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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Rapid thin-layer chromatographic screening method for the detection of five sulfonamides in swine tissues: collaborative study.

A rapid thin-layer chromatographic screening method for five sulfonamides in swine tissues was studied collaboratively in nine Dutch laboratories. All collaborators were sent fifteen swine muscle and fifteen swine kidney samples. These were obtained from treated swine or from swine tissues spiked with sulfonamides at levels ranging from 0 to 0.4 mg/kg. The study indicates that the method is suitable for the screening of animal tissues for these sulfonamides. False scores occasionally occur at the lowest levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Long-term in vitro cell culture of Sinclair swine melanoma.

The melanoma of Sinclair swine exhibits several characteristics similar to human melanoma but demonstrates an unusually high incidence of spontaneous regression. A total of 66 finite cell lines derived from 21 swine melanotic lesions, both cutaneous and visceral, were studied in vitro over their life spans of up to 14 months. The growth characteristics of the cultures varied with the age of the swine from which the tumors were obtained. Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged less than 2 months grew steadily in cluture with a population-doubling time of 120 to 180 hr until growth and division ceased after a maximum of 25 to 35 population doublings (6 to 8 passages). Cell cultures of tumors obtained from swine aged 3 months or older showed a biphasic growth pattern with an early slow growth rate (population-doubling time 120 to 160 hr), which shifted after 3 to 6 passages to a faster rate (80 to 110 hr population-doubling time) until termination of growth and division after a maximum of 75 to 85 population doublings (18 to 20 passages). The cultures were morphologically heterogeneous including cuboidal, spindle and dendritic cell types. Electron microscopy showed classic melanosomes only in the primary and passage 1 cultures although vesicular inclusions were numerous in later-passage cells. However, continued melanin synthesis was indicated by the spectroscopic characteristics of material obtained from medium of passage 8 cultures and by DOPA staining of cultures as advanced as passage 18.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogens: stability of oils.

An incomplete anoxic fermentation of livestock waste results in offensive odor emissions. Antimicrobial additives may be useful in controlling odor emissions and pathogens. Natural antimicrobial compounds, carvacrol or thymol at 16.75 mM (2.5 g/l) completely inhibited the production of the offensive odor compounds, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and cresol, and significantly reduced other short-chain volatile fatty acids and gas emissions from swine waste. Fecal coliforms were reduced from 6.3 x 10(6) to 1.0 x 10(3) cells per ml 2 days after treatment with carvacrol (13.3 mM) and were not detectable within 14 days. Total culturable anaerobic bacteria were reduced from 12.4 x 10(10) to 7.2 x 10(8) cells per ml after 2 days and were suppressed below this level for 28 days. Lactate production was not prevalent in untreated swine waste indicating that the microbial populations differ from those in cattle waste. Carvacrol and thymol were stable in swine waste under anoxic conditions for 62 days with 90 to 95% of the additive being recovered in the waste solids. In conclusion, carvacrol and thymol are not metabolized in anoxic swine waste and they are potentially useful in controlling odor emissions and pathogens in swine waste.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Swine cytosolic malic enzyme: cDNA cloning, sequencing, and localization.

A highly significant genetic association has been found between some alleles of the swine Major Histocompatibility Complex SLA (Swine Leukocyte Antigen genetic complex) and the cytosolic malic enzymatic activity level in muscles. The aim of this study was to find out whether this genetic association was due to a close linkage of the SLA region and the gene coding for the enzyme. Since no swine cytosolic malic enzyme sequence (ME1) was available, we isolated several overlapping fragments that spanned the almost entire malic enzyme transcript both by screening of a swine cDNA library and by RT-PCR. The results indicated the existence of two transcripts of 2. 0 and 3.1 kb, which probably correspond to two alternative forms of one gene. The sequence of the transcript was highly similar to the other published mammalian cytosolic NADP+-dependent malic enzyme cDNA, especially within the four functional domains. Two major bands at 3.7 and 2.4 kb were detected on Northern blots containing the RNA from 25 tissues from fetuses and adult pigs. A high expression level was found in the adrenal gland, muscle, liver, and peripheral nerves. The analysis of malic enzyme RFLPs in five SLA informative families revealed an independent segregation of the ME1 gene from the SLA region. In situ hybridization results localized the cytosolic malic enzyme on the swine Chromosome (Chr) 1p1.2, except that the association between SLA and the malic enzyme activity level was due to a physical genetic linkage. Thus, the mechanisms underlying this association remain to be elucidated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Effect of prostaglandin E2 on pulmonary vascular resistance in intact dog, swine and lamb.

