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PubMed1990

The effects of training in social perspective taking on socially maladjusted girls.

A paucity of research exists concerning training programs for the development of interpersonal functioning in socially maladjusted or delinquent adolescent females. Females in a residential institution participated in a role-play program designed to enhance social perspective-taking ability. In 15 sessions girls were coached in specific social skills and acted multiple role perspectives in typical problem situations. Compared to girls in a fitness training program, girls in the role-play training program showed enhanced performance on a measure of social perspective taking. Generalized effects were also found for performance on tests of interpersonal problem analysis, empathy, and the acceptance of individual differences. Additionally, observational data indicated that role-play training resulted in increased prosocial behaviors. Role-play training had no effect on a measure of referential communication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Social gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile X males: a controlled study.

Preference for social gaze as well as the percentage occurrence of social gaze, nonverbal social avoidance, and nonverbal repetitive behaviors were examined in autistic and nonautistic prepubertal males with the fragile X syndrome (fra[X]) during social interaction with a parent or stranger. Comparison groups were nonhandicapped, Down syndrome, atypical pervasive developmental disorder, and autistic males. The subjects with fra(X) and the nonhandicapped and Down syndrome control subjects discriminated parent from stranger as evidenced by their avoidance behavior. The overall percentage of avoidance was higher, however, for both parent and stranger, among the males with fra(X). Autistic and atypical groups without fra(X) failed to discriminate parent from stranger in their avoidance behavior. Possible explanations for these group differences in terms of language level or degree of language demand were ruled out. Implications for research concerning the relations among fra(X), autism, and mental retardation were discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1984

The effects of social skills training and peer involvement on the social adjustment of preadolescents.

This study examined the effects of social skills training and peer involvement on the peer acceptance of disliked preadolescents. 56 fifth- and sixth-grade children were identified as unaccepted by their peers and deficient in conversational skills. These children were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: (1) conversational skills training (individual coaching), (2) peer involvement under superordinate goals (group experience), (3) conversational skills training combined with peer involvement (group experience with coaching), and (4) a no-treatment control. Differential treatment effects were observed at both a posttreatment and follow-up assessment. As predicted, conversational skills training promoted skill acquisition and increased skillful social interaction. Peer involvement increased peer acceptance and children's self-perceptions of their social efficacy. The results were interpreted in terms of a developmentally based multidimensional model of social competence.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1993

[Developing social medicine competence in medical education--goals in social medicine education for the practicing physician from the viewpoint of mandatory public insurance].

The social obligation of medicine is not limited to the application of technical-curative methods. It rather also encompasses prevention, rehabilitation as well as cooperation with other health professions. Furthermore, medicine is tied into a social, economical and legal framework which has a direct impact on medical practice. Training in social medicine within the medical curriculum has to address these relationships. Moreover, the interaction between the ecological, occupational and social environment and the causes of diseases and disabilities should be a central focus of the subject.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of the social status and social behavior of aggressive and aggressive/withdrawn boys.

The purpose of this study was to clarify contradictory findings concerning the social status of aggressive youngsters. This was undertaken by dividing kindergarten boys into either Aggressive [A] or Aggressive/Withdrawn [A/W] groups, as proposed by Ledingham [1981]. Both groups were found to be high on peer-nominated rejection, but the A group was also high on peer-nominated popularity while the A/W group was low. Similarly, both groups were observed to be high in negative peer interactions, but the A group was also high in positive interactions. It was noted that valuable information regarding the social status and social behavior of aggressive youngsters would be lost if such subgrouping is not undertaken. The relationship between Ledingham 's categorizations and others reported in the literature was discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Social network and social support deficits in depressed patients: a result of distorted perception?

