Double-stranded RNA nuclease associated with rye germ ribosomes.
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Base Sequence↗
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Phytotherapy in chronic prostatitis.
Chronic prostatitis is a very common condition that is poorly understood and has a significant impact on quality of life. Given the lack of proven efficacy of conventional therapies, such as antibiotics, it is not surprising that patients have turned with increasing frequency to phytotherapy and other alternative treatments. Although alternative therapies are plentiful, few have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and prospective controlled clinical trials. This review will cover phytotherapies commonly used in prostatitis patients and focus in detail on those with published data. These treatments include zinc, cernilton (bee pollen), quercetin, and saw palmetto. Although many of these therapies appear promising in small preliminary studies, phytotherapy requires the same scientific criteria for validation and acceptance as do conventional medical therapies.
Chronic Disease↗
Phytotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: an update.
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Androgen Antagonists↗
Baker's asthma: still among the most frequent occupational respiratory disorders.
BACKGROUND: Baker's asthma and rhinitis are among the most frequent occupational respiratory disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of work-related symptoms and the clinical relevance of sensitization to allergens in screened and symptomatic bakers. METHODS: Eighty-nine bakers participating in a screening study and 104 bakers filing a claim for compensation were examined with regard to occupational and clinical case history, lung function parameters, and sensitization to bakery allergens by skin prick tests, specific IgE analyses, and inhalative challenge tests. RESULTS: A high prevalence of respiratory disorders, abnormal lung function parameters, and sensitization to bakery allergens exists. Most frequently, bakers with workplace-related respiratory symptoms showed sensitization to wheat flour (64%), rye flour (52%), soy bean flour (25%), and alpha-amylase (21%). The correlation between these sensitizations and asthma case history and inhalative challenge test responses was significant. However, approximately 29% of the bakers with respiratory symptoms showed no sensitization to these bakery allergens, whereas 32% of the sensitized bakers in the screening group had no workplace-related symptoms. Atopic status defined by skin prick test sensitization to common allergens or elevated total IgE levels was found to be a risk factor for the development of sensitization to bakery allergens and respiratory symptoms. On the other hand, there is evidence for an increased frequency of elevated total IgE as the result of occupational allergen exposure because respective findings were observed in bakers without symptoms. CONCLUSION: Sensitization to bakery allergens seems to be the main cause of baker's asthma and rhinitis but cannot explain the asthma case history in each case. Further methods are required to objectively assume irritative pathomechanisms. Our findings indicate the necessity for an improved primary prevention of exposure to inhalative noxae in bakeries.
Allergens↗
T-cell receptor contact and MHC binding residues of a major rye grass pollen allergen T-cell epitope.
BACKGROUND: T cells are pivotal in the elicitation of allergic diseases. Analogues of T-cell epitope peptides with a modification at a T-cell receptor (TCR) contact site can alter selected T-cell effector functions. Thus the ability to modulate allergen-specific T-cell responses towards TH1 -like by stimulation with peptide analogues may downregulate allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize the minimal epitope recognized by cloned T cells of a dominant Lol p 5 epitope, p105-116, and identify the critical residues involved in TCR and MHC contact. METHODS: Using peptides with progressive truncation of N- and C-terminal residues in T-cell proliferation assays, we identified the core epitope recognized by cloned CD4(+) T cells. An additional series of peptides with single amino acid substitutions were used in T-cell proliferation and live-cell MHC binding assays. Taken together, these results allowed identification of MHC binding and TCR contact residues of p105-116. RESULTS: The core epitope of p105-116 was identified as residues 107-114. Within this core epitope, 3 residues were found to be important for MHC binding, positions 107, 110, and 112, whereas those at positions 108, 109, 110, 111, and 113 were putative TCR contact residues. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the TCR and MHC contact residues of a dominant Lol p 5 T-cell epitope and analogues of this peptide capable of modulating T-cell responses will allow the evaluation of these peptides' potential as immunotherapeutic agents for rye grass pollen allergic disease.
