow the detection of subtle changes in protein expression, including posttranslational modifications; automation and miniaturization that permit high-throughput analysis of clinical samples; and new bioinformatics and computational methods that facilitate analysis and interpretation of the abundant data that are generated by proteomics experiments. This convergence makes proteomics studies practical for pulmonary researchers using BAL fluid, lung tissue, blood, and exhaled breath condensates, and will facilitate the research of complex, multifactorial lung diseases such as acute lung injury and COPD. This review describes how proteomics experiments are conducted and interpreted, their limitations, and how proteomics has been used in clinical pulmonary medicine.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Effect of clomipramine on monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of behaviorally normal dogs.

The tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine, is an effective treatment for canine compulsive disorder (canine CD). This disorder is a clinical syndrome of abnormal conflict behaviors and its pathophysiology is unknown. However, because clomipramine is an effective treatment, information about the drug's neurochemical effect could enhance the understanding of canine CD. The following experiment used 6 behaviorally normal dogs to assess the effect of clomipramine (3 mg/kg, q24h, PO) on the central turnover of 3 monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) as measured by the concentrations of their respective metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In a randomized, placebo-controlled, AB-BA crossover experiment, cisternal CSF was taken after 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk on each treatment. No effect of clomipramine was detected. This contrasts with human studies that have suggested that clomipramine affects the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF. However, those papers do not address methodological assumptions, such as (i) metabolites in CSF originate only from the brain, and (ii) concentrations of metabolites in cisternal/lumbar CSF reflect the concentrations in local areas of the brain. Notwithstanding the small sample size, our results suggest that more localized sampling techniques (e.g. microdialysis) are needed when examining the effect of drugs on central monoamine metabolites. Clomipramine's efficacy for canine CD indicates the need for neurobiological research and, to our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind in dogs. The resulting data are preliminary but they can inform optimal neurobiological studies of canine CD.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

The experience of menarche.

A survey methodology was used to examine girls' reactions to menarche and the subsequent effects of this experience as a function of preparation for and timing of menarche. A questionnaire including measures of responses to first menstruation, current symptoms, and self-image was completed by 639 public school girls at 3 grade levels: 5-6, 7-8, and 11-12. In addition, 120 premenarcheal fifth and sixth graders were followed longitudinally, half of whom were recruited from the public school sample and half from Girl Scout troops in the area. Girls' reactions to menarche reflected mixed emotional reactions, immediate though not subsequent concern with secrecy, and moderate though not debilitating or restrictive symptomatology. Girls who were unprepared or reached menarche early were more likely than average maturers to be negative on these measures. Based on the overall pattern of results, we suggest that, initially, menarche may create inconvenience, ambivalence, and confusion, particularly for early-maturing and unprepared girls, but that it may not be as traumatic as portrayed in previous articles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Return migration in the context of parental assistance in the AIDS epidemic: the Thai experience.

Most persons with AIDS (PWAs) eventually require demanding caregiving. This can prompt changes in living arrangements during the course of the illness. Few studies have attempted to examine the potential links between AIDS and migration from this perspective. The present study uses both direct and indirect approaches to examine the extent of return migration of adults with AIDS in Thailand and explores how this is linked to residence with and care by older aged parents. Methodological challenges and various approaches to the study of this phenomenon are discussed. Despite differences in the nature of information available from our samples and in basic sample characteristics, the findings show a consistent pattern suggestive of extensive return migration among PWAs. The fact that most return migrants die within a few months of their return indicates that they are seeking parental caregiving during the final stages of the illness. The vast majority of PWAs who returned home after becoming ill did so because of their illness, particularly due to a need for care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

A quotient of independent measurements as outcome. A statistical method to compare groups in biological experiments.

The methodology in this paper was proposed to analyze biological data. The variable of interest, W, was a quotient of measurements; W: = X/(Y.Z). The peculiar problem was that X, Y, and Z could only be determined in three independent units of observation which were destroyed in the course of each measurement. A test statistic for the comparison of two treatments in W is proposed which is based on robust measures of location and dispersion in order to account for outliers in the data. Simulations showed that the test statistic proposed is approximately normally distributed, even for small sample sizes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

Microdetermination of glucose content of plasma and its isotopic enrichment using capillary gas chromatography/ammonia chemical-ionization mass spectrometry.

A new sensitive and precise method for the determination of the isotopic enrichment of [6,6-D2]glucose and concentration of glucose in plasma microsamples (20 microL) has been developed. Glucose was extracted from plasma samples by anion-cation column-exchange with absolute ethanol, derivatized as 1,2:3,5-bis(butylboronate)-6-acetyl-alpha-D-glucofuranose, and analysed by capillary gas chromatography/ammonia chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. This method gives a better reproducibility and precision (variation coefficient below 1%) than methods using isobutane chemical ionization. Stable isotopes are being used increasingly to investigate energy metabolism in vivo. Recent work has involved the development of methodologies, especially mass spectrometry, to perform tracer experiments using the stable isotopes 3H, 13C, or 13N(1-4). Chemical-ionization mass spectrometry is extensively used for the analysis of isotopically labelled amino acids. In neonates and children, "true" glucose production can be measured by the continuous infusion of the stable isotopically labelled tracer 6,6-dideutero-glucose (6,6-D2-glucose), and analytical measurement is performed using gas chromatography/electron-ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EIMS). Herein, we present a new, simple and sensitive method for the determination of the isotopic enrichment of [6,6-D2]glucose and measurement of the concentration of glucose in plasma microsamples (20 microL), based on the use of capillary gas-chromatography/ammonia chemical-ionization mass spectrometry of 1,2:3,5-bis(butylboronate)-6-acetyl-alpha-D-glucofuranose.

Blood Glucose↗