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PubMed2006

Perception of heaviness in Parkinson's disease.

The present study investigated whether a specific aspect of proprioception, the sense of heaviness or weight is affected in PD. We determined detection thresholds for the perception of a gravito-inertial load in 10 PD patients and 11 age-matched control subjects. A gradually increasing weight was applied to the index finger by means of two slings of different width (low vs. high skin pressure). For the controls, mean detection thresholds were 31.3 g at skin high pressure and 33.0 g under low pressure. PD patients revealed significantly higher thresholds than the control group in both pressure conditions (mean high pressure,47.7 g; mean low pressure, 52.3 g; group effect, P = 0.001). Thresholds of PD patients tended to increase with disease severity as measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Motor score (r = 0.55) but did not correlate significantly with levodopa equivalent dosage. The results demonstrate that the perception of heaviness or weight is already affected in the early stages of PD. These findings underline the growing evidence that proprioceptive and possibly haptic dysfunction is a common feature of PD.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight management in general practice: what do patients want?

OBJECTIVE: To explore patients' views of the role of general practitioners in weight management. DESIGN: Waiting-room questionnaire survey, including measurement of height, weight and waist circumference, May-August 2005. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 227 patients from five general practices located in metropolitan and rural New South Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' views on: the role of GPs in weight management; the usefulness of weight-loss strategies; and the likelihood of following the GP's advice about weight loss. RESULTS: Most patients (78%) felt that GPs had a role in weight management, but only 46% thought that GPs would be able to spend enough time to provide effective weight loss advice. Over 80% of patients perceived advice on healthy eating and physical activity to be useful or very useful, and were likely to follow weight-loss recommendations; 78% were in favour of regular review. Patients indicated they would be less likely to see a dietitian or to attend information sessions, and unlikely to take weight-loss medication. Views of overweight and obese patients were generally similar to those of normal weight patients, but there were significant differences in perceptions of the usefulness of information on weight and weight-related medical conditions, as well as willingness to change lifestyle, possibly reflecting resistance to change among obese or overweight patients. CONCLUSION: These findings have implications for the design of primary care interventions for managing obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Assessing Impact of Weight on Quality of Life.

This paper is a preliminary report on the development of a new instrument, the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL) questionnaire, that assesses the effects of weight on various areas of life. We conducted two studies utilizing subjects in treatment for obesity at Duke University Diet and Fitness Center. The first study describes item development, assesses reliability, and compares pre- and post-treatment scores on the IWQOL. In the second study we examined the effects of body mass index (BMI), gender, and age on subjects' perceptions of impact of weight on quality of life. Results indicate adequate psychometric properties with test-retest reliabilities averaging .75 for single items, and .89 for scales. Scale internal consistency averaged .87. Post-treatment scores differed significantly from pre-treatment scores on all scales, indicating that treatment produced positive changes in impact of weight on quality of life. The results of the second study indicate that the impact of weight generally worsened as the patients' size increased. However for women there was no association between BMI and impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life. Even at the lowest BMI tertile studied, women reported that weight had a substantial impact in these areas. There were also significant gender differences, with women showing greater impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life compared with men. The impact of age was a bit surprising, with some areas showing positive changes and others showing no change.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Quadruplet hallucinations. Phenotypic variations of a schizophrenic genotype.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of hallucinations in monozygous quadruplets concordant for schizophrenia. Since all four are genetically identical, deviations among them with regard to various aspects of hallucinations probably represent the effects that nongenetic factors can produce in hallucinating schizophrenics. Concordance probably represent the effects of genetic factors. We present here findings based on this research strategy, and a brief review of the literature on hallucinations.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Evidence for a sensitive period in the human mother.

In certain animal species immediate separation of a mother from here young for a brief period after deliver (the sensitive period) may result in aberrant maternal behaviour. In the human, disorders of mothering, including child abuse, increase disproportionately in situations associated with early neonatal separation of mother and infant, such as prematurity. Mothers in the United States who were offered early contact with their premature infants showed differences in attachment behaviour when compared with mothers whose first contact with their infants was three weeks after delivery. Mothers who had one hour of close physical contact with their nude full-term infants within the first two hours after delivery and who had 15 extra hours of contact in the frist three days behaved significantly differently during a physical examination of the infant at one month and one year, and in their speech to their infants at two years, from a control group of mothers who had only routine contact. In a similar study in Guatemala, mothers who had 45 minutes of early extra contact showed significantly more attachment behaviour at the time of the first breast-feeding (12 hours). These and other studies in the human suggest that shortly after birth there is a sensitive period which appears to have long-lasting effects on maternal attachment and which may ultimately affect the development of the child.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1981

Antenatal prediction of women at increased risk for infants with low birth weight. A discriminant analysis of maternal characteristics known at 24 weeks.