Allergens↗
Herbal medications in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Herbal medications are used widely in the treatment of BPH. Recent studies suggest a benefit for some of these products with few side effects. The results of these studies are summarized and the possible mechanism of action of these medications are reviewed.
Humans↗
Electronic nose for microbial quality classification of grains.
The odour of grains is in many countries the primary criterion of fitness for consumption. However, smelling of grain for quality grading should be avoided since inhalation of mould spores or toxins may be hazardous to the health and determinations of the off-odours are subjective. An electronic nose, i.e. a gas sensor array combined with a pattern recognition routine might serve as an alternative. We have used an electronic nose consisting of a sensor array with different types of sensors. The signal pattern from the sensors is collected by a computer and further processed by an artificial neural network (ANN) providing the pattern recognition system. Samples of oats, rye and barley with different odours and wheat with different levels of ergosterol, fungal and bacterial colony forming units (cfu) were heated in a chamber and the gas in the chamber was led over the sensory array. The ANN could predict the odour classes of good, mouldy, weakly and strongly musty oats with a high degree of accuracy. The ANN also indicated the percentage of mouldy barley or rye grains in mixtures with fresh grains. In wheat a high degree of correlation between ANN predictions and measured ergosterol as well as with fungal and bacterial cfu was observed. The electronic nose can be developed to provide a simple and fast method for quality classification of grain and is likely to find applications also in other areas of food mycology.
Avena↗
Rye products in the diabetic diet. Postprandial glucose and hormonal responses in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients as compared to starch availability in vitro and experiments in rats.
Rye flakes, rye bread and white wheat bread were given as suspensions to rats and in standardized breakfast meals to non-insulin-dependent diabetics. In both cases the postprandial glucose response was lower after rye bread than after wheat bread. A larger amount of starch remained in the stomach of the rats 15 min after ingesting rye bread compared to wheat bread, indicating that delayed gastric emptying may be one factor explaining the lower response after rye bread. Although the incremental postprandial glucose areas after rye flakes and wheat bread were similar, the rate of decrease of the glucose curve was slower after flaked rye. This would point to a prolonged absorption of some starch in the rye flakes, also indicated by higher late immunoreactive insulin (IRI) values after that product. In the rats the content of starch in the stomachs 15 min after feeding was higher after rye flakes compared to wheat bread. In vitro incubations with alpha-amylase showed lower availability of the starch in rye flakes than in the breads, indicating that several factors may contribute to the differential postprandial glucose response after the wheat and rye products. The levels of insulin, C-peptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, somatostatin, triglyceride and glycerol were followed after the breakfast meals. No pronounced differences of these parameters were seen. However, wheat bread gave significantly higher glucagon and GIP responses than did rye flakes. In conclusion, the absorption pattern and metabolic response after rye bread seems preferable to that after wheat bread. The flaked rye on the other hand was not effective in reducing postprandial glycaemia despite a lower availability of starch in vitro.
Aged↗
Nonradioactive in situ hybridization for detection of hydrophobin mRNA in the phytopathogenic fungus Claviceps purpurea during infection of rye.
