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PubMed1997

Transdermal oestradiol gel in the treatment of the climacterium: a comparison with oral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two doses of a transdermal oestradiol gel (Divigel/Sandrena) plus oral sequential medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with oral oestradiol valerate plus oral sequential MPA (Divina/Dilena). DESIGN: Two year, randomised, open-label, comparative study. SETTING: Menopausal outpatient clinic in Helsinki. SUBJECTS: Postmenopausal women with climacteric complaints or already using HRT. INTERVENTIONS: (1) One gram gel containing 1 mg oestradiol for 3 months plus 20 mg oral MPA during the last 14 days; (2) 2 g gel containing 2 mg oestradiol for 21 days plus 10 mg oral MPA during the last 14 days; (3) 2 mg oestradiol valerate tablets for 3 weeks plus 10 mg oral MPA during the last 10 days. In all groups, each treatment period was followed by a 7-day medication-free interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Climacteric complaints, bleeding control, bone mineral density, biomarkers of bone metabolism, lipid profile, tolerability and safety. RESULTS: With each preparation, climacteric complaints were significantly reduced and good bleeding control was obtained. In addition, maintenance of bone mineral density as well as a reduction of bone turnover was achieved in all groups. Lipid parameters showed no unfavourable changes. Continuation rates were similar in all groups with overall 74% of patients completing the first year, whereas 94% of patients who elected to continue completed the second year. Tolerability of the gel was good: only 1.7% of patients discontinued treatment due to skin irritation. CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal oestradiol gel and oral oestradiol valerate tablets, used in combination with oral sequential MPA, are effective regimens of HRT in postmenopausal women. Transdermal oestradiol gel is an efficient, well-tolerated form of HRT.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1986

Elevation of striatal dopamine receptors by estrogen: dose and time studies.

Administration to male rats of a single dose of 17 beta-estradiol valerate (8-500 micrograms/rat) or implantation of a pellet containing 17 beta-estradiol (0.5-50 mg/rat) increased serum 17 beta-estradiol levels in a dose-dependent relationship when measured on the sixth day after administration. At the same time, after these doses, the serum rat prolactin (rPRL) levels were doubled and the striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) receptor densities were increased 20%. A single dose of 17 beta-estradiol valerate of 4 micrograms/rat or less did not alter serum 17 beta-estradiol or rPRL levels or the striatal DA receptor density. After the single injection of 17 beta-estradiol valerate (125 micrograms/rat) the serum 17 beta-estradiol levels peaked at 1 day, the serum rPRL levels peaked at 2 days, and the striatal DA receptor density elevation peaked from 4 to 8 days. Implantation of a pellet containing 17 beta-estradiol (25 mg/rat) produced a constant elevation of serum 17 beta-estradiol levels from 1 to 10 days. Whereas the serum rPRL levels were continuously elevated about two-fold, the densities of the striatal DA receptors were increased significantly by 20-25% only from 4 to 8 days after pellet implantation. These results indicate that striatal DA receptor density rises and returns to control levels during the constant elevation of serum 17 beta-estradiol and rPRL levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gut microflora associated characteristics in children with celiac disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the metabolic function of intestinal microflora in children with celiac disease (CD) in order to find out if there is a deviant gut flora in CD patients compared to healthy controls. METHODS: The study group comprised children with CD, consecutively diagnosed according to current criteria given by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Thirty-six children were studied at presentation, i.e., on a normal gluten-containing diet, with clinical symptoms and signs indicative of CD, positive celiac serology markers, and a small bowel biopsy showing severe enteropathy. Forty-seven patients were studied when they had been on a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 3 months. For comparison, a group of 42 healthy controls (HC) were studied. The functional status of the intestinal microflora was evaluated by gas-liquid chromatography of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in fecal samples. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between untreated CD children and HC as well as between treated CD children and HC regarding acetic, i-butyric, i-valeric acid, and total SCFAs. The propionic and n-valeric acids differed significantly between CD children on GFD and HC. Moreover, there was a strong correlation between i-butyric and i-valeric acids in all study groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of the SCFA pattern in fecal samples from children with CD. The results indicate that there is a difference in the metabolic activity of intestinal microbial flora in children with CD compared to that in HC. The finding of a different pattern of some SCFAs in celiacs both at presentation and during treatment with GFD indicates that it is a genuine phenomenon of CD not affected by either the diet, the inflammation, or the autoimmune status of the patient.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1964

PROLINE OXIDASES IN HANSENULA SUBPELLICULOSA.

