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PubMed1976

The effect of dietary fiber supplementation in man. I. Modification of eating habits.

Six subjects were studied for an 8-week period that consisted of a 3-week control period, followed by a 3-week period during which their daily diets were supplemented with 3 oz of a high fiber breakfast food, All-bran, and a final 2 weeks on their regular diet. Daily diet records of food intake were recorded and analyzed for seven dietary constituents; carbohydrates, proteins, fats, cholesterol, fiber, alcohol, and total calories. The most significant change in eating behavior due to the fiber food supplementation was a decrease in eating eggs, butter, and breakfast meats. These foods were most often replaced because all six subjects chose to eat the major portion of All-bran during breakfast. An increase in milk and fruit also occurred during the supplemented feeding. These particular foods were added to make All-bran more palatable and served to increase carbohydrate and protein intake. Five subjects added the supplement to the between meal-time intake and thus caused an increase in total daily caloric intake. At lunch and dinner few foods were altered with no particular pattern of substitution. Notwithstanding the knowledge that increased fiber content may have beneficial effects, none of the subjects modified his eating behavior to include even 1 oz of a high fiber food daily after the experimental period was concluded. Thus behavior modification by forced diet intake of a high fiber breakfast food resulted in definite diet pattern changes that did not persist following the experimental period.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Patterns in food use and compliance with NCI dietary guidelines.

We developed multidimensional measures of diet by identifying seven gender-specific patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female subjects selected as neighborhood controls in a case-control study of cancer at various sites. The purpose of this study was to examine these patterns for compliance with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dietary Guidelines. Diets were scored and each subject assigned tertile ranks for each pattern. Mean values for indicators of compliance were compared across tertiles for each pattern. No one pattern signified compliance with all guidelines. High-fat patterns in both genders and the low-cost pattern in women were the best indicators of poor compliance with NCI guidelines.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Hypertension prevention: from nutrients to (fortified) foods to dietary patterns. Focus on fatty acids.

Diet affects significantly the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases and fatty acid intake, in its qualitative as well as quantitative aspects, and influences several risk factors including cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL), triglycerides, platelet aggregation and blood pressure, as evidenced in the 2001 WHO report. This review focuses on the qualitative concern of lipid intake, the various classes of fatty acids of the lipid fraction of the diet, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, and their effects on blood pressure. Saturated fat have a bad file and several experimental studies in the rat showed a progressive increase in blood pressure in response to a highly saturated diet. Moreover, a highly saturated diet during gestation led to offspring which, when adults, presented a gender-related hypertension. The mechanism of this effect may be related to the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio (p/s). During the past 20 years, trans fatty acids have been suspected of deleterious health effects, but the investigations have shown that these fatty acids display a biological behaviour close to that of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Moreover, epidemiological investigations did not confirm the relationship between trans fatty acids and cardiovascular pathology. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exert a positive action on hypertension. This effect could be attributed to the alteration of the p/s, but mainly to the omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The comparison of several animal models led to the conclusion that long-chain omega3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) can prevent the increase in blood pressure and reduce established hypertension, but the efficient dose remains an object of discussion. Moreover, the two long-chain omega3 PUFAs, EPA and DHA, display specific effects, which vary with the aetiology of hypertension, because their mechanism of action is different. DHA acts on both blood pressure and heart function (heart rate and ECG) and interferes with the adrenergic function. Conversely, EPA, which is not incorporated in cardiac phospholipids, has no effect on the heart and its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Although it is accepted by the scientific community that the intake of EPA and DHA needs to be increased, we will have to discover new ways to do it, since marine products are the main source of these fatty acids, and this source is not inexhaustible.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1987

Hospital practices and doctor's attitudes leading to early introduction of complements to infant diets in Istanbul.

Infant feeding pattern among 269 mothers living in three socio-economically distinct areas of Istanbul was ascertained by a cross-sectional study. In spite of a relatively high prevalence of breastfeeding, mothers displayed a marked tendency toward early introduction of complements. Early complementary feeding and weaning was positively associated with the mother's degree of urbanization, educational, and socio-economic status and hospital deliveries. A prospective study carried out among 24 mothers strived to identify the underlying reasons for early complementation in areas with low to middle socio-economic characterization. Direct advice from doctors was found to be responsible for mother's decisions to introduce complements in many of instances.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Health assessment of U.S. Army Rangers.

