Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “conception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Does self-concept depend on body image? A gender analysis.

The purpose of this study was twofold, to estimate positive correlations between scores on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for body image and self-concept within each gender and to assess differences between genders on measures of these two concepts, thereby testing the hypothesis that women have a more diminished body image than men. The study included 36 subjects, 18 male and 18 female. Within each gender were significant and positive correlations between measures of body image and self-concept. Between the genders, there was no significant difference in scores on self-concept but there was a difference in ratings of body image, with women being significantly less satisfied.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Aspects of the construct validity of a preliminary self-concept questionnaire.

The aim of the study was to assess the construct validity of a Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire and an Afrikaans version of the Self-description Questionnaire of Marsh, Smith, and Barnes. Questionnaires were administered to 57 boys and 57 girls in Grades 5 and 7. Their self-concepts were rated by their teachers on a teacher's rating scale, based on the four subscales of the Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire. Correlations among the total scores of the three self-concept measures were calculated, as well as correlations among corresponding subscale scores. These values supported the construct validity of the Preliminary Self-concept Questionnaire and the convergent validity of three of the four subscales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Self-concept and self-efficacy: a test of the internal/external frame of reference model and predictions of subsequent motivation and achievement.

We examined how final grades in mathematics and verbal arts in the first year of high school (Grade 11) were predicted in a Norwegian population by sex, previous grades in middle school (Grade 10), self-concept, self-efficacy at a domain-specific level, and intrinsic motivation. Direct and indirect relations were examined by means of a series of regression analyses. Participants were 483 students from six Norwegian high schools. End of term grades in high school correlated positively with grades in middle school in both mathematics (r = .62) and verbal arts (r = .55). The relation between grades at the two points of time was to a large extent mediated through mathematics, verbal self-concept, and self-efficacy. Intrinsic motivation also correlated positively with subsequent achievement (r = .63 and .42 in mathematics and verbal arts, respectively). However, intrinsic motivation had little predictive value for subsequent grades over and above the prediction made by self-concept and self-efficacy. Thus, self-concept and self-efficacy were the strongest predictors of subsequent grades. Predictions from the Internal/External frame of reference model were supported for self-concept but not for domain-specific self-efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse.

Discrimination learning and concept formation abilities were investigated in four mature Arabian horses. A series of two-choice discrimination problems were presented on stimulus panels that could open to allow access to food bowls. Selection of the correct stimulus resulted in food reinforcement, and an incorrect choice was not rewarded. The positions of the correct and incorrect stimuli were varied randomly during each test session, and the criterion for learning each problem was 85% correct for two consecutive sessions of 30 or 40 trials. Testing progressed through six discrimination problems. The first four were simple pattern discriminations, but the last two incorporated several different triangles as correct stimuli and thus involved the concept of triangularity. Two of the subjects successfully completed only simple pattern discriminations, one showed evidence of learning in the first concept problem, and one completed all six tests, including the two concept formation problems. The results demonstrate complex pattern discrimination ability in horses, and suggest that they may also have the ability to form and use concepts in problem solving.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The effect of prototype-based versus attribute-based presentation forms on the acquisition of a medical concept.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effect of two presentation-forms on the acquisition of the concept of shock. It is hypothesized that presenting a prototype facilitates learning and retention of the concept shock compared with verbally enumerating the attributes of the same concept. A group of 106 students from nursing education participated in the experiment. A matched group design guided the assigning of students to different instructional conditions. The instructional program consisted of expository texts, different types of questions and feedback. In the experimental condition eight videotaped typical cases of shock were incorporated in the program. Data-analysis resulted in confirmation of the hypotheses (p less than 0.01), i.e. new instances of shock were identified more frequently by students of the experimental group, while these students were also more able to list commonalities and differences between different cases of shock. This finding supports the prototype-paradigm in concept learning and implies the recommendation to organize lessons in clinical reasoning or diagnostic behavior around typical cases of concepts.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and health status in elementary-school-aged children.

The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to measure the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness, health indicators, and health habits in elementary-school-aged children. Instruments included the Martinek-Zaichowsky Self-Concept Scale for Children and a self-administered questionnaire for parents pertaining to family health habits and health history. Children (N = 61) were screened for health and fitness indicators: height, weight, body mass index, 1-mile walk-run time, shuttle run time, and number of curl-ups. Results showed a positive relationship between self-concept and regular exercise and between self-concept and curl-ups. No gender difference was noted in the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differentiation of self: an examination of the concept.

