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PubMed1985

The use of bacteria as probes for lectins in preparations of solubilized human tonsil cell membranes.

In earlier work we have shown that some bacteria bind naturally to lymphocyte subpopulations and that this binding may be due to lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Here we determined the possibility of using bacteria to probe for these lectins in solubilized tonsil cell membrane preparations. Since lectins are capable of agglutination, we determined the ability of human tonsil cell membrane extract (TCME) to agglutinate bacteria. We used Escherichia coli strain YS57 which does not bind to human lymphocytes and a mutant strain derived from it, E. coli UI 2023, which binds to about 50 percent of human lymphocytes. The UI 2023 was agglutinated while the YS57 was not; this agglutination was not due to antibodies or DNA. When E. coli UI 2023 was treated with periodate, it lost its ability to be agglutinated. The agglutination of E. coli UI 2023 was not blocked by any of the monosaccharides and disaccharides used but was blocked by the E. coli LPS, more specifically, by its carbohydrate moiety. Also, the E. coli UI 2023 absorbed the agglutinating factor while its parental strain, YS57, did not. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of TCME after absorption with bacteria showed that a band around 67kD was absent in the TCME absorbed by E. coli prevented the absorption by E. coli UI 2023 whereas Na2IO4-treated LPS did not. In addition, tonsil cell membrane was radioiodinated before obtaining the TCME; sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the radioiodinated TCME recovered after elution from E. coli UI 2023, but not from E. coli YS57, showed again a band around 67 kD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agglutination↗

PubMed1990

[Tonsillitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and antimicrobial therapy with rokitamycin].

Tonsillitis is the most common disease in the otorhinolaryngeal location. For most patients, tonsillitis is attributed to a group A streptococcal infection if the throat culture is positive for that organism or to a viral infection if the throat culture is negative. However, recent studies have shown that Chlamydia trachomatis can produce tonsillar infection. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Rokitamycin, a 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotic agent, in the treatment of tonsillitis associated with C. trachomatis. In 26 of 28 (92.9%) patients from whom C. trachomatis was isolated, the organism was eradicated by antimicrobial treatment with Rokitamycin of five days to three weeks' duration. In 25 of the 26 patients, they were totally free of tonsillar symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Roxithromycin disposition in tonsils after single and repeated administrations.

Levels of roxithromycin in serum and tissue were investigated in 29 subjects undergoing tonsillectomy. A total of 13 subjects received a single oral dose of 300 mg, and 16 received four oral doses 12 h apart as follows: a 300-mg loading dose followed by three 150-mg doses. Measurable levels of roxithromycin were present in tonsil samples of 11 of 13 subjects in the first group. The mean levels in tonsils and serum were 0.8 microgram/g and 6.7 micrograms/ml, resulting in a mean tissue/serum ratio of 0.16. In the multiple-dose group, roxithromycin was found in 14 of 16 subjects at mean levels in tonsils and serum of 1.6 micrograms/g and 8.7 micrograms/ml, and the tissue/serum ratio was 0.23.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Active and passive intranasal immunizations with streptococcal surface protein C5a peptidase prevent infection of murine nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a functional homologue of human tonsils.

C5a peptidase, also called SCPA (surface-bound C5a peptidase), is a surface-bound protein on group A streptococci (GAS), etiologic agents for a variety of human diseases including pharyngitis, impetigo, toxic shock, and necrotizing fasciitis, as well as the postinfection sequelae rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. This protein is highly conserved among different serotypes and is also expressed in human isolates of group B, C, and G streptococci. Human tonsils are the primary reservoirs for GAS, maintaining endemic disease across the globe. We recently reported that GAS preferentially target nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in mice, a tissue functionally analogous to human tonsils. Experiments using a C5a peptidase loss-of-function mutant and an intranasal infection model showed that this protease is required for efficient colonization of NALT. An effective vaccine should prevent infection of this secondary lymphoid tissue; therefore, the potential of anti-SCPA antibodies to protect against streptococcal infection of NALT was investigated. Experiments showed that GAS colonization of NALT was significantly reduced following intranasal immunization of mice with recombinant SCPA protein administered alone or with cholera toxin, whereas a high degree of GAS colonization of NALT was observed in control mice immunized with phosphate-buffered saline only. Moreover, administration of anti-SCPA serum by the intranasal route protected mice against streptococcal infection. These results suggest that intranasal immunization with SCPA would prevent colonization and infection of human tonsils, thereby eliminating potential reservoirs that maintain endemic disease.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1985

Comparative susceptibilities of strain MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblast cells and the Cooney strain of human fetal tonsil cells for isolation of rhinoviruses from clinical specimens.

