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PubMed1978

[The effect of local anesthetics and injuries on the angiographic picture of the cat mandibular blood vessels].

The authors examined the effects of local anesthetics and traumata (traumatic dental extractions) on the angiographic picture of the mandibular vessels of the cat in the 10th, 70th and 120th minutes. The application of local anaesthetics results in a reduced filling of the inferior alveolar artery in the 10th and 70th minutes. The picture returns to normal in the 120th minute. The traumatic extraction produces more marked changes up to complete spasm of the vascular system of the common carotid artery. In the 120 th minute, the blood supply is restored; and the normal number of vessels appears on the aniograph, but their lumina are still reduced. The vasoconstriction caused by local anesthetics and traumata plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the primary dry socket.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Successful bone formation at immediate transmucosal implants: a clinical report.

The aim of this study was to test whether bone could be formed in peri-implant defects at immediate transmucosal implants using guided bone regeneration. Ten patients (median age 48 years) underwent comprehensive dental care including the placement of an implant into an extraction socket immediately following removal of a tooth. An expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and the mucoperiosteal flap were adapted around the neck of the implants, leaving the sites to heal in a transmucosal fashion. During implantation (baseline) and at membrane removal surgery 5 months later, the following clinical measurements from the implant shoulder were assessed at six sites: implant-bone contact (defect depth), level of the alveolar crest, level of the membrane, and distance from the crest to the implant body (defect width). Estimates of the defect volume bordered by the membrane, the implant, and the bony walls were calculated. At baseline, the mean defect depth was 4.7 mm (SD 1.3 mm, range 1 to 14 mm). At membrane removal, the mean defect depth had decreased to 2.1 mm (SD 0.8 mm). Compared to baseline, this decrease was statistically significant (P < .01). The mean increase in bone height at the deepest defect site of each implant was 6.7 mm (SD 3.0 mm), which was significant (P < .01). At baseline, the mean value for the defect volume estimates was 9.45 mm3 (SD 5.75 mm3). At membrane removal, a significant decrease (P < .01) was found. After 5 months, 94% of the area beneath the membrane was filled with new bone. It was concluded that guided tissue regeneration at immediate transmucosal implants is successful in generating bone into peri-implant defects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Immediate restoration of multiple tooth implants for aesthetic implant restorations.

The immediate restoration or loading of dental implants has been an intense area of clinical trial and research in the field of dental implantology over the last several years. The ability to temporize implants that are placed and prevent the use of a removable transitional appliance is appealing to not only patients, but dentists as well. Additionally, the placement of implants into immediate extraction sockets, and the immediate restoration of those implants, is showing excellent success rates clinically. Enhancement of the healing phase using platelet rich plasma seems to be a key contributor to the healing and maturation rate of both the hard and soft tissues. This article will review the immediate restoration of implants placed into multiple extraction sockets and the use of platelet rich plasma to enhance the healing phase.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Tooth transplantation with the periodontium intact: a histometric analysis.

A method was devised, from a pilot study, for transplanting a root-treated tooth with an intact periodontium into a newly prepared socket to assess whether the prognosis for transplantation procedures could be improved. Five male vervet monkeys were used for the definitive study. The mandibular central incisors were extracted from each monkey and the sockets were allowed to heal for 5 weeks. Thereafter a window of gingiva overlying each of these healed receptor sites was removed and the sockets were prepared with tapered burs. The distal root of the mandibular second molar was used as the transplant tooth and the distal root of the first molar as the control tooth. The transplant tooth was removed, together with surrounding alveolar bone which was then trimmed to a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The control tooth was extracted with root forceps. After transplantation, the teeth were splinted to the adjacent incisors for 3 weeks. After 8 weeks the healing process was examined histologically, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Replacement resorption (ankylosis) was not observed. Student's t test for paired samples revealed that the incidence of secondary cementum formation was significantly greater on the control teeth. The minimization of trauma may be the reason ankylosis did not occur.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1976

The implantation of natural tooth form bioglasses in baboons. A preliminary report.

This report describes a 6-month screening study comparing the tissue responses of several bioglass natural tooth implants in adult female baboons. The dental implants were designed to elicit osteogenesis at the interface of the implant and the oral tissues. This is in contrast to those types of implant materials that are merely biologically acceptable. Incisor teeth were extracted, dupplicated in bioglass, returned to the natural sockets, and splinted to the adjacent natural tooth, where they remained splinted for 3 months and then free standing for an additional 3 months. Microscopic evaluation revealed distinct histopathologic characteristics with certain bioglass formulas, such as ankylosis, a pseudofibrous capsule with fibers running parallel to the root surface, or an apparently true periodontal membrane with properly oriented Sharpey's fibers. True cementogenesis was not found.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of dexamethasone on root resorption after delayed replantation of rat tooth.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone after delayed tooth replantation with specific regard to root resorption and ankylosis. In addition, the study was planned to elucidate further the usefulness of the model. Fifty-two maxillary first molar teeth were extracted from 26 Sprague-Dawley white female rats fed 0.4% beta-aminoproprionitrile for 3 days to facilitate the extraction. After extraction, the mesiobuccal root canals were endodontically treated under a microscope to prevent subsequent inflammatory resorption of pulpal origin and were assigned to three groups. Teeth in group 1, the dexamethasone group (n = 22), were demineralized in citric acid (1 min), washed, soaked in 1000 nM dexamethasone solution (3 min), air-dried, and replanted in the original sockets. Total extraoral treatment time for each tooth was controlled to 30 min. Teeth in group 2, the dried-only group (n = 22), were air-dried for 30 min after obturation without any surface treatment and replanted. Teeth in group 3, the immediate group (n = 8), were extracted, not root-filled and replanted immediately into their sockets. All experimental animals were killed at 3 weeks after replantation and evaluated histologically. Forty-three of the 52 teeth were available for histological interpretation. They consisted of six immediate, 18 dried-only, and 19 dexamethasone-treated teeth. The degree of progressive root resorption was significantly less in the dexamethasone-treated group than in the dried-only group (p < 0.05). The dexamethasone-treated group exhibited significantly more bone ankylosis than the dried-only group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the topical use of dexamethasone may be of value in reducing the degree or rate of progressive root resorption secondary to traumatic avulsion and that the rat is a reasonable model for tooth replantation.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Smoking may affect the alveolar process dimensions and radiographic bone density in maxillary extraction sites: a prospective study in humans.

