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PubMed2004

Reduction of absorbed doses to the thyroid gland in orthodontic treatment planning by reducing the area of irradiation.

The objectives were to study whether a smaller area of irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in the dose of absorbed radiation to the thyroid gland for three radiographic modalities commonly used in cephalometric treatment planning. The aim of this research, was to study the effect of the field size on the absorbed dose of radiation to the thyroid gland, as measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) in a phantom. Three radiographic modalities were used: panoramic, cephalometric, and intra-oral. For each modality, a large and a small collimator were used. A Rando Alderson phantom comprising a natural human cranium and cervical vertebrae embedded in a thermoplastic material simulating human soft tissue was used to measure absorbed dose to the thyroid gland. These measurements were made using lithium fluoride (LiF) TLDs. A significant reduction in absorbed dose to the thyroid gland was obtained by reducing the collimator in all three modalities. A 15% reduction in absorbed dose to the thyroid gland was achieved for the combination of small field sizes compared to the combination of large field sizes. Combining the use of selection criteria together with a smaller field of irradiation than normally used made a reduction in absorbed dose to the thyroid gland of around 30% possible.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1995

[The thyroid gland of humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fry and of humpback and cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masu) hybrids during smoltification].

Thyroid gland follicular cells were studied morphofunctionally on different stages of juvenile humpback salmon migration from the spawning sites into the sea. Salmon hybrids kept in laboratory conditions in fresh and salt water were exposed to the same examination. Juvenile humpback salmon fished out from the river mouth, when coming to the sea water had significant increase of follicular epithelium height and decrease of follicular diameter and amount of the deponated colloid. Thyroid glands follicle topography of hybrids is close to those of juvenile humpback salmon although it is more compact in hybrids. Completely formed follicles were found in three-month-old fish. Microscopic and morphometric studies revealed the increase of thyroid gland activity in hybrids in April: follicular diameter grew smaller, epithelial height significantly increased and amount of colloid in the follicles decreased. In May increased activity of the gland remained and went smaller in June. Ten days after hybrids transferation into the sea water activity of the gland cells significantly increased. Thus, thyroid gland activity is an important characteristics of smoltification both for the juvenile salmon from natural population and hybrids kept in laboratory conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanistic data and risk assessment of selected toxic end points of the thyroid gland.

Many goitrogenic xenobiotics that increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in rodents exert a direct effect on the thyroid gland to disrupt one of several possible steps in the biosynthesis, secretion, and metabolism of thyroid hormones. This includes (a) inhibition of the iodine trapping mechanism, (b) blockage of organic binding of iodine and coupling of iodothyronines to form thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and (c) inhibition of thyroid hormone secretion by an effect on proteolysis of active hormone from the colloid. Another large group of goitrogenic chemicals disrupts thyroid hormone economy by increasing the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones through an induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. This group includes central nervous system-acting drugs, calcium channel blockers, steroids, retinoids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polyhalogenated biphenyls, and enzyme inducers. Thyroid hormone economy also can be disrupted by xenobiotics that inhibit the 5'-monodeiodinase that converts T4 in peripheral sites to biologically active T3. Inhibition of this enzyme by FD&C Red No. 3 lowers circulating T3 levels, which results in a compensatory increased secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and an increased incidence of follicular cell tumors in 2-yr or lifetime studies in rats. Physiologic perturbations alone, such as the feeding of an iodine-deficient diet, partial thyroidectomy, natural goitrogens in certain foods, and transplantation of TSH-secreting pituitary tumors in rodents also can disrupt thyroid hormone economy and, if sustained, increase the development of thyroid tumors in rats. A consistent finding with all of these goitrogens, be they either physiologic perturbations or xenobiotics, is the chronic hypersecretion of TSH, which places the rodent thyroid gland at greater risk to develop tumors through a secondary (indirect) mechanism of thyroid oncogenesis associated with hormonal imbalances.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma is an unpredictable tumor that can recur many years after the original diagnosis and metastasize to uncommon sites, including the thyroid gland. Differential diagnosis from primary thyroid tumor is often difficult both clinically and pathologically. We report a case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland. CASE: A 48-year-old woman presented with a 3-cm-diameter, palpable mass in the left lobe of the thyroid gland. The patient's history included removal of a left renal mass, which was conventional renal cell carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration cytology smears contained a few small clusters of polygonal cells with abundant, clear cytoplasm and irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei as well as bland-looking thyroid follicle cells and stromal cells. A papillary or follicular growth pattern was not detected. A cell block made from the aspirated sample was composed mainly of clear cells. By immunohistochemical stains, the clear cells were completely negative for TTF-1, thyroglobulin, calcitonin and inhibin while equivocally staining for cytokeratin, CD10 and galectin-3. The histologic diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma metastatic to follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland. CONCLUSION: Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid may masquerade as a primary thyroid neoplasm. A history of prior nephrectomy, the presence of unremarkable thyroid follicle cells, the absence of a papillary or follicular growth pattern and immunohistochemical study can help differentiating metastatic renal cell carcinoma from a primary thyroid lesion with clear cell change.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1976

