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PubMed2006

Prevalence of visual impairment in relation to the number of ophthalmologists in a given area: a nationwide approach.

BACKGROUND: Sociological and economic risk factors of visual impairment have never been described in France at a national level as the association between the number of ophthalmologists per inhabitant and visual impairment prevalence. METHODS: Two national surveys were pooled. First, 2075 institutions were selected at random from the French Health Ministry files. Second, a random, stratified sample of 356,208 citizens living in the community was selected. Blindness and low vision (LV) prevalence rates were estimated by age and gender. Geographical equities were estimated by logistic regression adjusted on age and occupational category. The association between ophthalmologist density and visual impairment prevalence rate was estimated per region. Interviews were completed with 14,603 (94.9%) of 15,403 randomly selected subjects in institutions, and 16,945 (77.8%) of 21,760 randomly selected subjects in the community. Three groups were defined from the interviews: low vision, blind, and control. RESULTS: Prevalence rates were LV 2.08% and blindness 0.12%. Both rates increased exponentially with age. No major difference was found with gender. Injury was the declared reason for both LV (12%) and blindness (12%). Large regional differences in prevalence persisted for LV after adjustment on age and occupation (ORs: 0.35 to 2.10), but not for blindness. Regions with ophthalmologists below the national per capita average were usually those with higher LV prevalence. CONCLUSION: An inverse correlation was found between ophthalmologist number and LV prevalence rates for subjects of similar age and socio-professional category. This denoted possible inequity in the provision of healthcare.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Tangible pictures: viewpoint effects and linear perspective in visually impaired people.

Perception of raised-line pictures in blindfolded-sighted, congenitally blind, late-blind, and low-vision subjects was studied in a series of experiments. The major aim of the study was to examine the value of perspective drawings for haptic pictures and visually impaired individuals. In experiment 1, subjects felt two wooden boards joined at 45 degrees, 90 degrees, or 135 degrees, and were instructed to pick the correct perspective drawing from among four choices. The first experiment on perspective found a significant effect of visual status, with much higher performance by the low-vision subjects. Mean performance for the congenitally blind subjects was not significantly different from that of the late-blind and blindfolded-sighted subjects. In a further experiment, blindfolded subjects drew tangible pictures of three-dimensional (3-D) geometric solids, and then engaged in a matching task. Counter to expectations, performance was not impaired for the 3-D drawings as compared with the frontal viewpoints. Subjects were also especially fast and more accurate when matching top views. Experiment 5 showed that top views were easiest for all of the visually impaired subjects, including those who were congenitally blind. Experiment 5 yielded higher performance for 3-D than frontal viewpoints. The results of all of the experiments were consistent with the idea that visual experience is not necessary for understanding perspective drawings of geometrical objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Vision parameters in krypton and laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular membranes.

