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PubMed1979

Clinical implications of color vision research.

The attributes of color and the mechanisms underlying normal and defective color vision are reviewed. The clinical implications of some research efforts bearing on congenital and acquired color defects, peripheral color vision, and the influence of photostable pigments on color vision and color vision tests is presented. This presentation is intended to illustrate how selected avenues of research have contributed to our understanding of color vision and to demonstrate the clinical utility of that research.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1995

Effect of subacute occupational exposure to toluene on color vision.

The subacute effect of toluene on color vision was examined in 59 rotogravure workers exposed to toluene. Toluene and ethanol were determined in blood and color vision testing was performed on Monday before shift and on Friday after shift. The battery included the Ishihara plates, the Velhagen plates, the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2, the Farnsworth panel D-15 test, and the Lanthony desaturated panel D-15 test. The concentrations of toluene in blood ranged from < 0.22 to 7.37 mg/l. No effect of toluene on color vision could be observed even in a subgroup of highly exposed workers. So their ability to judge colored products was not impaired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

H244R VSX1 is associated with selective cone ON bipolar cell dysfunction and macular degeneration in a PPCD family.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the retinal dysfunction and the molecular basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) associated with macular dystrophy, both inherited in a dominant manner through a three-generation family. METHODS: Ophthalmologic examinations including slit lamp examination, visual acuity tests, fundus visualization by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, color vision tests, electro-oculography, photopic and scotopic electroretinography (ERG) according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) protocols, and oscillatory potential (OP) recordings were conducted on affected family members. Corneal button from one affected patient was examined by transmission electron microscopy. All exons and intron-exon boundaries of the VSX1 and the COL8A2 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. RESULTS: The presence of endothelial cells that have epithelial-like features with multiple layers, desmosomal junctions, and microvillous projections supports the diagnosis of PPCD. Sequence analysis indicated that the H244R variant in the VSX1 segregated with corneal and macular disease phenotypes in this family. Electrophysiologic studies indicated normal scotopic ERG findings, decreased amplitude of the photopic b-wave, photopic OP2 and OP3 barely recordable with a preserved OP4 amplitude, and variably decreased 30-Hz flicker amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: The human VSX1 is required for cone ON bipolar cell function but not for rod and cone OFF bipolar cells, giving a unique example of such a selective heritable retinal defect in humans. Furthermore, the authors provide the first clinical support for a new alternative role of VSX1 in cone biology, probably similar to that proposed for its goldfish ortholog during retinal differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Colour vision and retinal nerve fibre layer photography in patients with an Acrysof Natural intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To study colour vision and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) photographs in patients with an Acrysof Natural intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: We carried out a randomized double-blind study. An Acrysof Natural IOL (model SN60AT) was implanted in 25 eyes of 19 patients and an Acrysof IOL (model SA60AT) was implanted in 27 eyes of 18 control patients. The patients returned for colour vision tests and fundus photography 1-6 months after the surgery. RESULTS: Standard pseudoisochromatic plates, part 2, were correctly interpreted and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FM 100) total and individual box scores were normal in all IOL eyes. In the FM 100 hue test there were no significant differences in the results of the total error scores or the error scores of the individual boxes between the eyes with Acrysof Natural and those with Acrysof lenses. The yellow coloration of the Acrysof Natural IOL did not affect the visibility of the RNFL in photographs. CONCLUSIONS: The Acrysof Natural IOL did not affect colour vision in the tested patients, even in the blue region of the spectrum, and can be implanted in patients who need to have normal colour vision for the purposes of their occupation. The Acrysof Natural IOL does not interfere with RNFL photography and can also be used in patients with glaucoma.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical heterogeneity in autosomal dominant optic atrophy in two 3q28-qter linked central Illinois families.

PURPOSE: To examine the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant optic atrophy among two unrelated central Illinois families. METHODS: Forty-three individuals from two pedigrees had complete eye examinations. Linkage analysis was performed with microsatellite markers from the region 3q28-29. RESULTS: Visual acuity in 21 affected individuals ranged from 20/25 to 20/800. Vision loss was more severe in males than females (P = 0.02). Color vision testing revealed generalized dyschromatopsia. Both visual acuity and color vision deteriorated with age. Linkage was established to chromosome 3q28-29 (LODmax = 4.68 for D3S2305). CONCLUSION: Autosomal dominant optic atrophy linked to chromosome 3q28-29 shows intrafamilial phenotypic variation as well as sex-influenced severity in two Midwestern families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reversal of glare disability after cataract surgery.