PURPOSE: Assess the health behaviors of U.S. Army Rangers, including their diet and physical activity patterns, and their use of alcohol, tobacco, and nutritional supplements. METHODS: Army Rangers (N=38) completed selected self-report and food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric measures (height, weight, circumferences) were taken. RESULTS: Dietary patterns were collected from questionnaires that asked respondents to report the frequency of usual consumption from a list of foods over a period of 1 year. The data collected indicated a diet high in fat (38.0% of energy) and low in carbohydrates (41.9%). Protein intake (17.9% of energy) was consistent with recommendations for endurance and strength training athletes. Hours engaged in physical activity averaged 12 per week. Overall, 76% of the volunteers reported using alcohol on a regular basis, and 52.6% used some form of tobacco: 50% reported using either snuff or chewing tobacco. The use of supplements was high with 13% taking creatine and ephedrine products on a regular basis. CONCLUSION: Although physical activity patterns indicated a high level of activity, dietary and other health behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and patterns of supplement use, suggest that health education programs may be important in this select Army population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of onset of binge eating versus dieting in the development of bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study further investigates the hypothesis that dieting is the precursor to the development of binge eating. METHOD: The temporal relationship of onset of binge eating and dieting is examined from retrospective self-reports collected at baseline from women participating in two bulimia nervosa (BN) treatment studies (N = 221). Twenty women were identified who reported binge eating prior to the onset of dieting ("binged first," BF). For comparison, 20 similar age individuals reporting dieting onset preceding that of binge eating ("dieted first," DF) were selected. RESULTS: A subset of women (8.8%) seeking treatment for BN endorsed the development of binge eating prior to dieting onset. The BF pattern of BN development was associated with earlier age of onset of binge eating, later onset of purging, increased desired weight, and increased actual weight. Binge eating prior to dieting onset was also associated with improved response to group cognitive-behavioral treatment at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for the hypothesis that dieting is a risk factor, but not necessarily a precursor, to the development of binge eating in BN. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Breath hydrogen and methane expiration in men and women after oat extract consumption.

Oat extract has been shown to modify blood glucose response and fasting lipids after dietary incorporation although some abdominal discomfort and increased flatulence were noted. To determine the extent of gas production, hydrogen and methane were determined after tolerance tests containing cooked and uncooked oat extract and after dietary incorporation. Breath gases were determined before and periodically after tolerance tests. Study 1: While consuming a maintenance diet, 24 subjects (55.3-112.5 kg body weight) underwent a tolerance test (1 g carbohydrate/kg body wt) of glucose (GTT, 1700 kJ/100 g) or uncooked, baked, or boiled pudding [2191 kJ/100 g carbohydrate, (0.67 glucose and 0.33 oat extract containing 10 g/100 g beta-glucan)]. Hydrogen and methane expiration after all tolerance tests with the oat extract puddings, regardless of cooking method, was significantly higher than expirations after the GTT. Cooking the oat extract did not significantly change hydrogen or methane expiration. Study 2: Twenty-three subjects consumed a maintenance diet followed by the incorporation of oat extracts (50 g/8.33 MJ, 1 or 10 g/100 g beta-glucan) to the diet in a crossover pattern. A GTT and a tolerance test containing 0.67 g glucose and 0.33 g of the respective oat extract/kg body weight were consumed after the maintenance and oat extract diet periods. Breath hydrogen was significantly higher after both oat extract tolerance tests than after the GTT. Hydrogen excretion after the 10% beta-glucan oat extract was higher at 4, 5 and 6 h than after the 1% beta-glucan oat extract; breath methane was not significantly different. These data indicate that cooking did not alter the influence of oat extracts on intestinal function, and increased beta-glucan marginally increased hydrogen expiration.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Restricted energy intake affects nocturnal body temperature and sleep patterns.