In vitro effects of certain neurohumors on ultrastructural change of the chick embryonic thyroid gland.

In vitro effects of certain neurohumors, on ultrastructure of 14 days old chick embryonic thyroid gland, has been studied. When the chick embryonic thyroid gland was cultivated in vitro, in the medium containing neurohumors like acetylcholine, adrenaline and histamine for a definite period in a particular sequence and dose, has resulted almost similar ultrastructural changes as seen in the hyperactive thyroid gland.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1981

Tuberculous abscess of the retrosternal thyroid gland displacing the oesophagus.

Infections of the thyroid gland have been reported for various organisms, bacterial, parasite, fungus and virus, acute or chronic, suppurative or non-suppurative. Two rare conditions when combined are even rarer, the tuberculous abscess of the retrosternal thyroid gland, causing extrinsic pressure effect and producing dysphagia. Rapid relief of symptoms occurred after surgery and followed after antituberculous therapy.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

[Misdiagnosis and mistherapy of ectopic thyroid gland].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinic characteristic, diagnosis and treatment of ectopic thyroid gland (ETG) and avoid the misdiagnosis and mistherapy of ETG. METHOD: The clinic materials of 4 cases with ETG were analysed. Four patients were misdiagnosed thyroglossal duct cyst. The clinical features, diagnosis and management of ETG were discussed. RESULT: All of patients had a normal thyroid gland in the neck and underwent a surgical resection of neck mass. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed the neck masses originated from accessory thyroid gland, of them, 1 gland enlargement, 1 adenoma and 2 adenocarcinoma. Fortunately, by the postoperative fellow up, no significant complication was found in the patients. CONCLUSION: The well understanding of ETG and the detailed examination before surgical treatment of neck mass, including ultrasonography, CT or MRI, radioactive isotope scanning and fine needle aspiration biopsy, are keys to adequate diagnosis and management of ETG.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teratoma of the thyroid gland.

A case of teratoma of the thyroid gland in a 3-month-old child is reported. Present since birth, it presented as an acute respiratory emergency. This was relieved by surgical removal. The tumor showed normal thyroid tissue flanking the mass and at surgery was seen to derive its blood supply from the main thyroid vessels.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Clinical presentation and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland.

BACKGROUND: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the thyroid is a rare malignancy. The traditional approach to curative treatment of localized (stages I and II) NHL of the thyroid gland is surgical resection. The recent success of multimodality chemoradiotherapy suggests that surgery should be reserved for providing a tissue diagnosis or relief from acute airway obstruction. It is questionable whether this has made an impact on treatment approaches. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted for all cases of localized NHL of the thyroid gland treated at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between January 1970 and January 1999. RESULTS: Ten patients (8 women, 2 men) with a mean age of 56.8 years were identified. Nine patients (90%) presented with a neck mass; seven patients (70%) had a history of Hashimoto's disease. Nine patients (90%) had extensive investigations to rule out extrathyroidal disease. All patients were treated with either a total thyroidectomy (eight patients) or a thyroid lobectomy (two patients). Nine (90%) were initially treated outside of Roswell Park Cancer Institute and referred secondarily for consideration of further therapy. Adjuvant therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide-based chemoradiotherapy was administered to nine patients. Overall survival was 80% at a mean follow-up of 8.6 years with a disease-specific survival rate of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: A review of the literature suggests that fine needle aspiration (FNA) with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry can be used to accurately diagnose NHL of the thyroid gland. Open biopsy should be reserved for cases where this technique is not available or where the diagnosis can not be confirmed by FNA alone. Extrathyroidal NHL should be ruled out by chest x-ray, CT scan of the abdomen, and bone marrow biopsy. Further review suggests that the most efficacious therapy is systemic chemotherapy in combination with radiation for local control. Debulking surgery should be used only to provide relief from acute airway obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of iodine preparations and triiodothyronine on the histological structure of the thyroid gland in experimental goiter].