Awareness of the limitations of Snellen vision testing and the favorable risk-to-benefit ratio for cataract surgery have changed the indications for cataract rehabilitation. Interest in functional vision analysis generated the present study, which was designed to identify cataract-specific disabling glare and its reversal with best-case cataract surgical techniques. Thirty eyes with symptomatic cataracts and no other ocular diseases were evaluated by Miller-Nadler glare testing prior to and six weeks after surgery. All surgical cases were uncomplicated and were free of macular disease. They had well-centered posterior chamber intraocular lenses, clean posterior capsules, and were returned to 20/20 Snellen acuity. Careful patient selection assured that presurgical glare disability was due to cataract formation. Presurgical Miller-Nadler scores were markedly elevated and correlated well with symptomatic glare, whereas postoperative scores were indistinguishable from normals, suggesting that cataract-induced symptomatic glare is discernible, remediable, and warrants surgical intervention, but requires best-case surgery to assure glare reversal.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Scotopization and pseudoprotanomaly in blue-yellow/colour vision defects.

With a routine clinical colour vision test battery we found scotopization in 32% of retinal diseases presenting with pseudoprotanomaly as sign of an acquired type III blue-yellow colour vision defect. In blue-yellow colour vision defects of retinal origin scotopization is a transient phenomenon, present in early stages of the disease, but it is not an obligatory finding. There is no evident relationship between visual acuity and scotopization.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed2005

Long-term visual pathology in children with significant perinatal complications.

Eye research in infants who experience significant perinatal complications has been restricted to evaluation of structural ocular disease and spatial vision, and results show that these aspects of vision are at increased risk for abnormal or delayed development. To expand upon previous work, a battery of 17 vision tests was employed to assess, comprehensively, long-term outcome of functional vision. Seventy-six children (38 males, 38 females), between the corrected ages of 2 years 11 months and 10 years 2 months (mean 6y 6mo) with various significant complications (e.g. very preterm birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage) were compared to normally developing, age-matched control children (n = 61; mean age 7y 1mo) on measures of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, peripheral vision, color vision, astigmatism, and binocular alignment. Results showed that at-risk children had more test results that fell within the suspect or abnormal range. At-risk children also had a slightly higher incidence of ocular disorders (e.g. strabismus) and refractive error. These data imply that children who experienced significant perinatal risk factors are at risk for long-term deficits of functional vision. However, most of these deficits appear to be relatively mild.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of test distance on the CN lantern results.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the viewing distance affects the pass/fail results of the CN Lantern (CNLan). The CNLan is a color vision test designed for the railway industry. It presents 15 triplets of colored lights that could be any combination of red, green and yellow. The test was viewed from 4.6 m and 2.3 m. Sixty-seven color-defectives participated in the first part of the study. Sixty-six percent of the subjects repeated the experiment 10 days later. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the mean number of errors from 7.6 to 4.3 as the distance decreased. There was also a corresponding increase in the percentage of subjects who passed from 9.0% at 4.6 m to 20.9% at the 2.3 m viewing distance. None of the subjects who passed at the longer distance failed at the shorter distance. The replication results were statistically identical to the first session (P > 0.05). Decreasing the CNLan viewing distance by 50% does decrease the number of errors and increase the pass rate. This indicates that some color-defectives could work in the railway yards where the sighting distances for the signal lights are shorter than on the main track.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1980

Tokyo Medical College Test in acquired dyschromatopsia.

In order to find a successor for the Hardy, Rand and Rittler (AOH-R-R) test the author made a comparison between the AOH-R-R and the Tokyo Medical College (TMC) tests in acquired dyschromatopsia. The diagnosis of the TMC type of a red-green defect is often in contradiction with the results of other color vision tests. In grading the severity of a red-green defect the TMC classification is shifted with regard to the AOH-R-R classification. A corrected grading in better agreement with the AOH-R-R classification is proposed. The TMC blue-yellow screening plates are more sensitive than the AOH-R-R blue-yellow screening plates. A TMC (supermild) blue-yellow defect in general corresponds to blue-yellow defects detected by FM 100 Hue and its derivatives. In the study of acquired dyschromatopsia, it is necessary to use a test battery. In our opinion the TMC can be used in such a test battery although it is not a real successor to the AOH-R-R. If ever the AOH-R-R is reprinted, the blue-yellow plates should be extended to a 'supermild' degree as are the TMC blue-yellow plates.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic disc neovascularization. Part 2. Effect on colour vision.

Patients with long-standing diabetes develop acquired colour vision defects in parallel with retinal vascular changes. This may take the form of an overall loss of hue discrimination or a specific tritan (blue) defect. A battery of colour vision tests can be used to monitor the different features of diabetic retinopathy and to assess the effects of treatment. Diabetic disc new vessels form when approximately a quarter of the retina is ischaemic. The colour vision defect in these patients is usually severe and is frequently tritanopic. The effect of both argon laser and xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation is to increase the severity of the colour defect. All the eyes examined were tritanopic after treatment and did not recover during the 12-month follow-up period. The severity of this acquired colour vision defect can result in practical difficulties for the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Sleep-related breathing disorders and normal or high-tension glaucoma: 35 patients with polysomnographic records].