Hydrophobins are unique fungal extracellular proteins that produce amphipathic films at interfaces, mediate contact to hydrophobic surfaces and are known to be important in phytopathogenicity. In the pathogenic ascomycete Claviceps purpurea, causing ergot disease in grasses and cereals and ergotism in livestock, a gene encoding an extraordinary type of hydrophobin has been detected, which appeared to be induced during alkaloid synthesis in axenic culture of an ergot-alkaloid producing strain of Claviceps (V. Garre and P. Tudzynski, pers. communication; Arntz and Tudzynski, 1997, Curr. Genet. 31, 357-360). To elucidate presence and function of this hydrophobin during infection of rye, the nonradioactive in situ hybridization technique was successfully adapted to the fungal organism and optimized in the pathogenic interaction system. Semithin cryosections proved to be suitable for microscopical gene expression analysis using immune-mediated alkaline-phosphatase staining for detection of digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes. Specific hybridization of the prepared antisense riboprobe to hydrophobin mRNA was confirmed in nonradioactive Northern blots. While permeabilization by proteinase K had only a minor effect, the inclusion of detergent into the hybridization solutions enhanced specific RNA-RNA hybridization under maximum stringency. Hydrophobin mRNA was found in fungal cells, growing in axenic culture. In the disease cycle, hydrophobin transcripts were localized in abundance during vegetative fructification in conidiophores that actively produced conidia. No signals were observed in sclerotial hyphae during formation of the alkaloid-containing ergots, although they fluoresced intensely during total RNA detection using acridine orange. Notably, in situ hybridization experiments resulted in specific signals during early infection and colonization phases in the external mycelia and in hyphae penetrating the host epidermal layer. The presumed role of the hydrophobin gene product in ergot pathogenicity is discussed with respect to the described spatio-temporal distribution of the hydrophobin transcripts.
Claviceps↗
[Advertising and health education].
Health education and advertising have a common aim: to modify human behaviour. Health education tries to induce healthy behaviours. In some occasions Publicity proposes risky behaviours. Ads appearing during a two-month period in magazines of the largest circulation in Spain are analyzed here. A total of 1,726 ads which could have a negative influence on health either because of the product or service offered or for the use of health as a persuasive argument in their text, are considered. The magazines Hola and Lecturas had the highest ratio ads/magazine. Spirits, food and drugs were the most frequently advertised products. And more than 50% of the ads used health and welfare as argument for better selling. Health educators should know and teach the critical analysis of publicity, and use advertisements as a teaching tool to enable people to see through misleading advertising.
Advertising↗
Genetic consequences of radioactive contamination by the Chernobyl fallout to agricultural crops.
The genetic consequences of radioactive contamination by the fallout to agricultural crops after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986 have been studied. In the first, acute, period of this accident, when the absorbed dose was primarily due to external beta- and gamma-irradiation, the radiation injury of agricultural crops, according to the basic cytogenetic tests, resembled the effect produced by acute gamma-irradiation at comparable doses. The yield of cytogenetic damage in leaf meristem of plants grown in the 10-km zone of the ChNPP in 1987-1989 (the period of chronic, lower level radiation exposure) was shown to be enhanced and dependent on the level of radioactive contamination. The rate of decline with time in cytogenetic damage induced by chronic exposure lagged considerably behind that of the radiation exposure. Analysis of genetic variability in three sequential generations of rye and wheat revealed increased cytogenetic damage in plants exposed to chronic irradiation during the 2nd and 3rd years.
Avena↗
Baker's asthma in a child.
BACKGROUND: baker's asthma is a well-known occupational lung disease which usually develops in adults. We report the case of a two years old boy who suffered from asthma, urticaria and atopic dermatitis for twelve months, whose symptoms were associated to visits to his grandfather's bakery. METHODS AND RESULTS: skin prick tests (SPT) were made to dust mites, moulds, flours, alfa-amylase and egg. It was also determined total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to alfa-amylase and flours. Subsequently, a challenge test was carried out with wheat flour. The SPTs were positive to flours, alfa-amylase and egg. The determination of specific IgE antibodies showed 2.64 kU/L to wheat, 0.79 kU/L to glyadin and 2.98 kU/L to alfa-amylase. The patient developed asthma and rhinitis after manipulating wheat flour for 10 min. CONCLUSIONS: we demonstrated a type I hypersensitivity to wheat flour and alfa-amylase in a two years old child by SPT, specific IgE antibodies and challenge test. This case in the childhood equivalent of occupational baker's asthma.
Angioedema↗
Efficacy and tolerability of short-term specific immunotherapy with pollen allergoids adjuvanted by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) for children and adolescents.