Ling, Chung-Mei (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago), and L. R. Hedrick. Proline oxidases in Hansenula subpelliculosa. J. Bacteriol. 87:1462-1470. 1964-Cells of Hansenula subpelliculosa can use l-proline as a carbon and a nitrogen source after a 6- to 8-hr induction period. However, they cannot use l-glutamate as both nitrogen and carbon sources unless the induction period is of several days' duration. Two l-proline oxidases were demonstrated in the mitochondrial preparation of this yeast. One forms the product Delta'-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid (P2C), which is in equilibrium with alpha-keto-delta-amino-valeric acid; the other forms the product Delta'-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C), which is in equilibrium with glutamic-gamma-semialdehyde. The first-mentioned enzyme is induced when l-proline is the carbon source; the second appears to be constitutive, and is probably associated with the use of l-proline as a nitrogen source. The P2C-forming enzyme is specific for the l isomer of proline, and is inactive against l-hydroxyproline. The enzyme activity is at its peak when the mitochondria are prepared from logarithmically grown cells, and is rapidly reduced after cells reach the stationary phase of growth. Kinetic studies with varying concentrations of substrate indicate a Michaelis-Menten constant of 2.45 x 10(-2)m. Paper chromatographic studies, chemical tests with H(2)O(2), sensitivity to freezing, and spectral measurements indicate that proline oxidase from H. subpelliculosa mitochondria forms a product from l-proline which is like, if not identical to, P2C formed by the action of sheep kidney d-proline oxidase upon dl-proline. The soluble portion of the cell extract contains NAD(+) enzymes which use either P2C (alpha-keto-delta-amino-valeric acid) or P5C (glutamic-gamma-semialdehyde) as substrates. No glutamic dehydrogenase activity could be detected when l-glutamic acid and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) cofactor were added to the supernatant solution with the yeast enzymes. The presence of a dehydrogenase NAD(+) enzyme for activity with P2C (alpha-keto-delta-amino-valeric acid) has not been previously reported.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1981

Gas-liquid chromatography in routine processing of blood cultures for detecting anaerobic bacteraemia.

Gas-liquid chromatography was performed on 233 positive blood cultures and findings were compared with culture results. Obligate anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 78 out of 79 blood cultures containing butyric or iso-valeric acids, or both; from 28 out of 69 blood cultures containing succinic acid; and from only one out of 41 blood cultures containing succinic but not butyric or iso-valeric acid. Good correlations (88%) were found for the recovery of anaerobic bacteria and the detection of butyric and/or iso-valeric acids. Detecting volatile fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography performed on blood cultures at the first signs of growth can therefore provide an early and reliable indication of the presence of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1977

Fertility of norgestomet treated dairy heifers.

Four studies are described involving 2573 Friesian heifers treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. All treated animals were inseminated at fixed times following treatment. In study 1 insemination 48 and/or 60 hours after treatment resulted in a non-significant greater proportion of heifers becoming pregnant than at 48 X 72 hours. Large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet (Searle) and oestradiol valerate. In study III the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was studied. In section IV a pregnancy rate to fixed time insemination of 66-8 per cent of 500 heifers inseminated at 48 and 60 or at 48 and 72 hours after norgestomet/oestradiol valerate treatment was obtained. Heifers in study IV were fed a balanced ration designed to provide a predicted daily liveweight gain of 0-7 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks prior to the date of insemination. The range of fertility was from 59-0 per cent to 85-7 per cent.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Differential effect of glucocorticoids on structure and function of adult rat jejunum.

