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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The efficacy of a novel toothbrush design.

The single-blind study compared a novel toothbrush design (Aquafresh Flex soft, medium, and firm bristle versions) to a widely-available, standard brush with soft bristles. Subjects (n = 32-35/group, mean age = 46 yrs) were randomly assigned to the four groups and instructed to maintain their normal oral hygiene routine. Safety, as well as plaque (Turesky et al. index as modified by Soparkar) and gingivitis (Loe-Silness index as modified by Lobene) were evaluated for the Ramfjord teeth at baseline, two weeks, and six weeks. At termination, all brands were considered to be safe. After two weeks, the mean plaque scores for each of the four groups were reduced significantly, although a difference between the control group and the test groups could not be demonstrated. Between two and six weeks, the mean plaque scores for the test brushes leveled off while the corresponding score for the control brush increased significantly (p = 0.02). The gingivitis scores showed a similar pattern. This pattern suggests more favorable user acceptance for the test brushes, which is consistent with information provided by the subjects on a post-study questionnaire. Presumably, this phenomenon is associated with the unique design of the test brushes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

In vitro toothbrush abrasion and bond strength of bleached enamel.

Vital tooth bleaching is experiencing increased usage because of its convenient application and effectiveness for lightening teeth and stain removal. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of bleaching agents on enamel toothbrush abrasion and bond strength.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The duration and efficiency of toothbrushing in 4- to 6-year old children].

The purpose of this study was to establish a practical and effective toothbrushing time for the pre-schoolchildren, by answering a very frequent questions made by the responsible for the young patients. 120 children brushed their teeth under supervision for predetermined times of 3, 5, 8 and 10 min. No specific technique was recommended. Oral hygiene indexes were scored prior to the brushing procedure. Although the 8 and 10 min. brushing times were effective in removing debris from the surface of the teeth they proved to be detrimental to the integrity of gingival tissues. The 3 min. brushing period was insufficient, while the 5 min. period was highly safe and effective. It was recommended that for the success of oral hygiene for the pre-schoolchild, the teeth should be brushed for 5 min. under supervision at least once a day.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disinfection of toothbrushes. Experimental research].

Aim of the present paper is to verify in a vitro study, the possible disinfection of the toothbrushes with an UV instrument (Dentec 4000). The modifications in microbic concentration after a contamination with microbial suspension of oral cavity have been estimated.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of an industrial product. The toothbrush 2].

In this work, the Author picks out the manifold aspects of the toothbrush design, in relation to the connections between ergonomics and design, including the analysis of the productive process and of the historical changements, to better understand the functional characteristics of the examined object. More precisely, the evolution of the tooth-brush, its social effects, together with the description of the possibilities and responsibilities of design, are the main topic of the study worked out.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chewing sticks versus toothbrushes in West Africa. A pilot study.

Chewing sticks are used for tooth cleaning by many populations. Despite the fact that they contain antimicrobial substances that could conceivably benefit oral hygiene, there have been few attempts to evaluate properties in vivo. This pilot, cross-sectional study recorded the oral hygiene and gingival health of adult Ghanaens who used chewing sticks, toothbrushes, or a combination of both for tooth cleaning. Plaque and gingivitis scores were higher in the chewing stick users, although these were primarily due to differences in men. Men had poorer oral hygiene and gingival health than women, irrespective of the oral hygiene regimen. The same differences were apparent for city and rural dwellers, with no overall differences observed between these two groups. The longer time that is necessary for cleaning with chewing sticks may explain the apparent reduced cleaning efficiency in men. The antimicrobial substances contained in chewing sticks appear to provide no additional benefits to those produced by the antimicrobial activity of commercially available toothpastes.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Habit patterns in the use of the manual toothbrush. 1].

It is the goal of this study to quantitatively assess the habit patterns of toothbrushing. In the course of nine sessions such variables as force, duration, technique (scrubbing, rotating, or sweeping) as well as the sequence of brush positions and the number of changes of brushing sites were determined in 85 men and women, who were neither motivated nor instructed to maintain oral hygiene. The "force of habit" was an unexpectedly dominant factor, the least variations being observed in the brushing technique. On the other hand, a comparison of the degrees of habit of patients with and without acute or chronic brush-induced lesions (gingival recession, Stillman's clefts, wedge-shaped defects) revealed that patients with gingival recessions had the highest degree of habit. Consequences of clinical relevance are pointed out.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Comparative clinical study of efficacy of three multi-tufted short top toothbrushes with different bristle bed designs].

Three multi-tufted short-head toothbrushes were compared on 15 test persons, with respect to their efficiency in removing the plaque from margo gingivae and from the interdentium. With a different design of the bristle bed, all three brushes evidenced very little difference in the cleaning effect which, on the basis of the deliberately prescribed short cleaning time at the gingival margin, can be considered as good in respect of all teeth sections and as satisfactory in the approximal area. In individual cases, a slanted bristle bed can lead to better cleaning of the side teeth area.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residual contamination of toothbrushes by microorganisms.

Procedures for maintaining the cleanliness of oral cleaning instruments have been discussed infrequently. S. mutans and pathogenic microorganisms can be transferred readily when a toothbrush is used, increasing the risk of dental caries and infectious diseases. It is suggested that sterilization equipment or specific detergents be used.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

In vitro evaluation of enamel and cementum abrasion after toothbrushing.