PURPOSE: Loss of ridge width and height typically occur after tooth extraction. This study aimed to investigate whether smoking would effect alveolar ridge remodeling after tooth extraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one individuals (11 nonsmokers, 10 smokers) requiring a nonmolar extraction in the upper jaw were selected. Radiographs were taken 7 and 180 days after surgery, and the following parameters obtained: alveolar process height (AH), alveolar process width (AW), radiographic bone density in the postextraction socket (BDS), and in the pre-existing bone apically (BDPB). RESULTS: Six months after surgery, intragroup analysis showed that both groups presented a significant reduction in AH, while only smokers had a significant reduction in AW, BDS, and BDPB (P < .05). Furthermore, intergroup analysis showed that smokers presented lower BDS (91.45 pixels +/- 26.62 and 59.53 pixels +/- 19.99, for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively; P = .006) and continued to present lower BDPB (129.34 pixels +/- 42.10 and 89.29 pixels +/- 29.96, for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively; P = .023). Additionally, smokers presented a tendency for lower AH and AW than nonsmokers, but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the present study, smoking may lead to a more significant dimensional reduction of the residual alveolar ridge and postpone postextraction socket healing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Extraction site reconstruction for alveolar ridge preservation. Part 1: rationale and materials selection.

Alveolar ridge resorption has long been considered an unavoidable consequence of tooth extraction. While the extent and pattern of resorption is variable among individuals, there is a progressive loss of ridge contour as a result of physiologic bone remodeling. Over the long term, prosthodontic complications, loss of function, and inadequate bone for the placement of dental implants may result. Guided bone regeneration techniques and the use of bone replacement materials have both been shown to enhance socket healing and modify the resorption process. This review describes the process of alveolar bone loss, materials for extraction site grafting, and proposed mechanisms for ridge preservation.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1987

Local anaesthesia and dry socket. A clinical investigation of single extractions in male patients.

1533 single intra-alveolar permanent tooth extractions in males were investigated in a study to determine if the type and technique of local anaesthesia influenced the occurrence of dry socket. The results show that the incidence of dry socket was significantly greater after the use of Xylocaine compared to Citanest and that the use of repeated injections or intraligamental techniques increased the likelihood of this painful post-extraction condition.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1987

The effect of tetracycline on the incidence of postextraction alveolar osteitis.

Four hundred twenty-four mandibular third molar extractions of varied surgical difficulty were evaluated for the occurrence of alveolar osteitis. In 219 of these sockets, tetracycline powder was placed immediately after the tooth was removed. This resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of alveolar osteitis from 28.7% to 14.6%. There was also a positive correlation between the rate of alveolar osteitis and the increasing depth of the impaction and the degree of surgical difficulty.

Dexamethasone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bone healing following immediate versus delayed placement of titanium implants into extraction sockets: a prospective clinical study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare bone healing and crestal bone changes following immediate (Im) versus delayed (De) placement of titanium dental implants with acid-etched surfaces (Osseotite) in extraction sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients were randomly allocated to the Im or De group (n = 23 per group) and received 1 implant at the incisor, canine, or premolar region of the maxilla or the mandible. The implants were placed an average of 10 days following tooth extraction in the Im group and approximately 3 months after extraction in the De group. The widths (parallel and perpendicular to the implant) and the depth of marginal bone defects around the implants were measured clinically just after placement and 3 months later at the abutment surgery. The crestal bone changes mesially and distally to the implants were evaluated radiographically by linear measurements. RESULTS: The survival rates were 91% in the Im group and 96% in the De group. In the Im group, the mean reductions in parallel width, perpendicular width, and depth of the largest defect of each implant amounted to 48% (from 4.4 to 2.3 mm), 59% (from 2.2 to 0.9 mm), and 48% (from 6.9 to 3.6 mm), respectively. The corresponding mean reductions in the De group amounted to 39% (from 3.1 to 1.9 mm), 77% (from 1.3 to 0.3 mm), and 34% (from 4.4 to 2.9 mm). The reduction over time was statistically significant in both groups (P < .04). For both groups, a higher degree of bone healing was achieved in the infrabony defects (> 60% for depth) than in dehiscence-type defects (approximately 25%). Furthermore, 70% of the 3-wall infrabony defects with a parallel width of up to 5 mm, a depth of maximum 4 mm, and a perpendicular width of maximum 2 mm had a capacity of spontaneous healing within a period of 3 months. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: New bone formation occurs in infrabony defects associated with immediately placed implants in extraction sockets.

Adult↗