The long-term (28 days) effects of feeding two glucocorticoids, prednisolone and betamethasone 17-valerate, on the adult rat jejunum were examined. Both steroids increased the activities of microvillus enzymes, alpha-glucosidase, aminopeptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, measured in isolated epithelial cells by 46-83%. However, betamethasone 17-valerate caused striking epithelial hypoplasia such that microvillus enzyme activity per centimeter of intestine was similar to that of control rats. Prednisolone produced a trivial epithelial hypoplasia, and therefore microvillus enzyme activity per centimeter of intestine was increased. D-Galactose absorption measured in vivo was similarly affected by the two steroids. D-Galactose absorption per centimeter of intestine was increased after prednisolone but unchanged after betamethasone 17-valerate. Thus, glucocorticoids have separate and opposing actions on the function and structure of the adult rat small intestine: a) to increase the digestive-absorptive function of the mature epithelial cell and b) to decrease the epithelial cell population. These findings suggest that the effect of any particular glucocorticoid on intestinal function will depend on the extent to which these opposing actions predominate.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1998

Does a positive oestrogen feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis exist concurrently with a defective testosterone feedback in Klinefelter's syndrome?

The oestrogen provocation and GnRH challenge tests were carried out in 5 subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome who had no history of previous hormonal therapy. The oestrogen provocation test consisted of an intramuscular injection of 10 mg of oestradiol valerate and blood samples were collected daily from day 0 to day 5. In 2 subjects, three GnRH challenge tests were carried out before (day 0) and on days 2 and 4 after the intramuscular injection of oestradiol valerate. During each GnRH challenge test, 7 blood samples were collected at 30-min intervals, 30 min and immediately before and for 150 min after the bolus dose of GnRH. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone and oestradiol were measured by established radioimmunoassays. Plasma levels of oestradiol rose significantly a day following the intramuscular injection of 10 mg of oestradiol valerate, reaching a peak on day 2 and then falling significantly to lower levels by days 4 and 5, although these levels were still significantly higher than the corresponding baseline levels. In the presence of high levels of oestradiol, the high basal levels of FSH were significantly suppressed, and remained suppressed throughout the 5 days of the study. LH, on the other hand, had a biphasic response; an initial significant suppression by day 1 persisting to day 3, but by days 4 and 5 a rebound in basal LH levels was noted. However, the levels on day 5 were not significantly higher than baseline levels. The pituitary responsiveness as far as the LH and FSH secretions were concerned reflected the baseline levels. The results of the present study refuted the claim that a positive oestrogen feedback exists in men including Klinefelter's syndrome as a result of the removal of or reduced testosterone. In addition, the attenuated testosterone feedback in Klinefelter's syndrome is responsible for the greatly amplified pituitary responsiveness to the trophic action of GnRH and this, in part, may be responsible for the elevated levels of FSH and LH seen in such patients.

Estradiol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postural skin colour changes during the corticosteroid blanching assay.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the position of a limb (dependency) on the cutaneous vasoconstrictor (blanching) assay (VCA) using topical corticosteroid preparations. METHOD: Two studies were performed on the forearms of healthy volunteers using tristimulus reflectance colorimetric assessments. The first one conducted in 60 normal adults aimed at quantifying the range of variation in the skin chromaticity a* when the arm was successively positioned horizontally and vertically, either in the upward or downward direction. In the second study, 16 volunteers were selected according to a weak spontaneous postural dependency of the limb in a* (<2 units). The blanching effect of 0.1% mometasone furoate, 0.1% betamethasone valerate and petrolatum were compared to the colour of an untreated site. Chromaticity a* and the colorimetric variable (DeltatL*(2) + Deltata*(2))(0.5) were measured in time following a 2-hour application. RESULTS: The postural variations in skin colour varied among subjects. The majority of them (80%) presented a difference in a* higher than 2 units between the upright and downward arm positions. The upright position appeared to be the most sensitive to show significant differences in the VCA. Mometasone furoate exhibited the most prominent effect, significantly higher than betamethasone valerate and controls. CONCLUSION: The corticosteroid VCA is influenced by the position of the limb. The upright position increases the sensitivity of the test. Mometasone furoate is more potent than betamethasone valerate.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of the potencies of several diluted and undiluted corticosteroid preparations using the vasoconstrictor assay.