Many studies have indicated that depressed individuals show deficits in social network/social support. However, little attention has been paid to the extent to which the illness itself causes these deficits that, owing to the distortion of perception of depressed patients, might be experienced subjectively, but do not necessarily exist objectively. To examine this question, a prospective study was conducted with hospitalized depressed patients. In accordance with the assumption that the duration of illness has a special impact on social resources, the sample was divided into two groups: individuals with single episodes of depression (n = 25) and with recurrent depression (n = 25). At the beginning of hospitalization both groups showed massive deficits in social network/social support. Depressed individuals with single episodes showed fewer deficits, the more the depression improved. In contrast, such a covariation of severity of depression and the amount of experienced deficits was not found among the individuals with recurrent depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Social ties, social support, and perceived health status among chronically disabled people.

Social ties can be particularly useful to disabled people, but little is known about the nature of social support in this population. This study investigated social ties, perceived support, received support, and perceived health status in a sample of 332 disabled persons living in a southeastern metropolitan area of the U.S. Major disability groups represented were musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiac, and end-stage renal disease. Size of kin networks was inversely related to respondents' socioeconomic status. Disabled women were less likely than disabled men to be married, more likely to be single-parent heads of household, and more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. Perceived support from family was high for all respondents. Perceived health status did not vary with amount of perceived support, but within disability groups, perceived health status tended to vary with amount of received help.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The social course of epilepsy: chronic illness as social experience in interior China.

Findings are reported from a collaborative research project on the experience of epilepsy and treatment among patients and family members in Shanxi and Ningxia Provinces in China. Family, marriage, financial and moral consequences of the social experience of epilepsy support the conceptualization of chronic illness as possessing a social course. Beyond traditional concern with stigma, application of concepts of delegitimation, sociosomatic processes, coping as resistance, contestation in the evaluation of efficacy and compliance, and the cultural ontology of suffering illustrate other ways that social theory is useful in research on chronic illness and disability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Finding "meaning" in psychology: a lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development.

Much of psychology focuses on universal principles of thought and action. Although an extremely productive pursuit, this approach, by describing only the "average person," risks describing no one in particular. This article discusses an alternate approach that complements interests in universal principles with analyses of the unique psychological meaning that individuals find in their experiences and interactions. Rooted in research on social cognition, this approach examines how people's lay theories about the stability or malleability of human attributes alter the meaning they give to basic psychological processes such as self-regulation and social perception. Following a review of research on this lay theories perspective in the field of social psychology, the implications of analyzing psychological meaning for other fields such as developmental, cultural, and personality psychology are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Perceived social skills and social competence in maltreated children.

The relative effects of child maltreatment, perceived social support, and other risk factors on measures of peer relations were assessed at two points in time. Maltreatment was not found to be related to children's self-reports of social skills or social acceptance, but mothers of maltreated children rated their children as significantly less competent than did mothers of nonmaltreated children. Lower perceived support from peers consistently predicted poorer peer relationships on all measures of peer relations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Development of a scale to measure the social and psychological effects of severe dental anxiety: social attributes of the Dental Anxiety Scale.

This paper describes the development of a scale designed to measure the extent to which severe dental anxiety or phobia affects patients' social wellbeing outside of the dental setting. Items initially selected on the basis of clinical experience were administered to two groups: 78 patients seeking help for severe anxiety and 88 patients attending the general clinic of a dental hospital. Items on the scale discriminated between these two groups and also between patients who were reluctant to attend even when experiencing symptoms and those who attend more regularly. Although the scale correlated moderately well with Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, factor analysis indicated that its items assess the effects of severe anxiety on the two domains of psychological reactions and social inhibition as they occur as indirect effects of dental care. The scale could be included in assessments designed to measure the social and psychological effects of severe dental anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Social Functioning Scale. The development and validation of a new scale of social adjustment for use in family intervention programmes with schizophrenic patients.

Social functioning as an outcome variable in family interventions with schizophrenic patients has been a relatively neglected area. The requirements of a scale of social functioning to measure the efficacy of family interventions include: the measurement of skill/behaviour relevant to the impairments and the demography of this group; the ability to yield considerable information with an economy of clinical time; and the establishment of 'comparative' need through comparison between subscales and with appropriate reference groups. Results from three samples show that the Social Functioning Scale is reliable, valid, sensitive and responsive to change.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Hystersisters online: social support and social comparison among hysterectomy patients on the internet.

