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PubMed1972

Numerical taxonomy of coryneform bacteria isolated from pond-reared shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) and pond water.

Gram-positive, catalase-positive, nonsporeforming, pleomorphic rods isolated from pond-reared shrimp and pond water were compared with type cultures of the Corynebacteriaceae. Classification of the type cultures based on 66 cell and colony characters proved comparable to one based on 163 morphological, biochemical, and physiological characters. This similarity was not observed with pond isolates. With the aid of numerical analysis, pond isolates could be placed into six major groups based on certain biochemical and physiological tests. Coryneform bacteria isolated from shrimp and water exhibited little similarity to the type cultures. The pond isolates probably are members of the Corynebacteriaceae not previously studied in detail.

Arthrobacter↗

PubMed1964

METSCHNIKOWIA KAMIENSKII, SP. N., A YEAST ASSOCIATED WITH BRINE SHRIMP.

Spencer, J. F. T. (University of California, Davis), H. J. Phaff, and N. R. Gardner. Metschnikowia kamienskii sp. n., a yeast associated with brine shrimp. J. Bacteriol. 88:758-762. 1964.-A description is given of Metschnikowia kamienskii sp. n., four strains of which were isolated from brine shrimp (Artemia salina) collected from a saline lake near Watrous, Saskatchewan, Canada. In addition, we obtained from N. van Uden a fifth strain which was originally isolated by L. J. Wickerham from sporocysts of the trematode Diplostomum flexicaudum parasitizing the hepatopancreas of a lymnaeid snail found in Lake Douglas, Michigan, in which material the yeast was first observed by Kathleen Hussey of Columbia University. All strains were identical and formed long club-shaped asci, containing a single needle-shaped spore, pointed at both ends. M. kamienskii differs in several of its physiological properties and by the size of its asci from the two previously isolated members of the genus, M. krissii and M. zobellii. A key differentiating the three species is given.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Antigenic analysis (IgE and monoclonal antibodies) of the major shrimp allergen Pen a 1 (Tropomyosin) from Penaeus aztecus.

Pen a 1, the major shrimp allergen from the brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus was purified by preparative SDS-PAGE. Peptides were generated from Pen a 1 by CNBr cleavage and endoproteinase (Lys-C, Glu-C, trypsin, alkaline protease, Arg-C, chymotrypsin) digestion. The molecular weights of the resulting CNBr cleavage and enzymatic digestion products, separated by peptide SDS-PAGE, ranged from 1.5 to 20 kD. Following SDS-PAGE and semidry blotting, the analysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and subjects' IgE reactivities demonstrated that with the exception of alkaline protease, all cleavage procedures yielded IgE-binding peptides. However, since not all peptides of every digest bind IgE, it appears that IgE-binding epitopes are restricted to certain parts of the Pen a 1 molecule. mAbs bound to CNBr, Lys-C, trypsin, Glu-C and Arg-C peptides. Since mAbs reacted to several peptides from the same digest, Pen a 1 may have several similar epitopes. The comparison of IgE and mAb reactivities demonstrated similar but not identical binding patterns.

Allergens↗

PubMed2001

Anticoagulant and antiprotease effects of a novel heparinlike compound from shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis) and its neutralization by heparinase I.

Heparin is usually obtained from mammalian organs, such as beef lung, beef mucosa, porcine mucosa, and sheep intestinal mucosa. Because of the increased use of heparin in the production of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), there is a growing shortage of the raw material needed to produce LMWHs. A previous report described the structural features of a novel LMWH from the shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis). In order to compare anticoagulant and antiprotease effects of this heparin, global anticoagulant tests, such as the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and Heptest, were used. Amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities were also measured. The relative susceptibility of this heparin to flavobacterial heparinase was also evaluated. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) potency of shrimp heparin (SH) was found to be 28 U/mg. SH produced a concentration-dependent prolongation of all of the clotting tests and exhibited marked inhibition of FXa and FIIa. Heparinase treatment resulted in a marked decrease of the anticoagulant effects and neutralized the in vitro anti-IIa actions. However, the anti-Xa activities were only partially neutralized. Protamine sulfate was only partially effective in neutralizing the anticoagulant and antithrombin effects of SH. SH also produced marked prolongation of activated clotting time, which was neutralized by heparinase but not by protamine sulfate. These results suggest that SH is a strong anticoagulant with comparable properties to mammalian heparins and can be used in the development of clinically useful antithrombotic-anticoagulant drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Na,K-ATPase expression in the developing brine shrimp Artemia. Immunochemical localization of the alpha- and beta-subunits.