10 subjects were assessed using the vasoconstrictor assay technique in a double-blind study in order to evaluate the relative potencies of several diluted and undiluted proprietary corticosteroid preparations. Dermovate ointment achieved a significantly higher score than any other preparation but there was no significant difference between the scores for Betnovate ointment (betamethasone valerate 0.1%), Propaderm Forte cream (beclomethasone dipropionate 0.5%), Propaderm ointment (beclomethasone dipropionate 0.025%), Nerisone Forte ointment (diflucortolone valerate 0.3%), and Nerisone ointment (diflucortolone valerate 0.1%). Furthermore, no significant difference in scores could be demonstrated between Adcortyl ointment (triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%), Ledercort ointment (triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%) and extemporaneous dilutions of these ointments 1 part in 4 in their recommended diluents (triamcinolone acetonide 0.025%). The relevance of these findings to clinical practice is discussed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short-chain fatty acids, lactate, and ammonia in ileorectal and ileal pouch contents: a model of cecal fermentation.

Fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids were normal in 16 patients with ileorectal anastomoses (mean +/- SEM, 99.7 +/- 10.3 mmol/L) and 28 patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomoses (138.8 +/- 8.5 mmol/L) and did not differ from those in 14 healthy noncolectomized controls (130.7 +/- 12.6 mmol/L). Acetate:propionate:butyrate:isobutyrate+valerate+isovalerate ratios were similar in the ileorectum (71:12:12:5%) and in the colorectum (66:14:13:7%) of healthy noncolectomized controls, whereas the concentration of acetate was increased at the expense of the polypeptide-derived isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in the ileal pouch (77:12:11:1%). Ammonia was accordingly significantly diminished in ileal pouch contents (28.8 +/- 3.2 mmol/L vs 45.2 +/- 4.1 mmol/L in controls) in contrast to concentrations in ileorectal contents (36.2 +/- 5.3 mmol/L). Concentrations of lactate were normal and low. Twenty-four-hour productions of total short-chain fatty acids in 16.6% fecal homogenates from both groups of patients were normal. Addition of saccharides (eg, glucose, starch, pectin, ispaghula husk) increased the production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate and decreased the production of ammonia and isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate, which was increased in homogenates with albumin added. This pattern of substrate fermentation was similar in homogenates from ileal pouch, ileorectum, and control colorectum. In conclusion, the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, lactate, and ammonia indicate that ileorectal fermentation resembles normal colorectal fermentation in noncolectomized healthy individuals, whereas the fermentation in ileal pouch contents seems to be more carbohydrate predominated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The interaction of C-17 esters of estradiol with the estrogen receptor.

Various C-17 alkyl esters of estradiol (E2) were tested as ligands for the estrogen receptor. The naturally occurring fatty acid esters, represented by E2-17-stearate, E2-17-palmitate, and E2-17-arachidonate, did not compete with [3H]E2 for receptor-binding sites. [3H]E2-17-stearate did not bind in a specific or saturable manner to uterine cytosol. On the other hand, the long-acting pharmacological esters of E2, E2-17-acetate, -propionate, -valerate, etc., were highly effective in competing for the binding of [3H]E2 to the uterine receptor. However, it was found that these short chain esters were hydrolyzed to E2 when incubated with uterine cytosol under the conditions used for the binding assay. Consequently, [3H]E2-17-acetate and [3H] E2-17-valerate were tested as ligands in an assay in which the hydrolytic activity was minimized by partially purifying the receptor with (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and by limiting the duration of the incubation. In this assay there was no specific binding of the C-17-valerate ester. There was a relatively small amount of specifically bound radioactivity in the incubation of the acetate ester, but upon high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, the specifically bound steroid was found to be E2 and not the ester. These results indicate that the C-17 esters of E2, from C2 to the long chain fatty acids, all of which are potent long-acting estrogens, exert their estrogenic effects only after hydrolysis to the free C18 steroid.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Oestrogen dependent suppression of mitogen response in rat lymphocytes.