BACKGROUND: The Internet has become a popular source of health information for patients with a variety of medical concerns; however, research examining patient interactions on the Internet has been limited. PURPOSE: Four questions were examined in a survey study of hysterectomy patients who visited http://www.hystersisters.com: (a) Do hysterectomy patients use the support Web site because they perceive their proximal sources of social support to be inadequate? (b) What kinds of support do patients receive from the Web site? (c) What attributes characterize the "Hystersisters" that are perceived to be most helpful? (d) How do informational sources vary depending on the nature of the patient concern? METHODS: Women (N = 137) responded to questions about social support, Web site use, and perceptions of other Web site users. RESULTS: Participants reported high levels of perceived support and tangible assistance from their proximal social environment during recovery from surgery (93%-100%). Hystersisters who were perceived as helpful tended to share similar attributes, such as religion and children. On the Web site, information and advice (61%) was sought significantly more than emotional or esteem support (p < .01). For issues involving spiritual or partner matters versus factual issues connected to the hysterectomy, patients expressed greater interest in communicating with a patient who shared their values even if they were not more knowledgeable. CONCLUSIONS: This research contributes to our understanding of how patients utilize the Internet for health information. Longitudinal research is needed to evaluate causal relationships between Internet use and health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Sources of strain between physicians and social workers: implications for social workers in health care settings.

This paper analyzes the sources of strain between the professions of medicine and social work. The two professions are compared in relation to (1) the organization and socialization process of professional training; (2) perspectives on patient care, illness and role of the health care professional; (3) attitudes toward knowledge and data; (4) attitudes toward and preparation for team-work; (5) perspectives on the role of the patient; (6) perceptions of social work's function.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

Social networks and social support among black urban elderly: a health care resource.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in social networks and social support among the black urban elderly. This article reports from a community survey on the size, interaction, availability and adequacy of support and roles of kin and non-kin network members. The findings reveal frequent contact among family, relatives, friends, and neighbors. Black elderly utilize network members differentially for emergency and nonemergency situations. Implications for social work in health care are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

A genealogy of the social identity tradition: Deleuze and Guattari and social psychology.

This paper explores how social psychology has theorized the relationship between the individual and society. This is done through a genealogical analysis of the Social Identity Tradition (SIT). It is argued that the current state of SIT is profoundly shaped by a range of intellectual and moral strategies derived from the work of Henri Tajfel. This 'Tajfel effect' manifests itself as a way of settling theoretical, practical and moral disputes through the invocation of Tajfel as a founding figure. However, this strategy also ties SIT into a model of the subject and an understanding of society that is increasingly seen as problematic. The paper then goes on to show how a range of core concepts at the heart of SIT may be usefully reformulated by drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Their work offers SIT a way of thinking about individuals and groups as sites for connection and differentiation. This is illustrated using the example of Nazi social relations that was originally deployed by Tajfel. Potential issues and direction for SIT as reinvigorated by the encounter with Deleuze and Guattari are then sketched out.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Understanding social insurance: fairness, affordability, and the 'modernization' of Social Security and Medicare.

Americans have been urged for several decades to view Social Security and Medicare as political relics--both unaffordable and unfair in light of contemporary demographic and fiscal circumstances and the practices of modern financial markets and modern medicine. Proposals abound for "modernizing" both systems to emphasize choice, competition, and individual ownership. This paper contends that critics of Social Security and Medicare have misanalyzed the problems of both programs and are urging misdirected reforms. The critics, we argue, are often wrong factually and sometimes confused conceptually. More fundamentally, these critiques and proposals are either ignorant of or hostile to the fundamental logic of social insurance.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Therapy through social workers? The tasks of social therapy in the aged].

In therapeutic treatment of emotionally ill old persons it is imperative to consider the effect that social environment, diseases, disabilities and increasing dependency have on the individual. It is the purpose of this paper to present a psychoanalytically orientated concept, that integrates both the exploration and analysis of intrapsychic conflicts and supporting interventions by way of social therapy. This is shown for individual as well as for group settings. There is also a discussion of the possibilities to have this treatment carried out by specially trained social workers.

Aged↗