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pulmonary vascular resistance in the intact dog, swine and lamb were studied using a right heart catheterization technique to isolate and perfuse the left lower lung lobe at controlled blood flow. Infusion of PGE2 into the lobar artery increased lobar arterial perfusion pressure but did not alter pressure in the left atrium in all 3 species. The increase in lobar arterial pressure was associated with a rise in pressure in the small intrapulmonary lobar vein in the dog but no change in pressure in these veins in the swine and lamb. Infusion of PGE2 into the iliac artery produced a marked decrease in perfusion pressure in the hindlimb of the dog. The effects of PGE2 on the canine lung occurred in the absence of any significant change in arterial blood gases, pH, hematocrit or rate and volume of respiration, and this substance increased pulmonary vascular resistance when the lung was perfused with dextran instead of blood. These results show that in dog, swine and lamb, PGE2 increases pulmonary vascular resistance; however, the site of vasoconstriction is different in the dog and swine or lamb. In the swine and lamb vasoconstriction occurred primarily in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumably small arteries, whereas in the dog lung, the pre- and postcapillary vessels were actively constricted by this naturally occurring substance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reductions in serum thromboxane, prostacyclin, and leukotriene B4 levels in swine fed a fish oil supplement to an atherogenic diet.

We have reported previously that fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids added to a butter-cholesterol atherogenic diet for swine resulted in marked retardation of the atherosclerotic process which many regard as largely an inflammatory response to injury by excessive lipids in the intima. In this report on the same swine we present serum levels of several eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The study involves six swine fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet (BT group) for 4 months, six swine fed the same diet but with 30 ml/day fish oil added (BT + FO), and five swine fed a low fat, low cholesterol mash diet (MA). The serum eicosanoids were measured by radioimmunoassay. Thromboxane B2 levels (ng/dl: means +/- SEM) were 543 +/- 49 for MA, 231 +/- 12 for BT, and 105 +/- 20 for BT + FO, and all differences were statistically highly significant, 6-Keto PGF1 alpha (a relatively stable prostacyclin metabolite) levels were 249 +/- 31 for MA, 184 +/- 12 for BT, and 101 +/- 10 for BT + FO, and all differences were significant. Leukotriene B4 levels at 4 months were 151 +/- 25 for MA, 112 +/- 11 for BT, and 84 +/- 11 for BT + FO. BT + FO was significantly different from both MA and BT, but BT was not significantly different from MA. Leukotriene C4 levels were not significantly different among the three groups. Of special interest was the effect of the BT diet without the FO additive in reducing several eicosanoid levels compared to MA values. The affected eicosanoid levels were reduced still further by the fish oil additive, indicating its ability to inhibit both the cyclooxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways. The relation of the fish oil-induced inhibition to the observed retardation of atherogenesis is not as yet clear but there are several theoretical possibilities, including reduction in recruitment of monocytes and in proliferation of smooth muscle cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of methyl prednisolone and colchicine on the development of aortic atherosclerosis in swine.