A prospective study of 78 patients, treated with krypton red laser (KRL) photocoagulation, who had senile macular degeneration (SMD) and subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNVM) located within 200u of the center of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), was undertaken to determine if complete eradication of the SRNVM would minimize the resultant foveal scar size and retain the maximal useful functional vision as compared to untreated fellow eyes with a disciform scar. The typical patient profile with SMD and subfoveal SRNVM included: average age, 73.6 years; caucasian, 99%; females, 62%; lightly pigmented iris, 70%; hyperopic refractive error, 93%; and evidence of bilateral involvement with either predisciform or disciform lesions, 73%. In comparing eyes treated with KRL having 100% FAZ involvement with fellow untreated eyes having disciform scars, the latter had poorer average visual acuity (44% vs 100% less than or equal to 20/200), scars which were an average of five times larger (8.4 vs 38.6 sq mm) and scotomas which were an average of six times larger (15.7 vs 90 sq cm) as determined by new microcomputer technology. In all bilaterally affected cases, eyes with smaller scars and scotomas required less magnification from a low vision aid to read continuous standardized 1M print. Sixteen of 17 patients (94%) preferred the low vision aid for their treated eye. These preliminary results suggest that treatment of SRNVM within the FAZ using KRL may be successful in arresting the progressive macular hemorrhagic-exudative damage typical of untreated cases which culminate in loss of central visual function. Successful treatment, by preserving areas of paracentral fixation, can enhance the chances of visual rehabilitation using conventional low vision aids.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Progression of visual field defects and visual loss in trabeculectomized eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate progression of visual field (VF) defects and development of visual impairment (low vision and blindness) after trabeculectomy. METHODS: We evaluated retrospectively 138 eyes of 138 consecutive patients over 40 years of age with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or exfoliation glaucoma (EG) operated on by trabeculectomy without antimetabolites. The mean follow-up period was 3.5 years (range 2-5). In 83 eyes, pre- and postoperative VF measured by the same technique were compared to detect progression. Visual acuities (VA) were recorded as Snellen decimal notations. VA of <0.3 to 0.05 was defined as low vision and VA of <0.05 or VF constricted to less than 20 degrees in diameter as blindness. RESULTS: In 34 (41%) of 83 eyes with comparable fields, VF defects progressed because of glaucoma. In logistic regression analysis, severity of preoperative VF loss (P=0.0047) and use of preoperative oral anti-glaucomatous medication (P=0.047) correlated significantly with VF progression. In univariate analysis, also initial intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction after surgery (P=0.023) and IOP reduction from preoperative to last postoperative examination (P=0.036) were significantly smaller in eyes with VF progression. Defect progression did not, however, correlate significantly with the last IOP (P=0.58). Six eyes (4.3%) were blind due to glaucoma preoperatively and 14 eyes (10.1%) at the last follow-up. Visual impairment correlated with the severity of initial VF loss (P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Progression of VF defects and development of visual impairment due to glaucoma was fairly common despite trabeculectomy. Both were associated with severity of initial VF defect. In this series, no significant correlation appeared between defect progression and the last IOP, but association between stability of VF and the amount of IOP reduction after surgery indicate that a lower target IOP level particularly in eyes with initially severe VF defect would, however, be needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Causes of blindness and the results of cataract surgical intervention in the Micronesian islands: a retrospective study.

Since 1983, we have delivered eye care to inhabitants of the Micronesia islands a total of 18 times over an 18-year period. Approximately 14,000 islanders were examined. We diagnosed a total of 1226 blind eyes and 1231 eyes with low vision. Unoperated cataract (n = 765, 62.4%) was the leading cause of blindness in our data, and 611 cataract operations were performed. The preoperative visual acuity of the patients who underwent cataract surgery was less than 20/200. Visual acuity improved in 588 cases (96.2%) after the surgery. Sight-threatening complications occurred in 1.1% (7) of the eyes after the surgery, which is comparable to the rate in developed countries. Corneal opacity secondary to infection (11.2%) was the second leading cause of blindness in our data. Diabetic retinopathy (9.9%) was a cause of low vision in our data, and the number of eyes diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in each district increased over the years. Glaucoma was the cause of blindness in 1.9% of the blind eyes, although the percentage may actually have been higher because visual loss was assessed only by reduced visual acuity. The demand for correcting refractive errors that caused a visual acuity of less than 20/60, was evident throughout the region. The majority of blind individuals in this study were suffering from operable cataract and good results were obtained with cataract surgery in this region. Further training of local medical staff would significantly improve eye care services in Micronesia.

Blindness↗
PubMed1997

Spectacle/loupe telescope designed for reading music.

BACKGROUND: The optical needs of most low-vision patients can be satisfied with one or more of a large array of prefabricated, off-the-shelf, handheld or spectacle-mounted devices. When these devices do not provide the expected or desired results, a practitioner has the opportunity to design a custom-made device to satisfy the vision demands of the patient. CASE REPORT: A patient with a history of having tried several devices to see his music while playing the violin was examined and a simple, inexpensive. Galilean telescopic device was formulated, designed, and constructed. The objective was to create a telescope that would provide adequate magnification with a wider field of view than was available with prefabricated devices. The components needed to generate the required magnification were determined using basic telescope design concepts and equations. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with intermediate and/or distance symptoms testing with a telescope is an important part of the low-vision evaluation. Field of view, expense, and the time required to obtain the device are important considerations in deciding what to prescribe. The pathology involved, task demands, time since onset of decreased acuity, and personality of the patient will dictate, to a large degree, the acceptance of the device.