Prenatal factors known to be associated with delivery of an infant with low birth weight (LBW) were studied in 165 women who were delivered of infants of 25,000 gm or less, as well as 154 women who were delivered of term infants with normal birth weights (greater than 2,500 gm). Data included information related to th clinical course of the pregnancy through 24 weeks' gestation. Of 25 characteristics measured prenatally, 10 variables were identified with indicated differences between the LBW and normal birth weight groups sufficient to make them suitable for a discriminant analysis. Following further analysis and attribute reduction, eight variables were selected as the final set of discriminating attributes. These are: maternal age, height, and weight, the patients's perception of her own parental treatment as a child, presence of uterine anomalies, bleeding during pregnancy, suspected multiple gestation, and number of previous pregnancies ending with a gestational age of 13 through 36 weeks. On the basis of coefficients derived for each of these variables, an equation was developed to derive a discriminant score for each patient. With the use of such equations, 73.5% of the known cases were correctly classified into groups with low and high birth weight. A similar high correct classification of cases was made when suspected multiple gestation was excluded as a variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Thinness and body shape of Playboy centerfolds from 1978 to 1998.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in the body weight and shape of Playboy centerfolds over the past two decades (1978-1998) were examined. METHODS: The body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) were obtained from measurements reported by 240 centerfolds (ages 19-35 y). RESULTS: The 20-y averages (mean+/-s.d.) were 18.1+/-0.8 kg/m2 for BMI and 0.68+/-0.03 for WHR, and there has been no appreciable change in either BMI or WHR in centerfolds over the past 20 y. Based on current recommendations for the classification of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), 70% of the centerfolds were underweight. Further, 77.5% of the centerfolds were <85% of their ideal body weight. CONCLUSION: Given the perception of Playboy centerfolds as culturally 'ideal' women, the notion that 70% of them are underweight highlights the social pressures on women to be thin and helps to explain the high levels of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among women.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Colloquial descriptions of body image in older surgical patients.

Major surgery and associated experiences in critical care settings affect patients' perceptions of their body images. This paper discusses several colloquial terms related to body image used in interviews by elderly patients following major surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The terms 'badly failed, and well mended', and 'out of sorts', and 'in tune with my body' recurred. These referred to perceptions related to body weight or strength and bodily competence and control, respectively. Patients had difficulty explaining these colloquial terms in other words, i.e. synonyms were not readily available to them. Therefore, discussions or assessment using conventional body image terms used in psychology and nursing literature may be confusing, misunderstood or irrelevant to these patients. This may be true for other groups, not necessarily elderly patients, using other colloquialisms. Such terms may not correspond directly to conventional body image terms, so comparability must be ascertained before standard body image instruments can be justified for use in such populations. Nurses and health care professionals need to be sensitive to such colloquial descriptions when assessing need and interventions involving psychological perceptions of body image. It is suggested that these colloquial terms, which patients naturally perceive as relevant, should be used to communicate, discuss, and assess therapy during recovery after major surgery that involves intensive care.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Counseling Latina mothers of preschool children about weight issues: suggestions for a new framework.

OBJECTIVE: To assess Latina mothers' health beliefs and attitudes regarding early childhood weight issues and to use the information to update current nutrition education methods. DESIGN: Data were collected in eight focus group sessions using a semistructured questionnaire. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Forty-three Latina mothers (and grandmothers) with children aged 2 to 5 years were recruited at five different Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children sites in California. ANALYSIS: Transcripts of focus groups were imported into QSR NUD*IST software, facilitating in-depth iterative analysis of emergent themes. RESULTS: Fifteen emergent themes were identified and organized into four functional domains relevant to nutrition education: health beliefs surrounding weight, impact and cause of overweight, life values and concerns, and strategies for making changes in children's eating and activity patterns. Information from this qualitative study demonstrates that the traditional nutrition counseling paradigm may not be effective with Latina mothers. In addition, cultural beliefs can be barriers to successful prevention and treatment of overweight. To ensure that culturally competent services are provided, educators must be prepared to adjust education approaches according to the cultural background of the clients. Key among the issues was mothers' difficulty acknowledging overweight among their children and their perception that health and weight were poorly associated. Certain cultural values were identified as barriers to adopting healthful behaviors. Mothers were able to identify specific ways in which nutrition education could be improved. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that nutrition education efforts targeting Latina mothers of young children can be reframed to better address the belief system and cultural framework of the population, like identifying positive eating behaviors rather than focusing on a child's weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Autophonia associated with an atypical eating disorder.

