Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “data sharing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Intra-couple communication dynamics of HIV risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners in Northern Vietnam.

This paper elucidates the social context of HIV risk behavior and intra-couple risk communication among injecting drug users (IDUs) and their main sex partner. Data on shared injection equipment, unprotected sex with multiple partners, unprotected sex with a main partner and couples' dynamics and risk communication were gathered through separate in-depth interviews with 11 active male IDUs and 11 of their primary female sex partners in Northern Vietnam. The majority of IDUs' sex partners does not inject drugs and is monogamous. In contrast, most IDUs reported a wide range of risky practices including needle sharing and unprotected sex with multiple, often concurrent, sex partners. Men rarely used condoms with primary partners. Many IDUs worried about their HIV-status, but none disclosed their injecting or sexual practices to their sex partners, leaving their partners unaware of their HIV risk. Among women who worried about HIV/AIDS, the vast majority was unable to influence their partner's needle sharing or extramarital affairs and most would not initiate condom use because they feared their partner's reaction. Couple-based interventions to facilitate risk communication combined with programs to promote condom use among male IDUs, may help to reduce HIV transmission from IDUs to their primary partners.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

OZIS and the politics of safety: using ICT to create a regionally accessible patient medication record.

In studies on success and failure of ICT applications in health care, the 'context' is often used to explain the failure of a system and seldom to explain the success of a system. Science and Technology Studies (STS) have showed that for understanding success and failure of phenomena, one has to take a symmetrical approach and thus use the same concept for analyzing success and failure. In this article we analyze the success of OZIS, a communication protocol that makes it possible for pharmacists to exchange medication data by sharing a regionally accessible electronic medication record. Though OZIS serves a common goal - reducing medication errors - the stakeholders that are involved also have other, competing, interests. By focussing on the context and more specifically the interests of the stakeholders, we will show how the success of OZIS can be explained. By doing this, we will also show that this context is highly dynamic and that continuously changing incentives and constraints within the context lead to both facilitating and threatening the success of OZIS.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2005

Challenges for traditional birth attendants in northern rural Honduras.

OBJECTIVE: to explore the relationship between community-based parteras, the staff at the Centro Materno Infantil (Mother-Child Centre), and other public health facilities within the district of Morazán in northern rural Honduras during the transition to new models of maternity care. DESIGN: focus-group discussions with two groups composed of a convenience sample of community parteras. After verbatim translation of the interviews, the transcripts were analysed for content. SETTING: the Centro de Salud of Morazán, Yoro Honduras. PARTICIPANTS: 28 community-based parteras and one partero (male community midwife). FINDINGS: five themes emerged from the focus group data: the shared view that attending birth is connected to a religious calling; the desire for additional training; the desire for support from, and connection to, existing public-health services and infrastructure; the role of parteras in providing services to women who otherwise would not receive care; and the lack of new parteras to carry on this work in the future. KEY CONCLUSIONS: traditional birth attendants are still relied upon to serve more than half of the childbearing women in Honduras. The findings from the focus groups provide a foundation upon which to strengthen the relationship between community-based parteras and the government-funded systems of health care during this time of transition to new models of maternity care.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Obstacles and advances in SARS vaccine development.

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Researchers around the world pooled their scientific resources and shared early data in an unprecedented manner in light of the impending public health crisis. There are still large gaps in knowledge about the pathogenesis of this virus. While significant advances have been made in the development of animal models, the practicality of their use may be hampered by a lack of pathological similarity with human disease. Described here are issues related to progress in vaccine development and the obstacles that lie ahead for both researchers and regulatory agencies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Publishing (whatever that means) neuroscience in the new millennium.

The World Wide Web and other forms of digital communication have led some to predict the demise of printed journals. In my experience, it is clearly demonstrable that scientific articles can be more efficiently reviewed and edited by digital document sharing. Nevertheless, high quality print journals will remain the preferred scholarly venue for authors's best works for some time to come. However, while innovative means to share raw data, validate observations, and disseminate scientific information are emerging, no system of 'publishing' will serve the community optimally unless the ethical behavior of human scientists can be maintained and appropriately rewarded.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Standardizing tests of mouse behavior: reasons, recommendations, and reality.