Eyeglasses↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of methods for predicting near-magnification power.

BACKGROUND: Data were analyzed from 25 consecutive patient visits to the Low Vision Rehabilitation Service at Southern College of Optometry, during which magnification for near was recommended. METHODS: Linear regressions with analysis of variances were calculated for the results obtained from four near-different near-magnification prediction-calculation methods to determine how accurately they predicted the final near recommended magnifications. A t-test was performed to look for mean differences between calculation methods. RESULTS: No significance was found between the means of three of the calculation methods; a significant difference was found for one. However, all four near-magnification calculation methods significantly predicted final near magnification. CONCLUSIONS: Low-vision rehabilitation clinicians may feel comfortable using any of the four near-magnification methods Choice of method may be a reflection of previous method usage by the clinician. Use of the Lighthouse Near Acuity Test Chart reduces the need to calculate the near-magnification power with which to begin near-magnification testing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of children in six blind schools of Andhra Pradesh.

PURPOSE: 1. To determine the anatomical site and underlying causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in special education in Andhra Pradesh, India. 2. To compare the causes of blindness in two different regions in the state. 3. To evaluate improvement with correction of refractive error and low-vision devices (LVDs). METHODS: Children in 6 schools for the blind and in 3 integrated education programmes were examined by one ophthalmologist, and were refracted and assessed for LVDs by an optometrist. The major anatomical site and underlying aetiology of severe visual impairment and blindness (SVI/BL; < 6/60 in the better eye) were recorded using the standardised WHO reporting form. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety one students under 16 years were examined, and after refraction, 267 (91.7%) were classified as being severely visually impaired or blind. The most common anatomical sites of SVI/BL were retina in 31.1% children; cornea in 24.3%; and whole globe in 20.2%. The aetiology was unknown in 38.2%, hereditary in 34.8% and childhood causes in 24%. 114 children (39.2%) had functional low vision (i.e. visual acuity < 6/18 to light perception with navigational vision). In this group, 36 children improved with spectacles and 16 benefited by LVDs. 41 children (15.4%) were able to read N10 point though they were studying Braille. CONCLUSION: Overall 37.4% of children had "avoidable" causes of blindness. The major avoidable causes were vitamin-A deficiency and cataract. Vitamin-A deficiency and congenital anomalies were more common in the dry plateau areas of the state. One in seven children could read normal print with optical support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Long-cane modification for carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Low vision rehabilitation services should be multidisciplinary and should provide patients with as many options as are necessary to help partially sighted individuals maintain independence and quality of life. METHODS: A case report is presented of a 30-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic patient with carpal tunnel syndrome. Team management resulted in referral for occupational therapy evaluation and resulted in long cane modification. RESULTS: Modification of a long cane was accomplished using a piece of PVC plastic glued at a right angle to the long cane, thus acting as a handle. Fabric straps with Velcro fasteners made the cane movable with forearm rather than wrist motion and allowed the patient to maintain independent travel. CONCLUSIONS: This case presents an example of appropriate referral for an occupational therapy evaluation. Low vision rehabilitation demands an interdisciplinary approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of radiation dose on ocular complications after iodine brachytherapy for large uveal melanoma: empirical data and simulation of collimating plaques.