Autophonia, the hyperperception of one's own voice and breathing, is a consequence of rapid weight loss. Although the otolaryngologic literature reports that autophonia results from a variety of wasting disorders, including anorexia nervosa, the psychiatric literature contains little information on this association. A case of autophonia in a woman with an atypical eating disorder is described and the importance of recognizing autophonia as an organic condition is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of visual feedback plus mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training in people with hemiparesis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of visual feedback with mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training in three individuals with hemiparetic stroke. DESIGN: A single-subject experimental design, alternating with multiple baselines across individuals. SETTING: Laboratory of a department of occupational therapy. PARTICIPANTS: Three individuals with left hemiparesis from stroke. INTERVENTION: Visual feedback with mental practice on symmetrical weight-bearing training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of the participant's weight-bearing by the affected limb while standing was measured using Limloader. RESULTS: For participants 1, 2 and 3, the respective average weight-bearing proportions of the affected limb were 27%, 31% and 21% at baseline, 47%, 48% and 47% after visual feedback with mental practice, and 42%, 48% and 42% after visual feedback only, immediately following each training session. When the participants had visual feedback with mental practice, they placed a greater proportion of their weight on the affected limb, and this effect was maintained for 1 h. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the visual feedback approach alone can effect improvement but visual feedback together with mental practice produces further positive effect on improving and maintaining a symmetrical stance posture in people with hemiparetic stroke.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Discriminating overhead points of contact after arm raising.

Arm-raising movements at the shoulder made to overhead locations were investigated in a weight-hearing stance with forward vision available. When discrimination of different points of contact was measured after arm elevations to the unseen overhead targets, no dominant arm advantage was found, but contacts made after the shortest (90 degrees) arm-elevation movements were better discriminated than those from arm-at-side (180 degrees), plus windup (540 degrees).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Determinants of adolescent fertility and its consequences for maternal health, with special reference to rural Bangladesh.

The second section of this paper set forth a theoretical model relating adolescent growth and development to family formation patterns and their implications for maternal and child health. Subsequent sections of the paper examine the evidence to support specific relationships hypothesized in the model, focusing on longitudinal data from Matlab, Bangladesh. Despite the emphasis on developing country populations, literature from developed countries was also reviewed. The weight of the evidence suggests that in the developed countries, while there is a positive relationship between reproductive maturation and subsequent reproductive behavior, the negative effects of young maternal age on pregnancy outcome is confounded with socioeconomic factors. Teenage pregnancy, or at least teenage birth, occurs disproportionately among the socially and economically disadvantaged. Moreover, teenage childbearing in the U.S., especially when it occurs outside of marriage, violates social norms, at least in the white population. Poor diet may be a problem in the U.S. but it does not appear to result in notable delays in physical growth and development, delayed or compromised adolescent growth, or late age at menarche. Limited evidence suggests that early menarche may be associated with more rapid onset of mature menstrual cycle activity but these findings have not been replicated elsewhere. In developing countries the situation is quite different. First, early marriage and childbearing are desired and common across most segments of society. Second, malnutrition is widespread, and is sufficiently severe to delay the adolescent growth spurt and raise average age at menarche by two to three years compared with developed country populations. This is certainly the case in Bangladesh. In this setting, several observations regarding the relationship of nutritional status, adolescent development and reproduction have been made. First, undernutrition delays growth and reproductive maturation, and women who mature early (i.e., women with young age at menarche) marry at younger ages than later maturers. In addition, body weight appears to have an independent effect on age at marriage, net of age at menarche, such that relatively heavy women marry at younger ages than their lighter counterparts. Explanations for this finding include correlation between body weight and development of secondary sex characteristics, and perhaps a cultural perception that heavier (i.e., normal body weight) women are more attractive, or healthier, mates. The effect of menarche and nutritional status on marriage gives rise to concern that an improvement in nutritional status, and an increase in the age at menarche, would lead to younger marriage and first birth, and higher lifetime fertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Desire for weight gain and potential risks of adolescent males using anabolic steroids.

This study examined the perceptions of adolescent males regarding their physical strength, health status, and desire to gain weight and their perceptions of anabolic steroid use. Subjects were 12th-grade boys (N = 3403), drawn from a pool of 150 high schools nationwide, who completed a health questionnaire. Analysis indicated 47.0% (n = 1475) who wanted to gain weight, perceived themselves as of less than average strength and having good health, and were sports participants. Also, among those who desired weight gain, about 24% (n = 345) were not sure about the most dangerous health risks associated with anabolic steroid use, and 16% (n = 221) did not want to see the use of anabolic steroids in sports stopped. The findings indicate that adolescent boys, who desired weight gain and currently abstained from anabolic steroid use, might be at risk for becoming users.

Adolescent↗