Differentiation of self is a concept that has been used interchangeably with the similar concepts of individuation and psychological differentiation. The construction of a sound empirical knowledge base for differentiation of self has been hindered by the lack of conceptual-operational fit found in many studies. Using a modification of the concept analysis approach proposed by Walker and Avant (1988), a detailed description of differentiation of self is presented, delineating it from similar concepts. Differentiation of self is defined as the ability to distinguish between thoughts and feelings in an emotional relationship system. As the cornerstone concept in the Bowen theory (1985b), knowledge about differentiation of self has important clinical implications for nurses and other health professionals who strive to improve the assessment and intervention process in their work with individuals and families.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of role conception and role deprivation in LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in a specially designed associate program.

This study compared differences in role orientation and role deprivation between 41 LPN-transition students and 123 basic traditional associate degree nursing (ADN) students upon entry and exit to a specially designed ADN program. The Corwin Role Conception Scale was used to assess role conception and deprivation. Statistically significant differences were noted upon entry between LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in professional and service role conceptions and in role deprivation, upon exit in professional role conception and role deprivation between LPN-transition and traditional ADN students, and in professional role conception within the LPN-transition students. No differences were found within traditional ADN students from entry to exit of the program.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Students' self-concepts: implications for promoting self-care within the nursing curriculum.

An important component of encouraging self-care among nursing students is the development of a self-concept that is aligned with valuing personal health. Dimensions of self-concept have been found to correlate with health behaviors and responses to health promotion information. In this study, 300 undergraduate students in a health course completed measures regarding their self-concept, health behaviors, and responses to a health promotion message. Students reported little overlap between their descriptions of themselves and of people they liked and respected and their descriptions of people who are healthy and take care of themselves. In addition, various self-concept ratings were related to self-reported involvement with smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise, as well as to their responses to a health promotion message. This study offers suggestions for addressing the complexity of students' self-concepts in the nursing curriculum to foster a self-identity that includes valuing self-care at this key developmental stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Concept analysis: reminiscence].

Concept analysis is a formal linguistic exercise to determine certain defining attributes. The basic purpose of concept analysis is to clarify ambiguous concepts in a theory, and to propose a precise operational definition which reflects its theoretical base (Walker, 198 3, 27-28). In later life, elderly people are faced with various psychological problems such as depression, and lowered self-esteem for these psychological problems of the elderly. Reminiscence has been studied as an effective therapeutic measure by gerontologists and psychologists. It is considered to have potential as an effective nursing intervention with geriatric clients. The purpose of this paper was to explore the feasibility of adopting reminiscence as a nursing intervention through analysis of the concept. The concept can be defined as follows: Reminiscence is thinking and talking about one's past with or without a specific purpose. It is a composite mental process which involves psychological, emotional, and social interactional aspects. The defining attributes of reminiscence are: 1. Thinking about past experiences which are meaningful to oneself. 2. It includes the emotional aspect of past experiences. 3. It occurs with or without specific purposes. 4. It is communicated to others by means of language and the subject has the feeling of being heard. In regard to the consequences of reminiscence, it is expected to contribute to psychological adaptation by providing a sense of self-fulfillment and self-achievement, promoting the discovery of the meaning of life, decreasing depression, and overcoming guilt feelings and conflict about one's past. However, if the past is regarded as a total failure, it may be harmful to the psychological well-being of the subject.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Development of a scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers].