Changes in nocturnal body temperature, sleep patterns, and blood variables with energy restriction (3347 kJ/d) were studied in nine overweight (body mass index 26.1 +/- 2.8) premenopausal women aged 20-36 y. Variables were measured both 2 wk before and in the final 2 wk of 4-wk dieting. Data collected 28 d apart were compared to attenuate menstrual cycle differences. Subjects lost 8 +/- 4% of their initial body mass after 4 wk of energy restriction and plasma triiodothyronine (T3) was significantly reduced from 5.9 +/- 0.7 to 5.1 +/- 0.6 pmol/L (P < 0.05). The implied suppression of heat production (metabolic rate) with reduced T3 may account for the observed decrease in minimum nocturnal rectal temperature (from 36.5 +/- 0.3 to 36.3 +/- 0.3 degree C, P < 0.05). Furthermore, dieting significantly altered sleep patterns; sleep onset latency was lengthened and slow-wave sleep decreased (P < 0.05). These changes may be indicative of reduced restorative/biosynthetic requirements. It thus appears that energy restriction results in a hypometabolic state that affects nocturnal body temperature and sleep patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Feeding patterns and meal microstructure during development of a taste aversion to a threonine devoid diet.

Food intake decreases and a conditioned taste aversion is induced when rats are fed a diet that is devoid of an indispensable amino acid. The purpose of this study was to characterize the meal patterns associated with (1) the onset of anorexia after the initial recognition of a threonine deficiency and (2) after the development of the conditioned taste aversion to this deficient diet. When rats ate the threonine-devoid diet for the first time, meal patterns were characterized by an increase in intermeal interval (IMI) between 3 and 6 h after food presentation, which was followed by a decrease in meal size and ingestion rate, between 6 and 12 h. Meal patterns on days 2 and 10 were associated with expression of the taste aversion, characterized by meals of smaller size, longer duration and by a reduction in ingestion rate, without variations in either IMI or meal frequency. Meals of the threonine-deficient group were composed of more frequent bouts, smaller size and shorter duration, with large within-meal pauses, which accounted for the reduced ingestion rate. This study presents the first analysis in terms of feeding patterns and meal microstructure of a conditioned taste aversion induced by a food rather than a toxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Changes in the acinar activity patterns of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in livers of male and female rats upon feeding a high protein and a high fat diet.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was investigated in relation to its localization within the liver acinus of male and female rats after feeding either a high protein diet (77%) or a high fat diet (52%). Both diets led to sex-dependent changes in activity and acinar distribution patterns. In male rats high protein diet provoked a shift in the acinar activity pattern towards the perivenous parts of the acinus without increase in average activity. Yet in the livers of females the activity was increased in all parts of the acinus, but to a greater extent in the perivenous parts of the acinus. Feeding a high fat diet increased PEPCK activity in males and to an even greater extent in females. In both sexes the increase was greater in the perivenous zone when compared to the changes within the periportal zone. The results are discussed in relation to changes in the concentrations of glucoregulatory hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Stomach emptying of milk diets in pigs. A mathematical model allowing description and comparison of the emptying pattern.

The effect of doubling the nutrient intake in pigs fed a liquid cow's milk diet was investigated. This was done, either by doubling the volume given, or by doubling the dry matter content of the milk. There were two experiments in which the cumulative outflow of fresh contents, dry matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates, relative to the intake, was studied as affected by the treatments. This was done using pigs equipped with a simple duodenal cannula and an occluding balloon. The cumulative outflow curves indicated that the emptying process was biphasic both for the fresh contents and the nutrients emptied. A rapid emptying, followed by a period during which the emptying was inhibited was seen during the first emptying phase, the so called initial emptying. Thereafter the emptying was resumed again during the second phase: the final emptying. The individual emptying patterns were described very accurately by an adapted mathematical function with four parameters: y = c (1-2-(at)b)+dt3. The parameters c, b and a describe the initial emptying which is intrinsically exponential while d is descriptive for the final emptying. The appearance of the outflowing material, changing with time from unchanged milk, whey plus clot fragments, pure whey to whey with granular clot fragments indicated that the clotting of the milk was complete after about 15 min. The clotting certainly was responsible for the biphasic appearance of the emptying pattern. The emptying pattern of fresh contents was not related to the emptying pattern of dry matter and nutrients. Due to the rather high variability, there were no significant differences between the emptying patterns of dry matter and nutrients studied, although there were clear indications that crude protein was emptied at a slower rate than the other nutrients. Doubling the nutrient intake either by doubling the volume given, or by doubling the dry matter content of the milk did not change the initial emptying pattern to a great extent, except in the first experiment, where doubling the volume increased the relative amount of dry matter and nutrients emptied. A difference of gastric capacity related to a difference in age between the pigs used in the two experiments is thought to be the reason for this discrepancy. The relative amounts of dry matter and nutrients emptied during the final emptying phase on the other hand were inversily related to the amount of nutrients given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of parenteral and enteral feeding in neonatal piglets, including an assessment of the utilization of a glutamine-rich, pediatric elemental diet.