Abrasion in human teeth brushed with toothbrush and dentifrice was evaluated quantitatively by SEM. Specimens which included surface enamel and cementum were cut from unerupted wisdom teeth. Controlled brushing was carried out by a brushing machine, with dentifrice or saline, for periods of five and ten minutes. Scratches were counted using SE micrographs. No scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces, due probably to its hardness. The cementum surfaces revealed scratches, the number increasing with the duration of burshing. Brushing with saline was much less abrasive than with dentifrice. It was concluded that damage to the cementum is caused primarily by the dentifrice, brushing per se being a minor factor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traumatic implantation of a toothbrush: an unusual hazard of oral hygiene.

Implantation of foreign bodies into the oral soft tissues is an accident that occurs with some frequency, particularly in young children, for whom the mouth is an important sensory organ. The offending object is usually sharp; pencils are the most commonly reported object. A case is presented of a child who fell, implanting a toothbrush into her buccal soft tissues. The problems incurred in removing such an object are presented. This case demonstrates the need for parental vigilance while children are performing oral hygiene procedures.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1988

[Removability of tooth deposits by cleaning with toothbrushes and toothpaste].

The abrasion strength of the exogenous pellicle (EP) was investigated in in vitro experiments on extracted human teeth. The aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of daily brushing on the EP. EP-coated tooth specimens were cleansed under in vivo-like conditions. Five toothpastes with different degrees of abrasiveness were variously diluted with artificial saliva. The evaluation was done on the transmission electron microscope. The individual toothpastes differed significantly with respect to their abrasive effect on EP, which extended from only a slight effect on EP, which extended from only a slight effect to extensive removal of the pellicle. EP abrasion was considerably reduced by increasing dilution of the pastes with artificial saliva. No changes of the EP could be observed after brushing with only the toothbrush and saliva.

Dental Pellicle↗
PubMed1994

Toothbrushes: manual and electric.

Newer designs of manual and electric toothbrushes are briefly described. It is difficult to conduct meaningful clinical studies to detect the apparently small differences between these devices. Recommendations that dentists make to their patients should therefore be based on individual patient considerations.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Investigations into the microbial contamination of toothbrushes.

Used brushes (28 in toto) were assessed for microbial contamination. The micro-organisms removed from the toothbrush heads were plated onto a range of selective media. The total number of micro-organisms isolated per brush varied from 0 to 10(8) CFU. Staphylococci, coliforms, pseudomonads and yeasts were isolated from 64, 57, 28 and 39% of brushes, respectively. Identification tests on representative colonies indicated that media for streptococci, staphylococci, yeasts and pseudomonads were selecting for appropriate growth with > 90% efficiency. Of those tested on MacConkey agar eight from eleven colonies were oxidase negative, Gram-negative rods; the remainder were oxidase positive. No black pigmented obligate anaerobes were isolated. None of the seventeen colony types on Helicobacter selective agar proved to belong to that genus. Scanning electron microscopy of bristles revealed toothpaste debris, but micro-organisms were not evident.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by a group of mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of fluoride dentifrice ingested by mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing. A group of 24 mentally handicapped children, aged between 3 and 12 years, were used in the study. There were encouraged to brush in their usual way with a sodium fluoride dentifrice from a preweighed tube. Rinsings and excess dentifrice were collected, and fluoride analyses were performed on the rinsings and controls. The amount of fluoride retained was in the range of 14 to 269 micrograms, with a mean of 87 micrograms, equivalent to a mean retention of 23.5% of dentifrice. This is similar to findings of studies of children of normal intelligence. Thus, fluoridated dentifrices should be used by mentally handicapped children, but, as with all young children, small amounts of dentifrice should be used, preferably under direct adult supervision.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of powered electric toothbrushes: relative degree of bristle end-rounding.

Toothbrush bristles with sharp edges have been postulated to represent a greater threat to dental tissues than end-rounded bristles. This study evaluated the effect of both in vivo and laboratory use on bristle wear rate, tip geometry and in vitro abrasivity. Three soft manual brushes (Oral-B P40, Crest Complete and Butler GUM) and one powered brush (Rota-dent) were tested. The results of this study show that the wear rate varied directly with brushing load and amount of dentifrice, and inversely with bristle diameter. Despite the initial geometry, a flat tip with rounded rims was typically observed after only 30 minutes of manual or Rota-dent brush use. There was no statistical difference in in vitro abrasion for new brushes versus used brushes.

Dentifrices↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of plaque removal effectiveness of an electric versus a manual toothbrush in children.

The purpose of this study was to test the plaque-removing efficacy of an electric brush (Philips HP550) in comparison with a manual brush (Butler Gum 111) in five- to ten-year-old uninstructed children. The sample included twenty-three children who were divided into two groups, each group brushing for four weeks with the assigned brush at home. After this period children were asked to brush for two minutes in a dental clinic. Plaque was scored according to the Turesky modified Quigley and Hein Index before and after brushing. Analysis shows that plaque reduction with the electric brush is significantly better than with the manual brush: 46 percent versus 25 percent reduction, respectively. Results are most marked for the lingual posterior areas. Results further indicate that using an electric brush, plaque is reduced more evenly over the dentition. Participants without previous experience with powered toothbrushes showed no problem in adapting to the electric brush.

Analysis of Variance↗