As more investigators with widely varying backgrounds enter the field of mouse behavioral genetics, there is a growing need to standardize some of the more popular tests because differences between laboratories in the details of behavioral testing and the pretesting environment can contribute to failures to replicate results of genetic experiments. It is argued here that we have sufficient knowledge to warrant a wise choice of a short list of standard strains and even details of apparatus and protocols for several kinds of behavioral tests. Equating the laboratory environment does not appear to be feasible. Instead, we need to learn what kinds of behavioral tests yield the most stable results in different labs and what kinds are most sensitive to the ubiquitous variations among test sites. Methods for making an informed choice of sample size for evaluating interactions between the laboratory environment and genotype are available and should be utilized in standardization trials. New resources for convenient sharing of data will greatly aid in collaborative and comparative studies involving several sites. Like the sequencing of an entire genome, test standardization is something that needs to be done only once if it is done properly, and the work will then benefit the field of behavioral and neural genetics for many years.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Variability in the clinical skills of residents entering training programs in surgery.

BACKGROUND: Residents may have significant differences in clinical skills at the start of their surgical training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability in these skills by using an objective structured clinical examination. METHODS: A needs assessment was performed, and an objective structured clinical examination composed of 10, two-part stations was developed. Standardized patients (SPs) were trained, validated, and used as both simulated patients and evaluators to assess history taking, physical examination, and interpersonal skills of 10 first-year surgical residents. Structured patient notes (PNs) written by residents after the SP encounters were used to assess history and physical examination documentation skills. Data from one station were not used because more than 25% of the SP ratings were missing. RESULTS: The alpha-reliability was 0.78 for SP ratings, 0.91 for PN scores, and 0.91 for the combined scores. ANOVA revealed significant variation in individual residents' clinical skills as assessed by SPs (F = 4.56, p < 0.01), PNs (F = 11.09, p < 0.001), or both (F = 10.9, p < 0.001). Paired t tests showed that residents scored significantly higher on history taking than on physical examination and attained significantly lower scores on documentation as compared with performance of both history and physical examination (p < 0.001 for each comparison). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed significant variability in clinical skills of the group of residents and yielded detailed information on the performance of each resident. The data were shared with individual residents and are being used to make changes in the educational activities of the program.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

Sequence analysis of STR polymorphisms at locus ACTBP2 in the Taiwanese population.

A highly polymorphic sequence structure is reported in the human beta-actin related pseudogene 2 (ACTBP2) (SE33) locus in members of the Taiwanese Han population. A total of 100 unrelated members of the Taiwanese Han population were used in the study. Alleles that shared the same size but differ in their sequence are described to allow for inter laboratory sharing of data. PCR products amplified from this locus were separated by single-strand conformation polymorphism electrophoresis, the single-stranded DNA bands were excised from the gels, a second amplification performed, and then the PCR products were sequenced. All the alleles differed by either 2 or 4 bp. Sequence variations were observed as deletions or insertions in the repeat units AG (or AA) and AAAG. Additionally, transitions in the flanking regions were recorded. A total of 27 alleles with 71 associated genotypes were recorded if the alleles were defined by size, but 68 alleles with 88 associated genotypes were noted with the alleles were scored on the basis of sequence variation. The power of discrimination (Pd) of this single locus was 0.9874 making the human ACTBP2 a good alternative marker for individual identification and paternity testing.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

A real time collaboration system for teleradiology consultation.

Real time collaboration systems, in which participants share multimedia data and applications in real time, have attracted many researchers in recent years. A teleradiology consultation system based on the real time collaboration technology is presented in this paper. Under the platform-independence consideration, Java technologies are employed to construct the system. Applying this system, an off-duty on-call radiologist can make diagnoses and report easily by viewing the transferred images at home. Owing to the accessibility of image, all users can examine and manipulate images consistently such that a secluded hospital can be assisted to hold remote consultation. To reduce the network transmission time, the command-passing and local command execution techniques are utilized to achieve the screen synchronization. A pointer function is also developed to maintain the cursor consistency in a more efficient manner during consultation when a detail indication of the examined image is needed. Besides, a dialog window is also designed for on-line conversation. Since Java programs can run on heterogeneous platforms, the need for system maintenance and user training can be substantially reduced.

Internet↗
PubMed1997

Desiderata for product labeling of medical expert systems.

The proliferation and increasing complexity of medical expert systems raise ethical and legal concerns about the ability of practitioners to protect their patients from defective or misused software. Appropriate product labeling of expert systems can help clinical users to understand software indications and limitations. Mechanisms of action and knowledge representation schema should be explained in layperson's terminology. User qualifications and resources available for acquiring the skills necessary to understand and critique the system output should be listed. The processes used for building and maintaining the system's knowledge base are key determinants of the product's quality, and should be carefully documented. To meet these desiderata, a printed label is insufficient. The authors suggest a new, more active, model of product labeling for medical expert systems that involves embedding 'knowledge of the knowledge base', creating user-specific data, and sharing global information using the Internet.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2003

Double gloving: a risk reduction strategy.