Female Fischer rats have a significantly (P less than 0.01) lower response to mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) in whole blood cultures, than do male. In vitro cultures were carried out in 96-well micro-test plates with 5% blood over a period of 64 h, with a pulse of [3H]thymidine at 48 h. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in mitogen response, raising it to the level of normal males. Orchidectomy caused a small, but consistent rise in response. Injection of oestradiol valerate (at 0.5 mg/week, to yield physiological levels) suppressed the response of gonadectomized animals of both sexes to the level of normal female rats. Testosterone oenanthate had little effect unless administered in conjunction with oestradiol valerate, when a much greater depression of response was noted. Suppressor cells, or suppressive serum factors, could not be detected in the blood of normal females or oestrogen-treated animals during in vitro mixing experiments. Although it required 3 weeks for the ovariectomized animals' response to rise to the level of normal males, only 3 days of oestradiol valerate treatment was necessary to suppress the response again. Whereas it seems clear that oestradiol is responsible for the suppressed response of female Fischer rats, its mechanism of action has not been revealed by our experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential effect of estrogen on pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in women with different forms of hypothalamic amenorrhea.

The effect of treatment with estradiol valerate (6 days, 2-6 mg/day) on basal levels of LH and FSH and on response of LH and FSH levels to GnRH challenge (2 X 25 micrograms GnRH, iv) were investigated in women with "hypothalamic amenorrhea", but without other endocrine disorders. Three groups were studied: 11 women with primary amenorrhea, 10 women exhibiting secondary amenorrhea related with weight loss, and 7 women with normal weight and with amenorrhea persisting after a period of severe weight loss. Before treatment with estradiol valerate the estradiol concentrations in all women were at the lower limit of the follicular phase of a normal ovulatory cycle. In addition, there were no differences between the groups in basal LH and FSH levels and in responses to GnRH challenges. Treatment with estradiol valerate suppressed the basal levels of FSH but not of LH in all women. Estradiol did not affect the response to GnRH challenge in women with primary amenorrhea, weakly augmented the response in women with secondary amenorrhea associated with weight loss, and strongly increased the response in secondary amenorrheic women who had regained normal weight. The results are interpreted in the light of the well-established fact that estrogen augments the gonadotropin response only if the pituitary gland is not exposed to high concentrations of GnRH. It is hypothesized that the differential response to GnRH of the present patients after estrogen treatment reflects differences in GnRH exposure of the pituitary gland, with patients with primary amenorrhea having the highest level of GnRH exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The positive short-term effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on serum lipids are well known, but it has been suggested that they vanish with time. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is widely used to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis but the influence of vitamin D3 on serum lipids is poorly known. The long-term effects of HRT and vitamin D3 on the concentrations of serum lipids were studied in a population-based prospective 3-year study. DESIGN AND METHODS: 464 women were randomized into four treatment groups: (i) HRT (sequential combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 mg cyproterone acetate), (ii) Vit D3 (vitamin D3 300 IU/day), (iii) HRT+Vit D3 (both as above), (iv) placebo (calcium lactate 500 mg/day). RESULTS: 320 women completed the study. After three years of treatment, serum concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased in the HRT group (10.1%, P<0.001) and the HRT+Vit D3 group (5.9%, P=0.005), increased in the Vit D3 group (4.1%, P=0.035) but remained unchanged in the placebo group. The concentrations of total cholesterol decreased by 5.8% in the HRT group (P<0.001) and by 3.3% in the HRT+Vit D3 group (P=0.023), but did not change in the other two groups. Serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased in the Vit D3 group (5.2%, P=0.001), HRT+Vit D3 group (3.7%, P=0.046), and the placebo group (4.5%, P=0.006) but did not change significantly in the HRT group. The HDL/LDL ratio increased in the HRT group (10.5%, P=0.006) and decreased in the Vit D3 group (10.5%, P<0.001) whereas no changes occurred in the other two groups. In addition, serum triglycerides increased similarly in all groups (14.0-18.8%, P<0.05-0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the positive long-term effect of HRT with sequential estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate on serum lipid concentrations. In addition, the results suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation may have unfavorable effects on lipids in postmenopausal women. Pure vitamin D3 treatment was associated with increased serum LDL cholesterol. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of HRT on serum LDL cholesterol content were reduced when estradiol valerate was combined with vitamin D3. However, the relevance of these associations to cardiovascular morbidity remains to be established.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Absorption of orally supplied natural estrogens correlated with age and somatometric parameters.