PURPOSE: To calculate radiation doses to intraocular tissues in iodine brachytherapy (IBT) for large uveal melanoma, to study their relationship to ocular complications, and to assess a modified plaque design to reduce doses to the macula and optic nerve. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with a uveal melanoma, classified as large according to the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study criteria, underwent primary IBT. Median tumor height and diameter were 10.7 (range, 4.5-16.8) and 16.5 (range, 7.3-25.0) mm, respectively, and median follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 0.3-10.4). Each IBT was retrospectively modeled with a plaque simulator to calculate doses and dose rates to ocular tissues. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess their association with time to ocular complications, low vision, and blindness (20/70 or worse and loss of 20/400, respectively). A collimating plaque design was assessed by replacing the actual plaque with the modified one in each model. RESULTS: Median doses to tumor apex and base were 81 (range, 40-158 Gy) and 384 (range, 188-1143) Gy, respectively, and the median dose rates at these points were 53 (range, 11-204) and 289 (range, 84-1213) cGy/h, respectively. Median doses to the lens, macula, and optic disc were 69 (range, 20-141), 79 (range, 12-632), and 83 (range, 10-377) Gy, respectively. Dose to the lens was associated with cataract (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 for each 10-Gy increase, P = 0.002), and dose to the optic disc with optic neuropathy (HR 1.08, P = 0.001). Dose to the macula predicted low vision (HR 1.06, P = 0.025) and blindness (HR 1.10, P < 0.001). A collimating design provided a median reduction of 36 (range, +19 to -198) and 30 (range, +9 to -160) Gy in modeled doses to the macula and optic disc, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Simulated dose distribution together with tumor height predicts major complications and vision loss after IBT. Simulation suggests that clinically meaningful dose reduction to normal tissues is feasible with a redesigned brachytherapy protocol, which may help to reduce complications and vision loss after IBT of large uveal melanoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ocular findings in patients older than 99 years].

PURPOSE: To determine vision conditions and ocular findings in patients older than 99 years. METHODS: Patients were recruited by media advertisement and examined at the Vision Institute of UNIFESP. The following examinations were performed: visual acuity, ectoscopy, refraction, biomicroscopy, tear film break-up time, Schirmer basal test, tonometry, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Complementary examinations such as optical coherence tomography were performed when indicated. RESULTS: Thirty patients older than 99 years were identified. Mean age of 101.5+/-1.8, 25 females and 5 males. Most common systemic disease, according to history, was arterial hypertension. In 11 patients (55%), the best corrected far visual acuity was 20/100 or better. The best corrected near visual acuity was J4 or better also in 55% (11 patients) and 63.0% (7 patients) of these were the ones that had not been submitted to cataract surgery. The most frequent visual complaint was low vision for reading (55%) and other 8 patients (40%) reported no disturbance (satisfied with their vision). Lens opacity was present in 9 patients (60%) and 8 patients (40%) had previous cataract surgery (5 aphakic eyes, 9 pseudophakic eyes). Cataract was identified as important for impairment of vision in 5 patients but only 2 of them wanted to be submitted to surgery. The main cause of visual impairment was age-related macular degeneration, present in all patients, 95% with no exudative form. Vision improved with new refractive prescription in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Once we understand the needs we can plan specific diagnostic and treatment strategies. This sample showed that most were female (83.3%), with good general health (35%), most with systemic arterial hypertension (40%), complaining of low vision for reading (55%) because of age-related macular degeneration (100%, 95% dry form). Only 40% had been previously submitted to cataract surgery. Most of the patients with cataract said to be satisfied with their vision; of the 5 patients that could be operated only 2 decided to do it. Low vision for reading, AMD and cataract were the main findings.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The global burden of trachomatous visual impairment: I. Assessing prevalence.

This paper summarizes primary epidemiologic studies of trachomatous blindness to develop age-/sex-/region-specific estimates of the global prevalence of trachomatous blindness and low vision. These studies are first examined for their validity and then employed to derive a 'minimum' prevalence of trachomatous visual impairment. This method yield a global total for 1990 of approximately 640,000 cases of trachomatous blindness, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.12/1,000 (lower and upper bounds, 0.10 to 0.14/1,000). When those with low vision due to trachoma are included, 1.5 million cases of visual impairment are estimated, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.28/1,000 (lower and upper bounds, 0.15 to 0.75/1,000). A second approach, labeled the 'projected' prevalence of trachomatous visual impairment, selects country-wide studies to derive representative regional prevalence values. A global total of 2,899,000 blind ("projected' prevalence of 0.55/1,000 with lower and upper bounds, 0.37 to 0.83/1,000) is estimated for 1990. With trachomatous low vision included, greater than 6.7 million individuals in 1990 have visual impairment from trachoma ("projected' prevalence of 1.28/1,000 with lower and upper bounds, 0.53 to 4.29/1,000). Analysis of the distribution of the global prevalence by age, gender, visual acuity and region provide direction for trachoma research and programme priorities. Attention is drawn to the limited studies and resulting wide variation in the estimates of trachomatous visual impairment prevalence as indicated by the lower and upper bound estimates. It is recommended that this epidemiologic uncertainty be reflected in global and regional estimates of trachomatous visual impairment prevalence in order to draw attention to how little is known and emphasize the need for further surveys. A second paper incorporates these findings in an assessment of the global burden of trachomatous visual impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The Ocutech Vision Enhancing System (VES): utilization and preference study.