The effect of methyl prednisolone and colchicine on the development of both the early proliferative and advanced atherosclerotic lesion in swine aorta was studied. In order to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, the abdominal aortic endothelium was partially denuded by a balloon before the animals were placed on either a moderate or severe hypercholesterolemic diet. Neither drug in either dietary group inhibited the development of atherosclerosis. Swine receiving methyl prednisolone and severe hypercholesterolemic diet actually had a significantly greater number of the advanced necrotic lesions and more arterial calcification than the group receiving the atherogenic diet alone. In addition, the thoracic aorta of swine receiving the moderate hypercholesterolemic diet and methyl prednisolone showed larger amounts of lipid than did the non-drug fed control group. In swine receiving the moderate hypercholesterolemic diet, methyl prednisolone significantly raised serum cholesterol levels. Colchicine only slightly worsened the atherosclerosis in swine aorta and had no effect on serum cholesterol levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Inverse effect of chronically elevated blood flow on atherogenesis in miniature swine.

The effect of chronically elevated blood flow on the development of atherosclerosis in miniature swine was studied. Fistulas connecting the right external iliac artery and vein were surgically created in four swine, while three were not fistulated. Pulsed Doppler velocity detection cuffs placed around the abdominal aorta and both iliac arteries of all pigs permitted chronic measurements of blood velocity, blood velocity distributions, and blood flow. All swine were fed an atherogenic diet consisting of 20% beef tallow, 3% cholesterol, and 5% cholic acid for 6 months. This diet elevated the serum cholesterol to values exceeding 500 mg/100 ml. Creation of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) markedly elevated blood velocity and flow in the abdominal aorta and in the shunted iliac artery. In the shunted animals the aortic blood flow was 42.1 +/- 2.0 ml/sec compared with 17.3 +/- 1.4 ml/sec in the unshunted swine. The velocity distribution pattern across the vessel was also indicative of an elevated wall shear stress. After 6 months, the animals were killed and the arterial vessels examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. In the shunted pigs, 17 +/- 15% of the lumenal surface was occupied by sudanophilic lesions, whereas 80 +/- 8% of the surface was covered by lesions in the unshunted (control) pigs. From these studies, it is apparent that mechanical factors related to blood flow rates can influence the development of atherosclerotic lesions in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Yucatan miniature swine as a model for diet-induced atherosclerosis.

Nine female Yucatan miniature swine, a breed not previously evaluated for their potential usefulness as a model for experimental atherosclerosis studies, were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 10-12 months. These swine and 4 control (low-fat, low-cholesterol-fed) swine underwent a complete necropsy at the end of this period to characterize the atherosclerosis both by gross and microscopic examination. Cholesterol feeding led to elevated serum cholesterol levels and the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. Control animals on a low-cholesterol diet had little gross or microscopic atherosclerosis. All of the cholesterol-fed swine had more extensive atherosclerosis than any of the controls by gross inspection of the Sudan-stained arterial tissue. There was individual variation suggesting the interaction of factors in addition to the plasma cholesterol which determine the extent and severity of atherosclerosis. However, it was possible to show a positive correlation between hypercholesterolemia and (1) intimal thickening in the terminal abdominal aorta and mesenteric artery, and (2) increased fat deposition in the mesenteric artery. The cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis was characterized by the deposition of lipid in and around cells. Complicated atherosclerotic lesions similar to human atherosclerosis were characterized by marked animal proliferation, necrosis, cholesterol crystal deposition, and calcification. It is concluded that the Yucatan miniature swine represent an important additional animal model in which to study certain aspects of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Endothelial cell labeling indices in swine aortas in relation to intimal cell mass-derived atherosclerotic lesions.