The comparative susceptibilities for rhinovirus isolation were determined for strain MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblast and human fetal tonsil cells. Samples from nasopharyngeal and throat swab clinical specimens were inoculated onto duplicate monolayers of each cell type. Of 105 rhinovirus-positive specimens, 78 (74%) were positive in MRC-5 cells, and 102 (97%) were positive in fetal tonsil cells (P less than 0.001). For 75 specimens positive in both, the mean time to cytopathic effect development with standard deviation was 1 +/- 2 days shorter in fetal tonsil cells (P less than 0.01). The use of a second virus culture increased rhinovirus isolations by 10% compared with a single culture.

Cell Line↗

PubMed1987

Serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pathogenicity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from tonsils of apparently healthy slaughter pigs.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from tonsils of 63 (10.5%) of 600 apparently healthy slaughter pigs in the Kanto area of Japan in February and July 1984. The isolation rate was significantly higher during July than in February. Of these 63 isolates, 34 isolates (54.0%) were serotype 7, 20 isolates (31.7%) were serotype 2, 6 isolates (9.5%) were serotype 6, and 1 isolate (1.6%) each was serotype 11, 12, or 16. All isolates of serotypes 2, 6, 11, 12, and 16 were highly virulent for mice, whereas most isolates of serotype 7 were weakly virulent. In swine, all isolates of serotype 2 were highly virulent, capable of inducing generalized urticarial lesions with depression and anorexia. On the other hand, 37 of 43 isolates of serotypes other than 2 induced no clinical signs, and the remaining 6 isolates induced local urticarial lesions at the site of inoculation in swine. The MIC of dihydrostreptomycin ranged from 1.56 to 100 micrograms/ml. All of the dihydrostreptomycin-resistant strains belonged to serotype 2. The high virulence of E. rhusiopathiae strains of serotype 2 harbored in the tonsils suggests a possible role of such strains in the cause of swine erysipelas. In contrast, members of the other nonvirulent or weakly virulent group, mainly serotype 7 strains, were considered to be resident in porcine tonsils.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Rates of detection of Neisseria meningitidis in tonsils differ in relation to local incidence of invasive disease.

Nasopharyngeal swabbing substantially underestimates carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. Real-time PCR assays were employed to examine the presence of a broad range of bacteria and of N. meningitidis groups B and C, respectively, in tonsils from 26 individuals from Oxford, England, and 72 individuals from Zurich, Switzerland. The detection limit of each PCR system was DNA from one bacterial cell per reaction mixture. Tonsillar DNA did not inhibit amplification of meningococcal gene sequences, and N. meningitidis was detected in tonsils exposed to the bacterium. Whereas in both sets of patients other bacteria were detected, N. meningitidis group B and group C were only found in tonsils from Oxford where the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease is much higher than in Zurich. These observations suggest that PCR-based methods could be used for the detection of meningococcal carriage and that difference in disease incidence could be explained by different transmission rates in the community rather than host genetics or coexisting infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Use of tonsil size in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea.

AIMS: (1) To determine the extent to which tonsil size contributes to the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in children; and (2) to assess the use of tonsillar-pharyngeal (TP) ratio in differentiating patients with different severity of OSA. METHODS: Lateral neck radiograph was performed on 35 children referred consecutively to a university paediatric chest clinic for suspected OSA secondary to tonsillar hypertrophy. The tonsil size was determined by measuring the TP ratio on the radiographs. The severity of OSA was assessed by overnight polysomnography. RESULTS: A total of 24 boys and 11 girls (median age 6.2 years) were studied. All presented with symptoms of OSA, and tonsillar hypertrophy was detected on clinical examination. The median apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was 16.93 (interquartile range: 8.41 to 28.29). The median TP ratio was 0.76 (interquartile range: 0.65 to 0.80). AHI was positively correlated with the TP ratio. The clinical tonsil size did not correlate with the AHI or the TP ratio. Using a TP ratio of 0.479, the sensitivity and specificity in predicting cases with moderate/severe OSA (AHI >10) were 95.8% and 81.8% respectively, while the positive and negative predictive values were 92.0% and 90.0% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that in a population of children with OSA, tonsillar hypertrophy as assessed by lateral neck radiograph correlates positively with the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. The TP ratio has high sensitivity and specificity in predicting those with moderate/severe disease and this feature may be used as a clinical screening method in prioritising patients with OSA for further assessment.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Immunohistochemical analysis of T cell proliferation in normal tonsil and B cell lymphoma.