BACKGROUND: The use of sterile surgical gloves has become the international standard of care in the perioperative environment. Yet the potential for barrier failure exists, with the subsequent potential for the transfer of pathogens to both the patient and the surgical team. The practice of double gloving (wearing two pairs of sterile surgical gloves) is often considered a mechanism for managing the potential risk of exposure during surgery. LITERATURE ON DOUBLE GLOVING: In the 2002 Cochrane review of double gloving, findings were summarized from 18 studies. The review, which covers a variety of surgical environments and addresses several double gloving options, indicates that double gloving significantly reduced perforations to the innermost glove. Other studies report a risk reduction of 70%-78% attributed to double gloving. OVERCOMING PRACTITIONER OBJECTIONS: Practitioners, in voicing objections to double gloving, cite poor fit, loss of tactile sensitivity, and increased costs. An important issue is how the two gloves work together, especially when they are powder free. Several studies have reported good acceptance of double gloving without loss of tactile sensitivity, two-point discrimination, or loss of dexterity. Although double gloving increases the glove cost per practitioner, the reduction of bloodborne pathogen exposure and possible seroconversion of practitioners represents a significant savings. Strategies that may help to facilitate the process include sharing the data on double gloving to build justification for the implementation, enlisting the support of the champions of the change at hand, and providing a glove-fitting station. SUMMARY: The stresses placed on a surgical glove today--the length of cases, heavy and/or sharp instrumentation, and chemicals used in the surgical field--make it imperative that barrier protection be ensured.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From models to measures in assessment of mature families.

Although assessment of families as guided by nursing conceptual models is gaining impetus in the field of nursing, the incorporation of psychometrically sound clinical research measures into assessment protocols is a relatively recent phenomenon in family health nursing. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe an educational approach for students enrolled in a graduate nursing course focusing on mature and aging families. In this course, valid and reliable clinical research measures were incorporated into assessment protocols for practice based on nursing models. Criteria for selection of clinical research measures emphasized appropriateness for nursing assessment of families, age and ethnic relevancy of the measures, strength of psychometric properties, ease of administration and understandability, and potential for delineating nursing diagnoses and nursing intervention foci. The methods used to incorporate this approach into a graduate-level family nurse clinician course are presented. Theoretical issues include (1) the fit between the selected measures and the nursing conceptual model of choice and (2) the use of individual-focused versus family-focused paradigms. Clinical issues include student involvement in instrument selection, ethical implications of use of the measures, interpretation of data, and sharing of results with families.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The distribution of serotype-specific plasmids among different subgroups of strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: characterization of molecular variants by restriction enzyme fragmentation patterns.

Four hundred and thirty-four isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis were studied. They were grouped into five subsets defined by either the collection criteria or the parameter which formed the basis for subsequent analysis. Seventy-seven per cent harboured the serotype-specific plasmid (SSP). In 55% of the isolates this was the sole plasmid. Molecular variation in the SSP was detected in 17 (5%) of the isolates on the basis of restriction enzyme fragmentation pattern (REFP) analysis using Pst I and Sma I. The SSP variants were further characterized using additional restriction enzymes chosen to optimize the information content and analysed using a coefficient of similarity. A variant SSP designated pOG690 showed greater resemblance to the SSP of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium than Enteritidis; 89% and 68% respectively for Pst I and 79% and 55% respectively for Sma I. In respect of the Pst I data pOG690 shared at least 55 kb of DNA with the Typhimurium SSP and 37 kb with the SSP of Enteritidis. This variant was associated with poultry (duck, goose, chicken) and all isolates belonged to phage type 9b. Other variants were associated with phage types 4, 6, 6a, 9a, 11, 15 and 24. The epidemiological implications of these results are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Reliability estimation based on system data with an unknown load share rule.

We consider a multicomponent load-sharing system in which the failure rate of a given component depends on the set of working components at any given time. Such systems can arise in software reliability models and in multivariate failure-time models in biostatistics, for example. A load-share rule dictates how stress or load is redistributed to the surviving components after a component fails within the system. In this paper, we assume the load share rule is unknown and derive methods for statistical inference on load-share parameters based on maximum likelihood. Components with (individual) constant failure rates are observed in two environments: (1) the system load is distributed evenly among the working components, and (2) we assume only the load for each working component increases when other components in the system fail. Tests for these special load-share models are investigated.

Biometry↗
PubMed2000

Implication of advanced donor age on the outcome of liver transplantation.