Recently, the rate of cesarean section in Korea has been increasing. The results of several previous studies in foreign countries on the emotional responses of cesarean section mothers showed that they might experience difficulties in the mother-infant interaction due to fatigue, lack of early mother-infant interaction, disappointments, anger, feelings of loss of control, and other factors. Human behavior is said to be determined by one's self concept, and self concept is influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. A scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers was needed in order to identify those who might have difficulties in the mother-infant interactions in future. The purposes of this study were to develop a measuring scale, and to test its reliability and validity. The process of this study was as follows. A structured interview was done with 50 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers to find their state of emotional reaction after giving birth to their babies. Based on the results of the interviews, a 50 items Likert scale was developed. The self concept of 268 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers who were hospitalized at six hospital in seoul were measured, during the period between Feb. 1 and April 30. Reviewing the discriminating power of each item by means of crosstabulation, ten items were selected for the final scale. The reliability and validity of this ten item scale were tested by Cronbach's alpha and t-test, using spss pc + package. The results of this study and recommendation are as follows. 1. The ten selected items were as follows. I feel pains in my breast. (-) I have a good appetite now. (+) I feel pains in my flank. (-) I feel fine now. (+) My body seems to have returned to its prepregnant state. (+) Thinking of the delivery process, I feel sorry. (-) I want to hold my baby in my arms. (+) I want to keep my own life, even if I became a mother. (-) I want to delegate the care of the baby to my mother/mother in law. (-) I think baby is my alter ege. (+) 2. The reliability of this scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and the coefficient of this scale was .8066. 3. The construct validity of this scale was tested by means of known group methods. The value of self concept for cesarean section mother was significantly lower than for vaginal delivery mothers (t = -5.51, df = 266, p = 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral and self-concept changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested changes in self-concept with successful treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE), but behavioral changes have not been reported as a consistent associated finding. OBJECTIVE: To determine if self-concept and behavior change after 6 months of treatment of monosymptomatic PNE by conditioning alarm or desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial in an inner-city hospital clinic. Subjects were 182 children referred or recruited through media publicity, randomly assigned both to 1 of 8 pediatricians and 1 of 3 treatment groups (alarm, DDAVP, or placebo). Included were children >7 years old with PNE, no daytime symptoms, bladder capacity >50% expected, and wetting >3 times a week. Excluded were children with central nervous system disorders or developmental delays, and those currently on DDAVP or alarm. Subjects completed the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale and Harter's Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) at initial visit and after 6 months of treatment. Parents completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at the same times. RESULTS: After 6 months of treatment the Piers-Harris total score showed a highly significant treatment by period interaction effect for DDAVP, a significant effect for alarm, and no effect for placebo. For children who achieved 75% dryness the CBCL showed a treatment by improvement interaction effect that was highly significant for DDAVP and placebo with no effect for alarm. For the PCSC there were no treatment or outcome interaction effects. After 6 months of treatment there were significant changes over time unrelated to outcome or treatment in the Piers-Harris Subscales and in the CBCL Internalizing and Externalizing Scores, and the Social Thought and Attention Problems Subscales. The PCSC was more stable with no changes in total score, and positive changes over time in only 2 Subscales, Scholastic and Social. CONCLUSION: Children's self-concept improved with the type of treatment and amount of success. Parents' perceptions of behavior improve with type of treatment and amount of success. Children rate their self-concept and some physical attributes better after treatment with any of DDAVP, alarm, or placebo regardless of outcome. Frequent follow-up with emotional support and encouragement appear to be important components of an efficacious intervention for children with nocturnal enuresis.