Developing brine shrimp are a good experimental model for study of gene expression during development. Development is initiated on suspension of brine shrimp cysts in seawater. Only 48 hr are required for progression from cyst to the larval stage. We have localize the alpha- and beta-subunits in different cells by immunostaining as development progresses. Both alpha- and beta-subunits are first detected in epidermal cells in the trunk region at the emergence 2 stage (16-hr incubation). At the nauplius 1 stage (24 hr) the enzyme appears in the brain and epidermal regions, as well as in mesenchymal cells, with weaker staining in the salt gland. After further development (nauplius 2 stage, 36 hr) stronger staining appears in the salt gland and in the epidermal region. At the nauplius 3 stage (48 hr) the enzyme appears in the midgut mucosa. Co-localization of the alpha- and beta-subunits appears in all positive cells during development. In the epidermal and salt gland cells the enzyme is mainly localized on the basolateral membrane. The basolateral localization of the Na,K-ATPase in epidermal and salt gland cells suggests that Na+ is actively transported into the epidermal and salt gland cells and passively diffuses out from the apical region.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Do brine shrimp diagnose cystic fibrosis?

The nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina are dependent upon the function of their salt gland to maintain osmotic pressure within narrow limits. A number of drugs interfere with this function and are lethal to the nauplii. Saliva and serum from normal persons, patients with cystic fibrosis, and obligate heterozygotes were tested for lethal effect against brine shrimp nauplii. At salt concentrations between 100 mM and 2.5 no difference was found among the phenotypes. At lower concentrations a difference was noted occasionally between some normal subjects and some individuals carrying one or two genes for cystic fibrosis. Data from an independent series of experiments indicate that the naupliar deaths result from distorted ratios of Na+/K+ and not from a specific gene product. No difference was noted in the O2 uptake of nauplii treated with saliva or serum obtained from normal subjects, patients with cystic fibrosis, or obligate heterozygotes.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Characterisation of shrimp haemocytes and plasma components by monoclonal antibodies.

Various haemolymph components of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus were identified and characterised by monoclonal antibodies. Three groups of monoclonal antibodies were raised. Their reactivity to haemocyte types and/or secreted molecules was determined by immunofluorescence and the molecular masses of the antigens were analysed by western-blotting. A 170 kDa protein, in reducing conditions, was recognized by four panhaemocytic monoclonal antibodies from group 1. This protein was present both in the plasma and in the haemocytes from which it appears to be secreted. The shrimp haemocytes were separated by isopycnic centrifugation on a Percoll gradient and the different subpopulations were antigenically analysed using the two monoclonal antibodies, 40E2-2A and 40E10-2B, from group 2. The granular cells were labelled by 40E2-2A which was specific for a protein of 142 kDa also present in plasma. By comparison, the 40E10-2B monoclonal antibody was assumed to be the marker for small hyaline and semigranular cells since the granular ones were not labelled. Moreover, the antigen immunoprecipitated by this monoclonal antibody was shown to have different molecular masses of 250, 150, 66 and 27 kDa under nonreducing conditions. It appeared to be secreted by the haemocytes. Some plasma proteins were recognized by the third group of monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies, designated 41D11-3A, 42C11-3B and 42E8-3C, all immunoprecipitated a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 180 kDa under reduced conditions. The 44E6-3D antibody was specific for a 75 kDa protein under reduced conditions and was shown to be immunoreactive against P. japonicus haemocyanin extract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Males also have their time of the month! Cyclic disposal of old spermatophores, timed by the molt cycle, in a marine shrimp.