The plasma levels of estradiol were studied in 20 postmenopausal women over a period of 8 h following the ingestion of a single dose of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 2 mg micronized estradiol. The determined plasma estradiol concentrations were correlated with somatometric characteristics and age. Twenty-six postcephalic body measurements, the body weight and six skin-fold thickness measurements were taken and the body mass index computed; estradiol serum concentration was measured before and after administration of micronized estradiol and estradiol valerate, respectively. It was shown that estradiol concentrations obtained after estradiol valerate and micronized estradiol ingestion were dependent on the patient's age as well as on the constitutional type. Additionally, we found that there were differences in the reachable estradiol plasma concentrations following the application of the two preparations. Our results justify the individual and differentiated estrogen replacement therapy of the postmenopausal woman.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Impact of combined hormone replacement therapy on serum lipid metabolism: new aspects.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of combined estrogen-progestogen therapy on low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size (determined by the LDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio). The prospective study was carried out on 139 healthy Danish early postmenopausal women. The subjects were randomized to placebo or to 2 mg estradiol valerate equivalents, either sequentially combined with 75 micrograms levonorgestrel, 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), or 150 micrograms desogestrel, or continuously combined with 1 mg cyproterone acetate. LDL particle size was calculated before treatment and at nine-well-defined times during the subsequent 84 days. LDL particle size was reduced by all four treatments. This change was statistically significant for estradiol valerate combined with levonorgestrel and MPA (6.2 +/- 2.7% and 5.6 +/- 2.1% (mean +/- SEM), respectively; p < 0.05 for both, placebo-corrected). Estradiol valerate combined with MPA induced cyclic (progestogen-minus estrogen-related values) decreases (-6.3 +/- 2.6%; p < 0.05), and with levonorgestrel there were cyclic increases (5.1 +/- 2.7%; p = 0.067) in LDL particle size (placebo-corrected). In conclusion, combined estrogen-progestogen therapy causes a decrease in LDL particle size. A cyclic variation in LDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio was observed during sequential treatment.

Apolipoproteins B↗
PubMed1981

Partial purification of enzymes of bovine kidney mitochondria activating volatile fatty acids.

Mitochondria were prepared from kidney cortex tissue of lactating Holstein cows, and enzymes activating volatile fatty acids partially purified. Two fractions activating volatile fatty acids were obtained; one was similar to components isolated from bovine heart mitochondria activating acetate and propionate (acetyl CoA synthetase). The other was similar to components of bovine liver mitochondria and activated propionate, butyrate, and valerate but not acetate. On calcium phosphate gel chromatography this latter fraction could be separated into a distinct propionyl CoA synthetase (Michaelis-Menten constant for propionate 2.54 x 10(-3)M) and a fraction activating butyrate and valerate. The role of a distinct propionyl CoA synthetase in kidney mitochondria remains to be elucidated because propionate is not a major substrate in peripheral blood of ruminants. We concluded that volatile fatty acid activation by bovine kidney mitochondria is due to an acetyl CoA synthetase, a propionyl CoA synthetase, and a butyrate and valerate-activating fraction probably composed of separate butyryl and valeryl CoA synthetases.

Acetate-CoA Ligase↗