BACKGROUND: The amino acid requirement profile for infants is different than that for adults and needs to be established; this profile also is different for infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. We used the neonatal piglet as a model for the infant to address (1) the metabolic and physiologic changes due to route of feeding and (2) the adequacy of the amino acid pattern in a pediatric elemental diet. METHODS: Diets differed only in their amino acid pattern (modified human milk [MHM] and a commercial pediatric elemental diet [PED]) and were fed continuously for 8 days. Control piglets were fed MHM diet via gastric catheters (IG) and were compared with pigs fed MHM diet via venous catheters (IV) or to pigs IG-fed PED. RESULTS: MHM-IV piglets experienced enlarged livers and gut atrophy, and lower nitrogen retention and body protein content. Higher glutamine (and lower glutamate) in PED-IG, compared with MHM-IG, produced no apparent advantage with respect to gut growth or histology. Proline, histidine, and lysine may have been limiting, and isoleucine and valine excessive, in the PED-IG diet as indicated by plasma concentrations, compared with sow-fed piglets; however, imbalances in the amino acid profile were not excessive because nitrogen retention was not different between MHM-IG or PED-IG pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the amino acid profile of MHM needs to be modified to improve nitrogen retention during parenteral feeding and the profile of oral PED could be improved to normalize plasma amino acid concentrations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Diet quality index: capturing a multidimensional behavior.

OBJECTIVE: Data for 5,484 adults (aged 21 years and older) who participated in the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) were used to develop an index of overall dietary intake that related to the major, diet-related, chronic diseases in the United States. The low response rate of the 1987-88 NFCS has raised concerns about potential bias, but this large data set is useful for methodologic studies and research that does not attempt to generalize the results to the US population. ANALYSES: Dietary recommendations from the 1989 National Academy of Sciences publication Diet and Health were stratified into three levels of intake for scoring. Individuals who met a dietary goal were given a score of zero. Those who did not meet a goal, but had a fair diet, were given one point, and those who had a poor diet were given two points. These points were summed across eight diet variables to score the index from zero (excellent diet) to 16 (poor diet). RESULTS: Lower index scores were positively associated with high intakes of other important measures of diet quality (eg, fiber, vitamin C). We found that single nutrients (such as dietary fat) were not necessarily associated with other measures of diet quality. CONCLUSION: We concluded that this index ranking of overall dietary patterns was reflective of total diet quality, though substantial misclassification can result from using single nutrients or foods as indicators of diet quality.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Factors affecting riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

Riboflavin depletion has been identified in women on oral contraceptives (OC) but change in riboflavin nutriture has not been consistently demonstrated in all OC user groups studied. Discrepant findings in reports have been attributed to differences of pill formulation or riboflavin intake. Aims of this study were to compare the riboflavin requirements of healthy OC users and nonusers on diets prepared in a metabolic unit. A single daily menu and meal pattern was used. The basic diet providing riboflavin at a level of 0.6 mg/1000 kcal was used in the period of acclimation and period 1. In periods 2 and 3, the riboflavin content of the diet was increased to 0.8 and 1.0 mg/1000 kcal, respectively. The riboflavin status of subjects was monitored by erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay and urinary riboflavin excretion. Eight women on OC and 10 nonusers participated. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay values and urinary riboflavin excretion showed intersubject and interperiod differences but no significant group differences (OC versus non-OC) in erythrocyte glutathione reductase values or in urinary riboflavin per g creatinine. It was concluded that when dietary intake is controlled, OC do not significantly influence riboflavin status. Riboflavin needs were related to energy requirements of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Anemia and the transition of nomadic hunter-gatherers to a sedentary life-style: follow-up study of a Kalahari community.