That sexually mature females go through hormonally regulated reproductive cycles is a well-established phenomenon in sexually reproducing organisms. Males, on the other hand, are commonly regarded as being continuously ready to mate. 'Programmed sperm degradation' on a periodic basis or an innate sperm 'expiry date' have never been shown. This manuscript describes a newly discovered molt-dependent mechanism by which old sperm is periodically removed from the reproductive system of male Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Firstly, it is shown that the spermatophores of males held in captivity become progressively melanized, a process that eventually renders them impotent. Then, by using melanin specks as a color marker, it is demonstrated that this phenomenon can be delayed and even reversed as long as the males remain sexually active. Lastly and most importantly, it is shown that male shrimp go through reproductive cycles that are strictly associated with their molt cycles, which, in turn, are hormonally regulated. Intact intermolt spermatophores disappeared about 12 h premolt, and a new pair of spermatophores appeared in the ampoules the day after the males had molted. This phenomenon was observed in an almost constant portion of males, both those in an all-male population and those in mixed male/female populations, even during the times that the females of those populations were not vitellogenically active. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of males of any animal species exhibiting endogenous reproductive cycles, as do females, and of the finding that spermatozoa have a predetermined expiry date, a feature that may possibly contribute to male fitness.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A MYSID SHRIMP CARRYING A PAIR OF BINOCULARS

Like other mysid shrimps, the tropical shallow-water species Dioptromysis paucispinosa possesses compound eyes of the refracting superposition type. In the rear of each eye, pointing backwards, is a single conspicuous facet almost three times the diameter of those in the rest of the eye. Underlying the large facet is an equally enlarged single crystalline cone, projecting an upright image onto a specialized retina of 120 densely packed and extremely narrow rhabdoms. This peculiar arrangement constitutes an acute zone which operates as a simple eye within a compound eye. Calculations of spatial sampling frequency and photon catch indicate that the centre of the acute zone resolves more than six times better than the normal eye, but it requires intensities more than a log unit higher  figures not unlike those of modern compact binoculars. The fact that the acute zone covers a visual field of 1520°, with a large binocular overlap, strengthens the analogy with a pair of binoculars. The resolution of the acute zone is also remarkable in absolute terms: a rhabdom axis separation of 0.64° rivals foveal vision in large insects, although the entire eye of Dioptromysis measures only 0.4 mm. With the normal posture of the shrimp, the acute zone points backwards, about 12° above the horizon. Difficulties in understanding the animal's use of such an acute zone were resolved by the discovery of large coordinated eye movements. The eyestalk can be rotated around its axis by at least 130°. This makes the acute zone aim forwards and upwards, which is a more sensible direction for spotting and pursuing prey. The acute zone is probably held in the rest position aiming backwards only to avoid having an important part of the forward visual field constantly occupied by an eye region of inferior sensitivity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Isolation and characterization of the novel lipophilic protein, Pb CP-12.7, from the shell of the pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis.

Past research on diapause-inducing substances of the silkworm has isolated an extremely lipophilic peptide and demonstrated its unique characteristics. In the present work, similar lipophilic proteins were searched for in the shell of the shrimp, Pandalus borealis, and one novel protein, Pb CP-12.7, was isolated. Its structure comprising 126 amino acids was revealed by a combination of a sequence analysis and the enzymic fragmentation technique. Pb CP-12.7 is unique in that it was insoluble in neutral-slightly basic water, but highly soluble in some organic solvents. It contained an abundance of hydrophobic amino acids and repeating sequences. In addition, it was adsorbed to chitin, a major component of the shell of the shrimp.

Adsorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ovarian primary tissue culture of the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus.