Histological changes in the thyroid gland of rats in experimental goiter caused by administration of 6-methylthiouracil during 9 months, as well as changes in the structure of these glands under the effect of diurnal ingestion with food of microiodine (iodized potassium 2 mg+iodine 0.2 mg per animal), diiodotyrosine (1.25 mg per animal) and triiodthyronine (5 mcg per animal) are described. As a result of the exposure to the above mentioned preparations, there were noted a decrease in the weight of the thyroid glands reduction in the number and size of microadenoms therein, a drop of the intensity of hyperplastic processes in the thyroid epithelium, and an increased proliferation of clear cells. The greatest effect was observed in the animals which received triiodothyronine: weight and histological structure of the glands in these animals was approximating the norm. There were revealed anaplastic changes in the microadenomas remained after the exposure to iodine preparations and triiodothyronine, and an increased proliferation of clear cells with formation of microadenoms out of them.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Indications and surgical therapy of thyroid gland diseases--analysis of 725 operated patients].

Diseases of the thyroid gland are an important part of elective surgical procedures. The adequate surgical therapy is at present standardized and requires a permanent qualitative control to reduce avoidable complications. The relation between men and women in our patients (n = 725) was 1 to 5. The mean age was 51.2 years. 10% (n = 79) of the patients were hyperthyroid. 646 patients had benign disease; and 79 patients were found to have malignancy of the thyroid gland. The most common indication for an operation was bilateral multinodular goitre (n = 325) in combination with a cold nodule (n = 123), in 79 patients latent hyperthyroidism or Morbus Basedow (n = 22). Struma nodosa with retrosternal extension (n = 49), recurrence of goitre (n = 34), thyroiditis (n = 12) and dystopic goitre (n = 2) were rare in these patients. Patients with malignancy of the thyroid gland were always treated by thyroidectomy or completed thyroidectomy with lymphnode dissection. In the cases of benign disease the surgical methods were variable, although the bilateral subtotal resection (n = 413) predominated. While doing so the radical resection of parenchyma with a persistent functioning remnant of goitre of 5 cm3 was favoured. The resulting postoperative complications are discussed. An endocrinological appropriate follow-up of the patients is necessary.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Leiomyoma of the thyroid gland.

Primary smooth muscle tumors of the thyroid gland are very rare neoplasms, leiomyosarcomas comprising the majority of these. Only three cases of primary leiomyoma have been reported to date, all of which have occurred in females of varying ages. We present the morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a fourth case of leiomyoma of the thyroid gland, occurring in a post-menopausal woman with a history of uterine leiomyomas.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1982

[Preclinical and manifest hypothyroidism following thyroid gland operation].

62 patients who were strumectomized on account of carcinoma of the thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis underwent an after-examination on an average 6 years after operation. In preclinical hypothyroidism which cannot be differed from euthyroidism on the basis of the thyroid hormone concentrations, or only by means of the TRH-tolerance test, an increased TSH-response after TRH-tolerance and a T3-preference in comparison to T4 were observed. In manifest hypothyroidism the compensatory mechanisms exhausted and despite the increased TSH-concentration in the serum the ability for TRH-stimulation and the concentrations of the thyroid hormone are reduced. In preclinical and manifest hypothyroidism are recommended ca. 160-170 micrograms thyroxin per day for the substitution therapy after operation of benign diseases of the thyroid gland and after operations of the thyroid tumour the suppression therapy with ca. 220 micrograms thyroxin per day.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Meningioma metastatic to thyroid gland.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the first reported case of meningioma metastasizing to and completely infiltrating the thyroid gland. METHODS: We present a detailed case report, including radiographic, histologic, and immunostaining findings, in a patient with an atypical meningioma who had a progressively enlarging thyroid mass that proved to be a metastatic meningioma. RESULTS: A 49-year-old man had a meningioma in the parieto-occipital region that had spread locally to the scalp and bone by the time of surgical resection. Local recurrence during the following year prompted repeated surgical resection, tumor embolization, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Despite aggressive therapy, the tumor progressed. A thyroid mass was first noted 2 years after the meningioma was diagnosed. Enlargement of the mass caused airway obstruction, necessitating an emergency thyroidectomy. Histologic examination of the thyroidectomy specimen showed that the thyroid gland had been extensively replaced by metastatic meningioma. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of metastatic meningioma extensively infiltrating the thyroid gland. This case report expands the spectrum of tumors that metastasize to the thyroid gland.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1975

The functional state of the thyroid gland of the mother and fetus in the prenatal development of rabbits.