In the swine abdominal aorta, most atherosclerotic lesions arise from naturally occurring collections of intimal cells called intimal cell masses. The main objective of this study was to determine if the tritiated thymidine labeling index of endothelial cells lying over intimal cell masses was greater than that of endothelial cells not over intimal cell masses. A higher endothelial cell labeling index over intimal cell masses would indicate possibly a greater turnover in the area. Such a finding would suggest possible transient but repeated breaks in the endothelial cell barrier that might contribute to the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion in intimal cell masses. In 2 groups of mash-fed swine, 2 and 11 months old, no differences were found in labeling indices of endothelial cells lying over or not over intimal cell masses. It appears that the initiation of atherosclerosis in swine abdominal aorta is not dependent upon pre-existing altered endothelial cell kinetics as measured by tritiated thymidine labeling indices. The labeling index of cells within the intimal cell mass was significantly higher than in the media; this also is obviously not dependent upon an increased labeling index of the covering endothelial cells. Another group of swine were killed at 11 months of age after receiving a hyperlipidemic diet for 270 days. The labeling index of endothelial cells over atherosclerotic lesions was significantly higher than the labeling index of endothelial cells not over lesions in these swine, and also significantly higher than that of endothelial cells over intimal cell masses in the 11-month old mash-fed group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Intimal cell mass-derived atherosclerotic lesions in the abdominal aorta of hyperlipidemic swine. Part 1. Cell of origin, cell divisions and cell losses in first 90 days on diet.

Atherosclerotic lesions may originate and develop in a variety of ways. In this study we are focusing our attention on atherosclerotic lesions arising in normally occurring intimal cell masses (ICM) in the abdominal aortas of hyperlipidemic (HL) swine. Times chosen for study were 0, 14, 49 and 90 days on HL diet; mash-fed swine were used as controls. Total numbers of cells in the ICM of HL and mash swine were similar at 14 and 49 days; by 90 days the number of cells had increased dramatically in the HL swine to 8-fold greater than control values. Changes present at 49 days and thus preceding increase in cell numbers included extensive intracellular lipid accumulation with by count nearly half of the ICM cells involved and elevated tritiated thymidine labeling indices (LI) 4-fold greater than control. Differential cell counts by transmission electron microscopy were made on the ICM lesions in the HL swine at 49 and 90 days. More than 95% of all cells were smooth muscle cells (SMC), with relatively few monocytes being present. Calculations from the LI and total cell counts showed that the entire increase in cell numbers could be accounted for by divisions among the resident SMC in the ICM. Further calculations suggested that cell losses (deaths) from the ICM were minimal. Scanning electron microscopy studies reported elsewhere revealed no loss of endothelial integrity. The results suggest: (1) that the lesions arise by stimulation of the resident SMC in the ICM to hyperplastic activity, (2) that the role of monocytes in the early development of these lesions is minimal if any, (3) that in view of the intact endothelium platelets are not likely to play an important role, (4) that ICM cell death is not a major factor, (5) that the most likely candidate for the cell growth stimulatory role (? mitogen) is some component(s) of the excess lipid that accumulates in the ICM.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Association of plasma intermediate density lipoproteins with atherogenic intimal proliferative activity in abdominal aortas of hyperlipidemic swine.

In an earlier study of swine fed hyperlipidemic (HL) diets containing either butter or corn oil we found wide differences in atherogenic intimal proliferative responses among the swine, especially in the corn oil group, that could not be entirely accounted for by differences in serum cholesterol levels. We hypothesized that there might be differences in some lipoprotein constituents other than total cholesterol that might better account for the differences in intimal proliferative responses. In the current experiment, 11 swine were fed HL diets containing butter (n = 5) or corn oil (n = 6). At 90 days on HL diet, plasma was obtained for lipoprotein fractionation. At 120 days the swine were killed and the lesion areas and number of nuclear profiles in the intima or lesions in multiple cross-sections of the distal abdominal aorta were determined under light microscopy. Tritiated thymidine labeling indices of the intima or lesion cells were also determined. On comparing the butter and corn oil groups, only IDL-cholesterol and tritiated thymidine labeling indices of the cells in the lesions were significantly different. Based on the number of nuclear profiles per cross-section (Np/Cx) 7 were classified as high intimal proliferative responders (5 butter, 2 corn oil) and 4 as low responders (4 corn oil). The high-proliferative responders had plasma IDL levels 6-fold greater than those of the low responders with no overlaps. LDL, VLDL and HDL were not significantly different between the high- and low-proliferative responders. Among correlation coefficients between Np/Cx and plasma lipoprotein variables for all swine (n = 11), IDL cholesterol level was best correlated with Np/Cx. However, in the high responder group LDL values showed a highly significant correlation with the amount of intimal proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal apolipoprotein B-48 synthesis and lymphatic cholesterol transport are lower in swine fed high fat, high cholesterol diet with soy protein than with casein.