A double immunohistochemical technique, incorporating MIB1 and CD3, was used to identify proliferating T cells in paraffin wax sections of normal tonsil and B cell lymphomas. The number of double stained T cells as a percentage of the total T cells was then determined. In normal tonsil and follicular lymphoma the follicle centre and T cell zones were counted independently. In normal tonsil very few T cells in the follicle centre expressed MIB1. Proliferating T cells were concentrated in the T cell zones. The same pattern was observed in follicular lymphoma. In contrast, the percentage of T cells expressing MIB1 was higher in mucosa associated lymphoid tissue type lymphoma and lymphocytic lymphoma, suggesting that T cell activation occurs in these tumours. The highest percentage of MIB1 positive T cells was observed in high grade lymphoma. This suggests that transformation to high grade lymphoma is associated with an increase in T cell activation.

Cell Division↗

PubMed2006

[Associations between chronic irritation of tonsils, indurations of connective tissue areas and brachialgia paresthetica nocturna].

UNLABELLED: Projective and reflex zones of inner organs to the body's surface are well described but there are only few clinical studies about abnormal zones. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate associations between chronic irritation of tonsils, abnormalities of the connective tissue areas over the musculus trapezius and the severity of brachialgia paresthetica nocturna. METHODS: Cross sectional study in 100 adult pain patients from an outpatient pain department. Patients with tonsillectomy were excluded. Examinations of tonsils and the connective tissue area were done separately by two mutually blinded physicians. Both were also blinded to the patients' evaluation of his/her brachialgia. RESULTS: Regardless of the lateralization, the severity of the tonsil irritations was correlated with the abnormalities of the connective tissue areas (Spearman's rho = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.87; p < 0.001) and the severity of the brachialgia (rho = 0.64, CI: 0.50-0.74; p < 0.001), furthermore indurations of connective tissue areas correlated with the severity of brachialgia homolaterally (rho = 0.57; CI: 0.42-0.69; p < 0.001). These correlations are considerably higher than those of other connective tissue areas. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the existence of easy to diagnose reflex zones, at least in a highly selected population of pain patients. They can give plausible hints for naturopathic treatments of brachialgia paresthetica nocturna, i.e. treatment of the relevant connective tissue zone above the M. trapezius.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Scanning, transmission and immunoelectron microscopical studies of the tonsil-like lymphoid organ of normal and horseradish-peroxidase-injected laboratory suncuses.

Fine structures of normal and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-stimulated tonsil-like lymphoid organs of the laboratory suncus (Suncus murinus) were examined by scanning, transmission and immunoelectron microscopies. The normal organs appear as a pair of small oval protrusions at the upper lateral sites of the fauces, and consist of a single lymph nodule with a germinal center and a crypt-like epithelium with prominent lymphoid cell infiltration. Postcapillary venules (PCV) and efferent lymphatics are associated within the marginal region of the nodule and separated from the neighboring pharyngeal tissues. Numerous lympho-plasma cells, interdigitating cells and reticulum cells occurred within the lymphoid parenchyma, as well as in the intraepithelial infiltrating cell populations. In the HRP-stimulated animals, the anti-HRP antibodies producing lympho-plasma cells were often seen in the parenchyma and epithelia; however, similar HRP-antibody-positive lymphocytes were rarely detected in the PCV lumina. In addition, some HRP antibody bearing interdigitating cells were also identified in the same parenchyma. These data indicate that the suncus' tonsil-like organs have a positive immune function to oral antigens, together with the suncus' systemic immune system and it is hypothetically presumed that the organ may correspond to a homologous organ of the human palatine tonsil in comparative anatomy.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Epithelium of the human palatal tonsil used for new test antigen in IIF examination (for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and ANA).

The author presents the results of IIF examinations for pemphigus, pemphigoid antibodies and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on the epithelium of the human palatal tonsil obtained by tonsillectomy in patients with chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis. Tonsil epithelium is more sensitive to intercellular antibodies (IC Ab), and antibodies of the basal membrane zone (BMZ Ab) than sample tissue of the monkey esophagus, while its reaction to ANA is the same or even weaker than monkey esophagus.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation of cells obtained from human tonsils.

Spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation of cells obtained from 25 human tonsils were investigated. Three Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines were spontaneously established in tissue cultures in vitro from human tonsils. In addition, the frequency of spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation was increased by the treatment of tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 18 lymphoblastoid cell lines were established. The data suggest that the human tonsil is a reservoir for EBV.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fibrinolytic activity in patients with acute tonsillitis.

Three parameters in blood fibrinolysis, viz, the levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation products (FDP), were measured in patients with acute tonsillitis and the results were compared with those for healthy adults. The fibrinogen content in acute tonsillitis increased significantly (P less than .001), that of plasminogen decreased significantly (P less than .005), while FDP showed a higher value (P less than .01). The significance of the fibrinolytic system in acute tonsillitis is discussed.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1997

Interaction between oral alpha-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients with tonsillitis.

The incidence of oral alpha-streptococci with inhibitory activity against group A streptococci, as a defense mechanism against bacterial infection in the oral cavity, was investigated in 141 patients with streptococcal tonsillitis. The study population included both children (n = 79) and adults (n = 62). Infection by group A streptococci appeared to be more common in children than in adults, as the detection rates of inhibitory alpha-streptococci in healthy children (29.7%), as well as pediatric patients with tonsillitis (14.9%), were lower than those in adults (63.0%; p < .01). It is possible to consider oral alpha-streptococci with inhibitory activity to be among the indications for tonsillectomy in patients with streptococcal tonsillitis, since the detection rate of inhibitory alpha-streptococci in surgical cases (10.9%) was significantly lower than that in nonsurgical cases (31.1%; p < .01). The high detection rate of these strains during the postoperative state supported the observation that the incidence of group A streptococcal infection was decreased postoperatively. Accordingly, it is useful to investigate bacterial interference between oral alpha-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients scheduled for tonsillectomy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillitis in an adolescent male requiring tonsillectomy.

A 15-year-old boy had reported episodes of tonsillitis with group C streptococci over a four-month period. The tonsillitis cleared with antibiotic therapy but was followed by a recurrence within a few days. Tonsillectomy resulted in a permanent cure and group C streptococcus was found in the tonsils. A literature search has failed to reveal similar cases and a brief review of the existing literature is given.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Validation of monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1 for immunohistochemical staining of brain and tonsil in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease.

A new monoclonal antibody (MAb), F99/97.6.1, that has been used to demonstrate scrapie-associated prion protein PrP(Sc) in brain and lymphoid tissues of domestic sheep with scrapie was used in an immunohistochemistry assay for diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The MAb F99/97.6.1 immunohistochemistry assay was evaluated in brain and tonsil tissue from 100 mule deer that had spongiform encephalopathy compatible with CWD and from 1,050 mule deer outside the CWD-endemic area. This MAb demonstrated abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) in brains of all of the 100 mule deer and in 99 of the 100 tonsil samples. No immunostaining was seen in samples collected from deer outside the endemic area. MAb F99/97.6.1 demonstrated excellent properties for detection of PrP(res) in fresh, frozen, or mildly to moderately autolytic samples of brain and tonsil. This immunohistochemistry assay is a sensitive, specific, readily standardized diagnostic test for CWD in deer.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

M-cells in the rabbit tonsil exhibit distinctive glycoconjugates in their apical membranes.

The tonsil crypt epithelium contains membranous (M)-cells that transport antigens from the lumen to underlying lymphoid cells, thereby initiating specific immune responses. Mechanisms mediating the adhesion of antigens to the M-cell surface are important for effective and selective uptake of potential pathogens but are still poorly understood. Therefore, the carbohydrates present on crypt epithelial cells of the rabbit palatine tonsil were studied by lectin histochemistry. Ultrathin LR White sections were incubated with a panel of eight lectins conjugated to colloidal gold or biotin. The glycocalyx of the apical membrane of M-cells was selectively labeled by UEA-I, LTA, HPA, and VVA, whereas that of the remaining squamous epithelial cells preferentially bound RCA-I and PNA. WGA and ConA showed only little binding, with no discernible preference for any of the cell types. Double labeling of UEA-1 together with anti-vimentin antibodies revealed that UEA-I-positive epithelial cells also contained the rabbit M-cell marker vimentin, and vice versa. The results show that a specific composition of glycoconjugates, which differs from that on squamous epithelial cells, is found on M-cells of the rabbit tonsil. The M-cell-specific glycoproteins and glycolipids could be selectively targeted by microorganisms that adhere to M-cells and enter the host along this pathway.

Animals↗