Cell growth in ovarian primary culture of the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, was examined under various culture conditions. The best growth of ovarian cells was obtained in a culture system consisting of double strength of Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glucose (1 g/L), proline (0.1 g/L), TC-Yeastolate (1 g/L), and lactalbumin hydrolysate (1 g/L). The cells survived in this medium at 25 degrees C for 45 d. The epithelial-like cells predominated in 10-d-old cultures, covering >80% of the surface area on the bottom of flask. Cells in mitosis were often observed. Cell proliferation was monitored by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), an analog of thymidine. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-associated cells accounted for 11.5 and 35.0% of cell populations at 2 and 24 h, respectively, after BrdU treatment. Our results provide an improved culture technique for ovarian tissue of the kuruma shrimp.

Animals↗

PubMed2024

Structural modelling and preventive strategy targeting of WSSV hub proteins to combat viral infection in shrimp Penaeus monodon.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) presents a considerable peril to the aquaculture sector, leading to notable financial consequences on a global scale. Previous studies have identified hub proteins, including WSSV051 and WSSV517, as essential binding elements in the protein interaction network of WSSV. This work further investigates the functional structures and potential applications of WSSV hub complexes in managing WSSV infection. Using computational methodologies, we have successfully generated comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) representations of hub proteins along with their three mutual binding counterparts, elucidating crucial interaction locations. The results of our study indicate that the WSSV051 hub protein demonstrates higher binding energy than WSSV517. Moreover, a unique motif, denoted as "S-S-x(5)-S-x(2)-P," was discovered among the binding proteins. This pattern perhaps contributes to the detection of partners by the hub proteins of WSSV. An antiviral strategy targeting WSSV hub proteins was demonstrated through the oral administration of dual hub double-stranded RNAs to the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, followed by a challenge assay. The findings demonstrate a decrease in shrimp mortality and a cessation of WSSV multiplication. In conclusion, our research unveils the structural features and dynamic interactions of hub complexes, shedding light on their significance in the WSSV protein network. This highlights the potential of hub protein-based interventions to mitigate the impact of WSSV infection in aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Glycogenolysis during recovery from muscular work. The time course of phosphorylase activity is dependent on Pi concentration in the abdominal muscle of the shrimp Crangon crangon.

1) Glycogen is degraded in the abdominal muscle of the shrimp Crangon crangon (Decapoda, Crustacea) during the recovery period following work. The regulation of post-exercise glycogen breakdown and the properties of glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) have been studied: 2) Glycogen phosphorylase exists as unphosphorylated b-form and phosphorylated a-form, the latter contains 1 molecule phosphate/subunit. Both forms of phosphorylase are dimers, isoenzymes have not been detected. 3) The purified b-form is inactive in absence of AMP and has very low affinities for AMP and Pi. For half-maximum activation 0.33 +/- 0.04 mM AMP is necessary, and the Km-value for Pi at 1 mM AMP is 48 +/- 5 mM. IMP does not affect the activity of the b-form. 4) The a-form is active without effectors, its Km-value for Pi is 5.3 +/- 1.5 mM. The proportion of phosphorylase a increases in vivo, from about 25% at rest, to approximately 90% upon work and remains at this high level during the first minutes of recovery. 5) It is concluded that the glycogenolytic flux in the abdominal muscle of the shrimp even during post-exercise periods depends on the level of the a-form the activity of which is restricted in time and extent by the cytoplasmic Pi concentration (Kamp, G. & Juretschke, H. P. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 929, 121-127).

Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed2002

Industrial transformation and shrimp aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: pathways to ecological, social, and economic sustainability?

Shrimp aquaculture in Vietnam is in the process of being transformed into a major industry around the intensification of the production system. The experiences of other countries in the region, especially in Thailand where high input production systems dominate, suggests that now is a critical time for intervention to redirect industry into pathways that are more sustainable ecologically, socially, and economically. In Thailand, years of experience with intensified systems and a complex industrial organization has not led to sustainable solutions. The challenge here is for society to regain control and then to redirect the transformation along more efficient and benign pathways. Our analyses suggest that current pathways in both countries are unlikely to lead to a sustainable industry. A complete transformation of the way shrimp are grown, fed, processed, distributed, and regulated is needed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Stock assessment and fishery management of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 in Southeastern Brazil (23 degrees to 28 degrees S).