Effects of dietary proteins on intestinal lipoproteins were studied in 8 Yorkshire swine fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet with either casein or soy protein. After 5 weeks of feeding, the casein group exhibited moderately elevated levels of serum cholesterol (334 +/- 46 mg/dl). The soy protein group showed significantly less hypercholesterolemia as compared to the casein group (122 +/- 8 mg/dl). Swine were subjected to cannulation of mesenteric lymph duct under halothane anesthesia. A single dose of 250 microCi [14C]cholesterol and 10 mCi [3H]leucine was infused into the upper jejunum 2 h after one-fifth of daily food was given. The 3-h lymphatic transport of cholesterol in casein-fed swine was significantly higher than in those fed soy protein. Triglyceride transport values were similar in the 2 groups. The [3H]leucine incorporation study revealed that transport of apo B-48 bore a significant positive relationship to transport of cholesterol in both chylomicron and VLDL fractions of mesenteric lymph. A greater apo B-48 secretion with higher specific activity was probably responsible for the greater transport of cholesterol in chylomicrons in casein-fed than in soy protein-fed swine. Similarly, the transport of lymph VLDL cholesterol in swine fed casein or soy protein paralleled the amount of accompanying apo B-48. Dietary proteins probably influence the intestinal synthesis of apo B-48 which in turn affects cholesterol transport into the lymphatics.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

The effect of bile acids on "solubilized" cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in swine.

Optimal assay conditions for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in swine liver microsomes were determined. The enzyme activity is induced three-fold by feeding cholestyramine to the swine. This suggests that cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase is likely to be the rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis of bile acids in swine. The effects of various bile acids on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in swine microsome and "solubilized" cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity have been studied. There is no significant reduction of native microsomal enzyme activity. However, except for chenodeoxycholic acid, most of the bile acids tested exerted significant inhibition on "solubilized" cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. This finding suggests that bile acids could interact with and regulate the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid formation in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Fc receptors do not mediate African swine fever virus replication in macrophages.

Titration experiments in swine macrophages have shown that African swine fever virus infectivity was not enhanced in the presence of antiviral antibodies. The early viral protein synthesis and the viral DNA replication in swine macrophages infected with virus-antibody complexes were inhibited in the presence of high doses of uv-inactivated virus, which saturated specific virus receptors, but not when Fc receptors were saturated with antibodies. These results indicate that African swine fever virus does not infect swine macrophages through Fc receptors and that the normal entry pathway through virus receptors is not bypassed by the virus-antibody complexes.

African Swine Fever Virus↗
PubMed1992

Identification of infant and adult swine susceptible to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by detection of receptors for F4(K88)ac fimbriae in brush borders or feces.