An NIH-sponsored user and prescriber preference trial was conducted comparing a new low vision telescope system, the Ocutech Vision Enhancing System (VES) to two conventional Keplarian spectacle telescope systems in a controlled cross-over clinical study performed at four independent low vision clinics. Fifty-five visually impaired individuals, 18-81 years of age, with both previous and no telescope experience, were followed for 8-16 weeks. The experimental and control devices were compared on a series of subject-selected visual tasks using a standardized clinical protocol. Subjects were trained in the use of the systems with standardized clinical methods. The data shows a statistically significant preference of the new design by both patient and clinician with the overriding factors relating to appearance, weight, adjustability and the fit of the frame.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Likert and Guttman scaling of visual function rating scale questionnaires.

PURPOSE: To test the assumptions underlying Likert scoring of visual function questionnaires. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to 284 low-vision subjects by telephone. Each subject was administered two of four questionnaires: ADVS, NEI VFQ-25 plus supplement, expanded VAQ, and VF-14. RESULTS: Z-scores for cumulative frequency of using each rating category across subjects are not linear with rating category rank and items are not the same difficulty for any of the questionnaires. Guttmann coefficients of reproducibility ranged from 57% for the ADVS to 51% for the NEI VFQ-25. Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.92 for the VF-14 to 0.96 for the NEI VFQ; however, inter-item consistency coefficients ranged from 0.24 for the VAQ to 0.45 for the NEI VFQ. Likert scores were significantly correlated between instruments, ranging from 0.66 for NEI VFQ vs ADVS to 0.90 for the VF-14 vs. ADVS. CONCLUSIONS: The rating scales of all four questionnaires fail to satisfy Likert's assumptions. Also, ratings are probabilistic, rather than deterministic, which means that the Likert model is not valid for these questionnaires. However, Likert scores for all four instruments are intercorrelated, suggesting that they are monotonic with the latent subject trait distributed in the low vision sample.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

New standardised texts for assessing reading performance in four European languages.

AIMS: To develop standardised texts for assessing reading speed during repeated measurements and across languages for normal subjects and low vision patients. METHODS: 10 texts were designed by linguistic experts in English, Finnish, French, and German. The texts were at the level of a sixth grade reading material (reading ages 10-12 years) and were matched for length (830 (plus or minus 2) characters) and syntactic complexity, according to the syntactic prediction locality theory of Gibson. 100 normally sighted native speaking volunteers aged 18-35 years (25 per language) read each text aloud in randomised order. The newly designed text battery was then applied to test the reading performance of 100 normally sighted native speaking volunteers aged 60-85 years (25 per language). RESULTS: Reading speed was not significantly different with at least seven texts in all four languages. The maximum reading speed difference between texts, in the same language was 6.8% (Finnish). Average reading speeds (SD) in characters per minute are, for the young observer group: English 1234 (147), Finnish 1263 (142), French 1214 (152), German 1126 (105). The group of older readers showed statistically significant lower average reading speeds: English 951 (97), Finnish 1014 (179), French 1131 (160), German 934 (117). CONCLUSION: The authors have developed a set of standardised, homogeneous, and comparable texts in four European languages (English, Finnish, French, German). These texts will be a valuable tool for measuring reading speed in international studies in the field of reading and low vision research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effects of simulated cataract on reading with normal vision and simulated central scotoma.