BACKGROUND: Specific immunotherapy (SIT) with pollen allergoids formulated with the Th1-inducing adjuvant 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL adjuvant, Corixa) has shown good efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of pollen allergies in adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate this treatment in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old who were sensitive to grass/rye or tree pollens. METHODS: An open, multicenter study was performed using 90 children and adolescents. The patients received four subcutaneous injections of grass/rye (n = 64) or tree pollen allergoids (n = 26) adsorbed to L-tyrosine and containing MPL adjuvant. Efficacy was measured by symptom and medication scoring, skin prick test reactivity and IgG/IgE antibody responses. Tolerability was monitored by recording adverse events. RESULTS: Both grass/rye and tree pollen treatment groups showed significant reductions in symptom scores and anti-allergic medication use compared with the previous pollen seasons (p < 0.01 in all cases). After therapy, skin prick test reactivity was significantly reduced in both groups and pollen-specific IgG was significantly increased in both groups whereas little change was apparent in pollen-specific IgE. Overall tolerability was similar to results obtained in previous studies in adults. CONCLUSION: Short-term SIT using four injections of grass/rye or tree pollen allergoids adsorbed to L-tyrosine and with MPL adjuvant was shown to be effective with good tolerability. The treatment compared favorably with previous studies in adults.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Cereal-induced anaphylaxis in an adult after eating a baby cereal formula.
Ingestion of infant cereal formula as a cause of anaphylaxis has been exclusively described in children. We report the case of a man who experienced an anaphylactic reaction after eating his son's cereal formula. We believe that cereals constitute a rising problem and a hidden allergen that can cause severe reactions. Although these reactions are not fully understood, they may possibly be a life-long event.
Adult↗
Chemopreventive activity of crude hydroxsymatairesinol (HMR) extract in Apc(Min) mice.
We studied the effects of a lignan, hydroxymatairesinol (HMR), and rye bran on intestinal tumor development in adenomatous polyposis colimultiple intestinal neoplasia (Apc)(Min) mice. HMR showed a strong chemopreventive effect in this animal model. The mean number of adenomas in the small intestine was significantly lower (26. 6+/-11.0, P<0.05) in mice fed the inulin and HMR when compared with the inulin and inulin/rye bran fed mice (39.6+/-8.9 and 36.0+/-7.4, respectively). HMR resulted in normalization of beta-catenin levels in adenoma tissue, indicating that HMR mediates its chemopreventive effect through the Apc-beta-catenin pathway. In the cytosolic fraction, beta-catenin level in adenoma tissue was significantly elevated (P=0.008-0.013) in all the diet groups as compared with that of the surrounding mucosa. In the nuclear fraction, beta-catenin in the inulin (3.15+/-2.9 relative units) and inulin/rye (5.17+/-6.94 relative units) groups was also significantly higher (P=0.003-0.009) in the adenoma tissue when compared with the surrounding mucosa (0.5+/-0.5 and 0.35+/-0.39 relative units). However, HMR was able to restore nuclear beta-catenin level of the adenoma tissue (0.41+/-0.25 relative units) to the level found in the surrounding mucosa (0.36+/-0.28 relative units).
Adenoma↗
Soy and rye diets inhibit the development of Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma in rats.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soy and rye on the development of Dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma in rats.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Considering wheat, rye, and barley proteins as aids to carcinogens.
The increased incidence of lymphoma in celiac sprue (CS) is well documented, and the risk of developing this malignancy is 40-100-fold greater than in the general population. The author believes that gluten may also be at the root of lymphomas in asymptomatic and latent celiac sprue, as well. Among the 20-30% of the population which has the HLA factors most common in celiac, increased intestinal permeability leads to absorption of macromolecular peptides with opioid activity, which derive from pepsin digests of wheat. The presence, in the bloodstream, of these peptides may increase the risk of lymphomas for the entire hereditary group, which includes CS. Several processes contribute to the effect that is herein hypothesized, including opioid attachment at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), and subsequent downregulation of production of natural killer cells. This may offer an explanation for our longstanding awareness that there is an 'impaired lymphocyte reactivity against tumor cells in patients with coeliac disease' which may also apply to first-degree relatives with the same HLA markers.
Carcinogens↗