Child↗
PubMed2001

The relationship of self-concept and perceived athletic competence to physical activity level and gender among Turkish early adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the self-concept and perceived athletic competence of Turkish early adolescents in relation to physical activity level and gender. Self-concept was assessed using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and perceived athletic competence was assessed by means of the Athletic Competence subscale of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children. In addition, the Weekly Activity Checklist was used for assessing physical activity level. Males and females were assigned to low and high physical activity level groups based on their mean scores. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for gender and physical activity level, but there was no significant gender by physical activity interaction. Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant main effect for physical activity level on perceived athletic competence but not global self-concept. In addition, univariate analysis did not reveal a significant difference in either global self-concept or perceived athletic competence with respect to gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Self-concept and body image in persons who are spinal cord injured with and without lower limb amputation.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) requires considerable psychological adjustment to physical limitations and complications. One particularly severe complication of SCI is foot skin breakdown, which can result in lower limb amputation. Relative to SCI adjustment, amputation may produce one of two psychological outcomes: (a.) the fragile self-concept of a person with SCI may be reduced further by limb amputation, or (b.) amputation of a diseased, nonfunctional limb may be associated with restored health and improved self-concept. To better understand the effects of amputation, 26 males with SCI, 11 of whom had a lower limb amputation, were administered the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TCS) and the Personal Body Attractiveness Scale (PBAS). The study revealed that persons with SCI with amputation had higher Physical and Total self-concept scores on the TSCS, showing a slightly more positive self-concept. On the PBAS, although there were no significant differences in the scores for the legs, ankles, or feet, the persons with SCI with amputation had higher score on the Satisfaction subscale, indicating a slightly greater satisfaction with their thigh in their body image. Implications for future study include replication with larger sample sizes, inclusion of women in the sample, and a longitudinal study. Several nursing interventions are identified.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and health locus of control: factors related to children's adherence to recommended asthma regimen.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationships of adherence to daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) monitoring, recommended for asthma self-management, with self-concept and health locus of control in a sample of 42 children, ages 7 through 11. DESIGN/METHODS: Secondary analysis was conducted on data collected as part of our 5-week randomized, controlled asthma self-management clinical trial. During the study, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSC) and Children's Health Locus of Control Scale (CHLOC) were administered at baseline (Week 1) and Week 5 for comparison, while adherence to electronically-measured peak flow monitor (PFM) was evaluated during Week 5. RESULTS: Adherence was positively correlated with higher self-concept (r(s) = .33, p = .03) and internal health locus of control (r(s) = .30, p = .05). Adherence to PFM and the intellectual and anxiety subscales of the PHCSC also were positively associated (r(s) = .38, p = .01, in both cases). CONCLUSIONS: Children who have a positive self-concept, particularly in the areas of intellect and anxiety, are more adherent to their recommended asthma regimen. Similarly, those who perceive their ability to control their health more positively adhere better to daily PEFR monitoring. These results suggest that children's adherence interventions may need to include components aimed at enhancing self-concept and health locus of control.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1990

Changes in self-concept during pulmonary rehabilitation, Part 1.

The purpose of this two-part study was to describe changes in self-concept during and after a formal pulmonary rehabilitation program. A 20-item semantic meaning differential scale was administered to 37 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were participating in a multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation program. Patients were asked to evaluate their past, present, and future selves on program admission, on program discharge, and 2 to 6 months after home discharge. Mean total self-concept score for the present self significantly increased between program admission and home discharge 3 weeks later (mean change 31.32 +/- 22.04, p less than 0.0001). No significant declines in self-concept were found 2 to 6 months after home discharge (p = 0.39). Men showed a significantly higher change in total self-concept score than women during the 3-week program (p = 0.03). However, the men's change score dropped significantly after home discharge (p = 0.02), suggesting a need for more intensive follow-up care than with women. The self-concept tool in this study provided an easy way to monitor subjective changes in psychologic status.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Change in self-concept during adolescence.

Malaysian adolescents, like their Western counterparts, undergo rapid growth and development. It is hypothesized that self-concept improves as adolescents mature and become more adjusted to the changes. This study therefore sought to ascertain whether the self-concept changes with age, not only in the global sense but in the various components of the self-concept. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Brookover Scale of Academic Ability were administered to 375 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 14.7 to 17.0 years, and to 289 adolescent girls, ranging in age from 14.4 to 17.2 years. The findings show that the self-concept of adolescent boys changes with age in the direction predicted. The trend is less obvious and less consistent for girls.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of self-concept of nonobese and obese university junior female nursing students.

Obesity appears to be one of today's most common health problems. Its incidence has doubled in the past 75 years (Waxler & Leef, 1969), and it is estimated that 45 million Americans are obese (body weight 15% over ideal weight). There also seems to be preoccupation with dieting, as evidenced by the proliferation of weight-control devices and schemes. It has been noted that depression, distorted body image, problems in peer and family relations, and poor school performance are evident among the obese (Bowers, Faulkner, & Michel, 1979). The literature is replete with evidence of body image distortion in obesity. Among the factors contributing to this distortion are age of onset, presence of emotional disturbance, and negative evaluation of the obese person by significant others (Wineman, 1980). Since body image is an important concept, perhaps movement can be made to other areas of self-concept, such as family, social, identity, and personal conceptions of selfhood. The purpose of this study is to provide information about the total self-concept of obese students as compared to nonobese students in a junior nursing class. A determination is made of the relationships between self-concept and variables of obesity, age of onset, and social class. Implications for nursing care are described.

Adolescent↗