Historically, age has been considered to be a relative contraindication for organ donors. The use of elderly donors for liver transplantation remains controversial due to the fear of inferior outcome. According to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data, the proportion of older donors has been increasing annually. This study describes the short- and long-term outcomes for transplantation of elderly donor livers. Three hundred and seventy-four primary liver transplantations, which had been performed at the University of Virginia Health System from 7 February 1988 to 31 December 1998, were included. Graft survival, incidence of primary non-function, and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after transplantation according to the different age groups of liver donors were analyzed. Cases were analyzed by donor age (group I, n = 106: aged < 20 yr; group II, n = 217: aged between 20 and 49 yr; group III, n = 51: aged > or =50 yr), and by donor age in comparison with recipient age (group IV, n = 65: recipients transplanted with organs from donors within 5 yr of their age; group V, n = 266: recipients from donors > 5 yr younger than their age; group VI, n = 43: recipients from donors > 5 yr older than their age). Group III or VI (group of advanced donor age) and group II or V (control group) were compared by age, gender, race, body weight, height, pre-transplantation cytomegalovirus (CMV) status of the recipients donors, cause of brain death of donors, total or warm ischemic time, ABO matching, and degree of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching. No significant difference in 5 yr graft survival was found between the groups by donor age (p = 0.604) and by donor age compared with recipient age (p = 0.567). Moreover, no significant differences in the incidence of primary non-function and HAT after transplantation were found between the groups by donor age and by donor age compared with recipient age. Older donors were more likely to be women and to have antibodies to CMV, as well as to have died by cerebrovascular causes. Race, body weight, height of both recipients and donors, total or warm ischemic time of grafts, ABO matching, and degree of HLA mismatching were not significantly different between the groups. We conclude from this study that advanced donor age is not a contraindication to liver transplantation if careful assessment of donors is made on a case-by-case basis. There is a need to maintain an open mind with regard to the use of livers from older donors due to the current situation of serious organ shortages.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Meta-analysis of microarray data on pancreatic cancer defines a set of commonly dysregulated genes.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the eighth most common cancer with the lowest overall 5-year relative survival rate of any tumor type today. Expression profiling using microarrays has been widely used to identify genes associated with pancreatic cancer development. To extract maximum value from the available gene expression data, we applied a meta-analysis to search for commonly differentially expressed genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We obtained data sets from four different gene expression studies on pancreatic cancer. We selected a consensus set of 2984 genes measured in all four studies and applied a meta-analysis approach to evaluate the combined data. Of the genes identified as differentially expressed, several were validated using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we used a class discovery algorithm to identify a gene expression signature. Our meta-analysis revealed that the pancreatic cancer gene expression data sets shared a significant number of up- and downregulated genes, independent of the technology used. This interstudy crossvalidation approach generated a set of 568 genes that were consistently and significantly dysregulated in pancreatic cancer. Of these, 364 (64.1%) were upregulated and 204 (35.9%) were downregulated in pancreatic cancer. Only 127 (22%) were described in the published individual analyses. Functional annotation of the genes revealed that genes presumably associated with the cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance pathway are frequently overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. Meta-analysis is an important tool for the identification and validation of differentially expressed genes. These could represent good candidates for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pancreatic cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Genetic variation in myosin IXB is associated with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Common germline genetic variation in the 3' region of myosin IXB (MYO9B) has been associated recently with susceptibility to celiac disease, with a hypothesis that MYO9B variants might influence intestinal permeability. These findings suggested the current study investigating a possible further role for MYO9B variation in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected to tag common haplotypes from the 35-kb 3' region of MYO9B. These included the strongest celiac disease-associated variants reported in a Dutch cohort. These SNPs were studied in 3 independently collected and genotyped case-control cohorts of European descent (UK, Dutch, and Canadian/Italian), comprising in total 2717 inflammatory bowel disease patients (1197 with Crohn's disease, 1520 with ulcerative colitis) and 4440 controls. RESULTS: Common variation in MYO9B was associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in all 3 cohorts examined (most associated SNP, rs1545620; meta-analysis P = 1.9 x 10(-6); odds ratio, 1.2), with the same alleles showing association as reported for celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: MYO9B genetic variants predispose to inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, rs1545620 is a nonsynonymous variant leading to an amino acid change (Ala1011Ser) in the third calmodulin binding IQ domain of MYO9B. Unlike previous variants (in other genes) reported to predispose to inflammatory bowel disease, the association at MYO9B was considerably stronger with ulcerative colitis, although weaker association with Crohn's disease also was observed. These data imply shared causal mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammatory diseases.

Adolescent↗