Quantitative analyses of the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Farfantepenaeus paulensis) fisheries were carried out using data collected from July 1999 to July 2001 from the trawling operations of the fishing fleet based in Santos/Guarujá, SP. According to classical models, the fishery is at its maximum sustainable yield. Therefore, reduction of the fishing effort and adequate season and area closures seem to be the best management actions for the pink shrimp fishery.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Growth and mortalities of the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante 1967 in Southeast Brazil.

From July, 1999 until July, 2001 data from the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 fishery were collected from trawling by the fishing fleet based in Santos/Guarujá-SP. Growth and mortalities of these species were studied. F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis have longevity of 2 years and growth estimates of L Infinity = 29.0 cm and k = 1.24 year-1 for F. brasiliensis and L Infinity = 27.5 cm and k = 1.34 year-1 for F. paulensis. Females reach bigger lengths than males in both species. Natural mortalities (M) were 1.80 and 1.90 year-1 and fishing mortalities (F) were 4.7 and 6.8 year-1 for F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis, respectively. Survival rates are S = 0.15% and 0.02% for F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis, respectively, which are usually low values for shrimps.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Epizootiology, distribution and the impact on international trade of two penaeid shrimp viruses in the Americas.

Marine penaeid shrimp are effected by approximately twenty viruses, the majority of which were discovered as a result of their negative effects on aquaculture. In the Americas, infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) virus and Taura syndrome (TS) virus have had a significant negative impact on aquaculture industries and, in one instance, on a commercial fishery. Both viruses have become widely distributed as a consequence of the movement of host stocks for aquaculture. IHHN virus (IHHNV) causes catastrophic losses in cultured and wild Penaeus stylirostris. In marked contrast, P. vannamei is relatively resistant to IHHN but infection results, nonetheless, in poor culture performance. TS virus (TSV) is the 'mirror image' of IHHNV in its effect on P. stylirostris and P. vannamei. TSV causes catastrophic losses in P. vannamei, whereas P. stylirostris is highly resistant to TS. In the less than three years since the discovery of TSV in Ecuador in 1992, the virus has spread rapidly and caused massive production losses in most shrimp-growing countries in the Americas.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Ovarian development and hemolymph vitellogenin levels in laboratory-maintained protandric shrimp, Pandalus hypsinotus: measurement by a newly developed time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA).

Most pandalid shrimps exhibit protandric hermaphroditism, and detailed information on ovarian development of pandalid species is important for a better understanding of vitellogenesis in crustacean species. In the present study, we characterized ovarian development under light and electron microscopy and examined the hemolymph vitellogenin levels in the coonstriped shrimp, Pandalus hypsinotus under laboratory conditions. To measure vitellogenin levels, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) was developed after purification of vitellin and production of the anti-vitellin antiserum. The TR-FIA showed wide assay range (0.98-2000 ng/ml), high sensitivity (0.5 ng/ml), and low assay variability (0.9-6.4% of intraassay coefficients, 1.4-5.1% for interassay coefficients). Female P. hypsinotus had non-vitellogenic ovaries in March after the eggs attached to the abdomen hatched, and started yolk accumulation in the ovaries during April-October. During yolk accumulation, yolk globules appeared and increased in the ooplasm. After yolk accumulation, gonadosomatic index (GSI) reached 8.3-8.5 just before oviposition. Females spawned and were ovigerous during June-July of the next year. Hemolymph vitellogenin levels were low (0.006+/-0.008 mg/ml, mean+/-SD) before the yolk accumulation, and became significantly higher (2.66 +/-0.93 mg/ml) during yolk accumulation (GSI, 2-8). Just before oviposition, levels declined to low levels (0.040+/-0.012 mg/ml). Vitellogenin levels were significantly correlated to GSI during the yolk accumulation. The obtained results show that the process of vitellogenesis during the female phase of P. hypsinotus is similar to other crustacean species that do not change sex.

Animals↗