We attempted to determine F4(K88)-adhesive and non-adhesive phenotypes of infant (neonatal < 3 day old and weaned < 4 week old pigs) and adult (> 6 month old) swine by ELISA using immobilized F4(K88)ac fimbrial antigen or whole F4(K88) + E. coli cells (strains M1823 and 1476) and isolated small intestinal brush borders or easily-obtainable fecal samples from the same animals. Nineteen of 22 neonates (86%), 17 of 20 weaners (85%), and 26 of 39 adults (67%) were classified identically as F4(K88) receptor-positive or negative by the ELISA. The ELISA with feces from adult swine was found to be almost equally specific (87%) as that with feces from neonatal (90%) and weaned (91%) pigs. However, the sensitivity of the assay was low (38%), indicating that fecal samples from adults contained less receptor-material than necessary for comparable phenotyping. The receptor-positive brush borders from neonates and weaners reacted significantly better (P < 0.02, < 0.001 respectively) with purified F4(K88) antigen than did those from adults. There was good agreement between the average ELISA values for feces from infant and adult swine regardless the source of coating antigen applied. With this assay we can determine F4(K88) phenotypes of infant swine using easily-collected fecal samples rather than isolated brush borders. It was also concluded that tested feces is not an acceptable alternate source of the receptor-material to brush borders from F4(K88)-susceptible adult swine.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1987

A simple one-column procedure for the separation of swine and human serum transferrins.

A rapid method for the separation of transferrin from swine or human serum is described. Serum (human or swine) is brought to 50% of saturation with ammonium sulfate for removal of immunoglobulins, the resulting precipitate discarded and the supernatant brought to 70% of saturation. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in and dialyzed against 1.54 mM sodium azide (I = 0.00154). Chromatography of the low ionic strength ammonium sulfate fractions (= 20 ml of swine or human serum, 70% of saturation) on columns of Bio-Gel A-1.5 m-Reactive Blue 2, equilibrated with 1.54 mM sodium azide, resulted in two peaks, a breakthrough peak and pure transferrin which was eluted with a linear gradient with 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.1, as limit buffer. Yields varied between 53 and 55% from whole serum and 70-76% from the ammonium sulfate fractions. Transferrins from both species were found to be homogeneous when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis (anti whole serum antibody) and anionic and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Hemopexin, a frequently found contaminant in transferrin preparations, is tightly bound by the gel-dye complex under the experimental conditions. Swine serum transferrin possesses many physicochemical properties practically identical to the human protein. Although small differences in physicochemical properties were apparent the extinction coefficients, molecular weights, electrophoretic mobilities, absorbance maxima of the diferric proteins (470 nm), isoelectric points and the absorbance ratios (465 nm/410 nm) of the diferric proteins were practically identical. Both swine and human transferrin produced a reaction of identity (complete coalescence) when reacted with antibody to either transferrin.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against swine leukocytes.

Hybridomas were produced from fusions of the SP2/0 mouse myeloma with splenic cells from: 1) an outbred Sprague Dawley rat immunized with swine peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells; 2) a (CBA/NDub X BALB/c Dub) F1 mouse immunized with concanavalin A (Con A) activated swine PBM cells and 3) a (BALB/c Dub X C3H/He Dub) F1 mouse immunized with swine thymocytes. The resulting supernatants were screened by a microcytotoxicity assay for activity against swine PBM cells. Four hybridomas (MSA1, MSA2, MSA3 and MSA4) were selected, cloned and characterized by their cell reactivity and effect on mitogenic assays. MSA1 and MSA2 belong to the rat IgG2b subclass. MSA3 and MSA4 are of the mouse IgG2a subclass. These monoclonal antibodies reacted in the following manner: MSA1 with monocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells and bone marrow cells; MSA2 with subset of T cells; MSA3 with B cells and subsets of T cells and monocytes (class II molecule) and MSA4, a pan-T cell reagent (E-rosette receptor). The involvement of the various cell types reactive to the different monoclonal antibodies in the mitogenic response of swine PBM cells to Con A, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was investigated by cellular depletion with monoclonal antibody plus complement. Cellular depletion of PBM cells with the following monoclonal antibodies plus complement treatment resulted in: MSA1, almost total reduction in the mitogenic response to low doses of Con A or PWM; MSA2, partial reduction in the proliferative responses to any concentration of Con A, PHA or PWM; MSA3, partial reduction in proliferative responses to low concentrations of Con A or PWM and 4) MSA4, total elimination of any proliferative response to Con A, PHA or PWM.

Animals↗