Reading rates are slower for persons with low vision than for normally-sighted persons. This study investigated the change in reading performance and reading eye movements when we simulated the two most common causes of low vision--central field loss and cataract--and their combination (scotoma + cataract). Three subjects read sentences with each of these simulated impairments at five different letter sizes. They required larger letters to read with the cataract or scotoma than they did with normal vision, and larger still to read with scotoma + cataract; the change in eye movements relative to normal vision was similar across conditions. When reading large letters (1.61 degrees), the cataract had almost no effect, while the scotoma and scotoma + cataract reduced reading rate for two of the subjects. The cataract had a greater impact on performance relative to normal vision for these same two subjects, while for the third subject the cataract had a greater impact with the scotoma in place. Cataract extraction tends to be postponed in patients with central field loss because it is not perceived to be beneficial. The findings from this study, as well as others, suggest that patients with central field loss would benefit from cataract extraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

'When is VISION asked too much'?

The last two decades a shift took place from substitutional/compensatory training to utilisation of residual vision regarding rehabilitation of the visually impaired. Some of the visually impaired are able to use their visual perception nearly as complete as normal seeing people in spite of a severe visual disability. On the other hand, people with nearly normal functions can be severely visually handicapped. To illustrate this, two cases are presented. The first case is a man, aged 47 years, with a juvenile macular degeneration on both eyes. In spite of a very low visual acuity of less then 0.05, he finished an university education and he is able to maintain himself very well in a leading position in a scientific environment, by using adequate low vision devices. Also for his leisure activities, as photography and speed skating, he relies upon visual perception. The second case is a woman, aged 30 years, with nearly normal visual functions, who is not able to read for longer periods caused by conflicting information from the body- and eye movements, and the visual input. This causes sickness during reading. She is unable to use books for her study and is working with recordings on tape. The results of a comprehensive visual assessment will be related to the specific low vision devices and its use.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Iodine brachytherapy as an alternative to enucleation for large uveal melanomas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of iodine 125 plaque brachytherapy (IBT) for large uveal melanomas. DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized comparative trial (historical control). PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-one consecutive patients with a large uveal melanoma according to the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) criteria who attended a national ocular oncology service. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients (80%) underwent primary IBT (mean dose to tumor apex, 87 Gy) with noncollimated 20- to 25-mm plaques. Assessment of metastatic disease at death and visual outcome followed COMS guidelines. Time to low vision (20/70 or worse) and blindness (loss of 20/400 vision) in the study eye were modeled by Cox proportional hazards regression, based on both single- and repeated-failure data sets. Person-years of retained vision were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause and melanoma-specific survival, local and distant recurrence, and preservation of vision and cosmesis. RESULTS: Median tumor height was 10.7 mm (range, 4.5-16.8 mm), and largest basal tumor diameter was 16.1 mm (range, 7.3-25.0 mm). The Kaplan-Meier estimate for all-cause and melanoma-specific survival was 62% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49%-72%) and 65% (95% CI, 52%-75%) at 5 years. The corresponding estimate for local tumor recurrence was 6% (95% CI, 2%-14%) and for major cosmetic abnormality was 38% (95% CI, 26%-52%). The median visual acuity in the study eye was 20/100 at baseline and 20/1600 at 2 years after treatment. The Kaplan-Meier estimate for avoiding low vision and blindness was 11% (95% CI, 4%-24%) and 26% (95% CI, 16%-37%) at 2 years, respectively. Tumor height and location entirely posterior to the ora serrata were the most robust predictors of visual loss. In this series, 49 person-years without low vision (median, 0.6 years; range, 0.04-8.2 years) and 111 person-years without blindness (median, 1.0 years; range, 0.03-8.6 years) in the treated eye were conserved. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine 125 plaque brachytherapy seems to be a safe and effective alternative to enucleation with regard to survival and local tumor control. It provides a fair chance of preserving the eye with acceptable cosmesis and a reasonable chance of conserving useful vision for 1 to 2 years.

Adult↗