The functional state of the thyroid gland of the mother and fetus was studied in different periods of intrauterine development of rabbits, as well as in newborn rabbits according to the level of protein-bound iodine (PBI) in the blood plasma and thyroid gland tissue. Similar studies were conducted after a thyroidectomy of females on the 10th-12th day of pregnancy in order to demonstrate the possibility of mutual compensation of the hormonal function under pathological conditions. The level of PBI in the blood plasma of the mother clearly increases in the second half of pregnancy and decreases sharply after birth. The content of PBI in the fetal blood plasma increases continuously beginning with the 22nd day of intrauterine development. The level of PBI in the thyroid gland tissue both of the mother and the fetus increases sharply at the end of pregnancy. In fetuses of thyroidectomized females the amount of PBI in the blood plasma and thyroid gland tissue on the 22nd day of pregnancy considerably exceeded that in normal fetuses.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Relation between pH regulation and iodide transport in turtle thyroid glands.

Mechanisms of pH recovery after alkalinization and acidification by exposing or prepulsing turtle thyroid slices with a Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing NH4Cl or CO2 were studied by examining the effects of amiloride, 4-acetamido-4'-isocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS), frusemide and acetazolamide, and of reducing the concentration of Na+ or Cl- in the incubation medium. When alkalinization was produced either during exposure to NH4Cl or after a CO2 pulse, the pH in thyroid slices rose rapidly and then recovered gradually. Addition of SITS (0.1 mmol/l) or reduction of the Cl- concentration markedly inhibited pH recovery. However, amiloride (0.1 mmol/l) and low Na+ in the medium had no significant effect on recovery from alkalinization induced by NH4Cl exposure or by a CO2 pulse. These data suggest that pH recovery from alkalinization in turtle thyroid gland is achieved by an exchange of internal HCO3- for external Cl-. When acidification was accomplished by either exposure to CO2 or removal of NH4Cl, the pH of thyroid slices fell rapidly and then recovered gradually. If amiloride was added or the Na+ concentration in the medium was reduced, the pH recovery was greatly attenuated. However, SITS and low Cl- in the medium did not affect the recovery from an acid load in turtle thyroid slices. These results suggest that pH recovery from acidification in turtle thyroid gland is achieved by an exchange of internal H+ for external Na+. Both frusemide and acetazolamide prevented the pH recovery in turtle thyroid slices during exposure to and withdrawal from NH4Cl. These results suggest that besides the Na(+)-H+ and Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange processes, other mechanisms may also be involved in pH regulation in turtle thyroid glands. Simultaneous uptakes into turtle thyroid slices of 125I- and 22Na+ and of 125I- and 36Cl- were studied during and following exposure to NH4Cl in the absence and presence of different transport inhibitors, such as frusemide, amiloride, SITS and acetazolamide. When the thyroid slices were exposed to HBSS containing 30 mmol/l NH4Cl (alkalinization phase), the tissue/medium (T/M) ratios of 125I- increased gradually, reached the highest point in 10 min, and were maintained at this level for the next 20 min. The T/M ratios of 22Na+ and 36Cl- of thyroid slices also slowly increased after exposure to NH4Cl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1980

[Aggregate morphofunctional index of the thyroid gland].

An integrating index for the evaluation of the functional state of the thyroid gland is described. The calculation of the index is based on a conditional 6-score evaluation of morphometric characteristics of the thyroid gland. The index is a product of the mass of epithelium reflecting the number of working elements and the height of epithelium of the thyroid gland follicles describing the intensity of thyreocytes functioning. The possibility of using this index is substantiated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Thyroid hormone metabolism and the functional activity of the thyroid gland in mother and fetus].

The functional activity of the thyroid glands of the pregnant rats and their foetuses prior to the birth and the deiodizing ability of the liver of the mother and the foetus on the 18-th day of pregnancy were studied. The reliable differences were shown between the levels of protein bound iodine in the blood serum of the pregnant rats as compared with the control ones, as well as the high content of thyroid hormones in the blood serum of the foetuses. The process of thyroxin and diiodothyrosine deiodizing in the foetal liver was more active than in the mother. The results obtained suggest the increase of functional activity of the thyroid gland in the mother by the end of pregnancy and the presence of such an activity in the foetus, as well as the high activity of the deiodizing system in the foetal liver during the last days of prenatal development.

Animals↗