PURPOSE: To look for early stage glaucoma symptoms in patients referred for sleep-related breathing disorders or sleep apnea syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Thirty-five patients between October 2001 and April 2002 consecutively admitted for polysomnographic evaluation were investigated. Each patient had complete ophthalmologic examination before the nocturnal record. A blue-on-yellow Humphrey computerized perimetry test was given, and a standard perimetry with a color vision test if abnormalities were found. The criteria studied were intraocular pressure, optic nerve cupping and aspect, visual field indices and visual field aspect, which were compared to the respiratory disturbance index. Twenty-seven subjects were included in this analysis, nine women and 18 men. RESULTS: In eight patients, the respiratory disturbance index was higher than 10. All intraocular pressures were normal. Visual field defects were found in two patients with both standard and blue-on-yellow perimetry, and in 12 patients with only blue-on-yellow perimetry. Mean deviation and visual field aspect correlated well with the respiratory disturbance index (p=0.026, p=0.033). Other visual field indices were not correlated with the respiratory disturbance index. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found visual field alterations with blue-on-yellow computerized perimetry that did not exist with standard perimetry. The visual field defects were more frequent when the respiratory disturbance index was poor.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Ocular side effects of beta-pyridylcarbinol].

Derivatives of nicotinic acid such as beta-pyridylcarbinol play an important role in the therapy of lipoprotein disorders. In 1973, J.D. Gass reported the development of cystoid macular edema provoking metamorphosia during the course of nicotinic acid treatment. The aim of this study was to determine subtle changes in ocular function induced by beta-pyridylcarbinol. We investigated 16 patients prior to and after 6 months of beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment and compared the results of clinical and color vision tests in 9 patients after 2-25 years of continuous beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment. After 6 months, significant blue-yellow color vision changes (total error scores within normal ranges) were detected by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue tests in all patients. One patient demonstrated macular edema. Fluorescein angiography, however, showed no evidence of fluorescein leakage. Beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment lasting for years led to diffuse color vision disturbances (total error score = 195). To the best of our knowledge neither macular edema nor color vision disturbances following beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment have been reported so far.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Visual function 5 years after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. The Optic Neuritis Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the 5-year visual course, including the incidence of recurrent optic neuritis, in 454 patients enrolled in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. METHODS: Five-year follow-up vision testing, which included measures of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, and color vision, was completed for 397 (87%) of the 454 patients. RESULTS: Visual function test results in the eyes that experienced optic neuritis at study enrollment (affected eyes) were normal or only slightly abnormal after 5 years in most patients; the results did not significantly differ by treatment group (P=.37 for visual acuity). The visual acuity in the affected eyes was 20/25 or better in 87%, 20/25 to 20/40 in 7%, 20/50 to 20/190 in 3%, and 20/200 or worse in 3%. The recurrence of optic neuritis in either eye occurred in 28% of the patients and was more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (P=.001) and in patients without multiple sclerosis who were in the prednisone treatment group (P=.004). Most eyes with a recurrence retained normal or almost normal visual function. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients retained good to excellent vision in the 5 years following an attack of optic neuritis, even if the optic neuritis recurred. Recurrences were more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis and in those treated with oral prednisone alone. The completion of the 5-year follow-up by the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial cohort has not altered our management recommendations based on the results we reported earlier.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Hepatic retinopathia. Changes in retinal function.

In patients suffering from hepatic failure, the brain is subject to defined morphological and functional changes known as hepatic encephalopathia (HE). The morphological changes are dominated by glial cells (Alzheimer-type II astrocytes). It has recently been possible to demonstrate, that the retinal glia (Müller) cells undergo similar morphological changes. The present study was carried out in order to reveal if these Müller cell changes cause any characteristic functional deficits. We examined 11 patients with different stages of HE due to liver cirrhosis. Six patients were at stage 0 or 1 (group I) and five at stage 2 or 3 (group II). They underwent ophthalmological routine examination, colour vision testing and standard ERG recording. None of the patients reported impaired vision, in daylight or at night. There were no fundus abnormalities except very mild changes of the pigment epithelium and abnormal reflexes of the inner limiting membrane, especially in the higher HE stages. The number of confusions in the colour arrangement test increased with the higher stages of HE, preferably in the tritan axis. The scotopic a- and b-waves of the electroretinogram (ERG) were almost unchanged in group I and significantly decreased and delayed in group II. The photopic ERG b-wave amplitudes were changed in a similar fashion. Oscillatory potentials proved to be most sensitive to hepatotoxic changes. Their latencies were significantly delayed even in group I. Amplitudes were decreased significantly only in group II. Patients suffering from hepatic failure and accompanying HE display functional abnormalities of the retina. These are best demonstrated by the ERG, and correlate well with the degree of HE. A hypothesis is presented that relates the observed functional changes to altered neurotransmitter levels and impaired retinal glial-neuronal interaction, due to Müller cell damage caused by elevated ammonia levels.

Adult↗