Iron profiles of communities of hunter-gatherers and former hunter-gatherers conducted between 1969 and 1987 at Dobe in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana exhibited pronounced differences during periods of rapid culture change. The loss of good health and particularly the increase in anemia through time was attributed to notable changes in diet, although changes in mobility patterns were considered a secondary cause. In 1988 and 1989, studies were conducted at Kutse, also in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, to ascertain the frequency of anemia at a recently sedentary community in which residents still relied primarily on wild animals for meat. Although not identical, the hematological presentation in 1989 was similar to that in 1988. The studies together suggest that our findings characterize the pattern of health and disease at Kutse, which is unrelated to any specific year or to diet. Additional measures of disease, specifically ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and oral temperatures, support an interpretation of anemia of chronic disease as the cause of hypoferremia at Kutse. Morbidity is high, in spite of adequate diets, because the residents are transitional from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle and from a relatively dispersed to an aggregated settlement pattern. These changes have introduced new health problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Food patterns and components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women: a cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort.

This study examined the relations between food patterns and five components of the metabolic syndrome in a sample of Swedish men (n = 2,040) and women (n = 2,959) aged 45-68 years who joined the Malmö Diet and Cancer study from November 1991 to February 1994. Baseline examinations included an interview-administered diet history, a self-administered questionnaire, blood pressure and anthropologic measurements, and blood samples donated after an overnight fast. Cluster analysis identified six food patterns for which 43 food group variables were used. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the risk of each component (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity) and food patterns, controlling for potential confounders. The study demonstrated relations, independent of specific nutrients, between food patterns and hyperglycemia and central obesity in men and hyperinsulinemia in women. Food patterns dominated by fiber bread provided favorable effects, while food patterns high in refined bread or in cheese, cake, and alcoholic beverages contributed adverse effects. In women, food patterns dominated by milk-fat-based spread showed protective relations with hyperinsulinemia. Relations between risk factors and food patterns may partly depend on gender differences in metabolism or food consumption and on variations in confounders across food patterns.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

[Nutritional issues in hypertension: useful or useless?].

In view of the very efficient pharmacological therapy of hypertension the nonpharmacological strategies are nearly forgotten. Many nutritional strategies are known to reduce blood pressure. In the past single strategies have been implemented with variable success. Salt restriction leads to lowering of blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals. In daily practice the restriction of salt is still the top priority. However, salt restriction alone is often not successful. A change in the whole dietary pattern, i.e. a reasonable restriction of salt intake in combination with an increased potassium intake from food as well as control of body weight has a much higher potential for blood pressure reduction. Potassium rich food is usually low in sodium, in addition potassium has favorable effects on sodium handling (e.g. natriuretic effect of potassium). In addition it is easier to implement a moderate sodium restriction in combination with a higher potassium intake (i.e. a diet rich in fruits and vegetables). Future strategies should focus on a global moderate change in the diet and life style pattern.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure-independent enhancement of cardiac hypertrophy in atrial natriuretic peptide-deficient mice.

1. Homozygous deletion of the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (Nppa) gene (ANP-/-) has been associated with both cardiac hypertrophy and salt-sensitive hypertension in mice, suggesting that cardiac hypertrophy in ANP-/- mice may be related, at least in part, to increased afterload. 2. To test the hypothesis that cardiac hypertrophy in ANP-/- mice is independent of blood pressure, male ANP-/- and wild-type ANP+/+ mice were fed a low (0.05%) or basal (0.55%) NaCl diet. Five weeks later, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in conscious mice; the whole heart, atria, left and right ventricles (LV and RV, respectively), brain, lung, kidney, liver and spleen were weighed and fixed for histological analysis. Separate groups of mice were subjected to echocardiographic examination under tribromoethanol anaesthesia. 3. Mean arterial pressure and atrial, LV and RV mass were greater in ANP-/- mice than in ANP+/+ mice fed the basal salt diet. Salt depletion equalized MAP in the two genotypes, but did not alter the relative cardiac hypertrophy in ANP-/- mice. The ANP-/- mice had significant LV cardiomyocyte hypertrophy when fed either basal or low-salt diets. 4. Left ventricle chamber dimensions did not differ between genotypes, but were significantly reduced in mice fed the low-salt diet; LV posterior wall and septal thickness were greater in ANP-/- than ANP+/+ mice and were not altered by diet, indicating a concentric pattern of LV hypertrophy in ANP-/- mice. Left ventricle function (cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction, circumferential wall stress and velocity of circumferential wall shortening) did not differ between strains on either diet; circumferential wall stress was reduced in the low-salt groups; other functional parameters were not altered by diet. 5. These findings indicate that ANP deletion results in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and biventricular hypertrophy independent of blood pressure, supporting the concept that ANP has direct antihypertrophic effects in the heart.

Animals↗