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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Scalp arteriovenous malformation draining into the superior sagittal sinus associated with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation: just a coincidence? Case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that hemodynamic changes in the venous system can induce the formation of new arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). In a rat model, increased venous pressure induces the formation of soft tissue and dural AVMs. We report a clinical observation that may support these data. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 4-year-old boy with a midline scalp AVM draining into the superior sagittal sinus had an associated intracranial/parenchymal AVM. The cerebral AVM increased venous pressure in the superior sagittal sinus as revealed by angiography. INTERVENTION: The scalp AVM was resected, and the intracranial AVM was treated by use of the gamma knife. CONCLUSION: On the basis of reported experimental data and the morphological and hemodynamic characteristics in this patient's two lesions, we suggest that the scalp AVM might have been induced by hypertension in the superior sagittal sinus. This clinical observation supports the notion suggested by experimental studies that hemodynamic changes can induce the formation of associated AVMs.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1977

Spatiotemporal mapping of scalp potentials.

Computerized analysis and display techniques are applied to the problem of identifying the origins of visually evoked scalped potentials (VESP's). A new stimulus for VESP work, white noise, is being incorporated in the solution of this problem. VESP's for white-noise stimulation exhibit time domain behavior similar to the classical response for flash stimuli but with certain significant differences. Contour mapping algorithms are used to display the time behavior of equipotential surfaces on the scalp during the VESP. The electrical and geometrical parameters of the head are modeled. Electrical fields closely matching those obtained experimentally are generated on the surface of the model head by optimally selecting the location and strength parameters of one or two dipole current sources contained within the model. Computer graphics are used to display as a movie the actual and model scalp potential field and the parameters of the dipole generators whithin the model head during the time course of the VESP. These techniques are currently used to study retinotopic mapping, fusion, and texture perception in the human.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Clinical and mycological study of scalp white piedra in the State of Paraíba, Brazil.

White piedra is a superficial mycoses characterized by nodules on the hair shaft, caused by the basidiomycetous yeasts. In the present study, clinical and mycological findings of scalp white piedra caused by Trichosporon spp. are related. Twenty three cases of scalp white piedra were observed with a high incidence in women (87%) and preschool children from 2 to 6 (74%) years old. These groups presented a relationship of dependence with this infection. Despite the low socio-economic status, poor standards of hygiene, (48% of the patients) as well as the fact that 30.4% of the children shared the same nursery, these factors were not significant for the transmission of the mycosis. These were the first reports of scalp white piedra in João Pessoa city, Paraíba, Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cytoarchitecture of periendothelial cells in human cerebral venous vessels as compared with the scalp vein. A scanning electron microscopic study.

Three-dimensional cytoarchitectures of the periendothelial cells of human cerebral venous vessels as well as a scalp vein were studied by scanning electron microscopy after removal of extra-cellular connective tissue matrices with a KOH-collagenase digestion method. Postcapillary venules appeared covered with pericytes, while collecting venules had stellate periendothelial cells which formed a basket-like network around the vessel wall. As the size of the venous vessels increased, the stellate periendothelial cells became flat in shape and dense in arrangement. Although they had some characteristics similar to the smooth muscle cells in surface structure, no spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells were recognizable even in the superficial cerebral veins. On the other hand, the scalp vein was densely covered with spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells running circularly. These findings suggest that the cerebral venous vessels cannot constrict strongly as compared with the scalp vein, but probably regulate blood volume by mildly changing the caliber of the vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Non-traumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the scalp treated by a combination of embolization and surgical removal.

Three patients with non-traumatic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) of the scalp were treated by embolization using acrylate glue through the transarterial route or by direct puncture of the lesions and then surgical resection. Complete cure was achieved in all three patients. Selective angiography is indispensable in the correct diagnosis of scalp AVFs. Embolization facilitates surgical removal when necessary, and this combination is the treatment of choice for scalp AVFs.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2006

Human scalp hair follicles are both a target and a source of prolactin, which serves as an autocrine and/or paracrine promoter of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression.

The prototypic pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) exerts a wide variety of bioregulatory effects in mammals and is also found in extrapituitary sites, including murine skin. Here, we show by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology that, contrary to a previous report, human skin and normal human scalp hair follicles (HFs), in particular, express both PRL and PRL receptors (PRL-R) at the mRNA and protein level. PRL and PRL-R immunoreactivity can be detected in the epithelium of human anagen VI HFs, while the HF mesenchyme is negative. During the HF transformation from growth (anagen) to apoptosis-driven regression (catagen), PRL and PRL-R immunoreactivity appear up-regulated. Treatment of organ-cultured human scalp HFs with high-dose PRL (400 ng/ml) results in a significant inhibition of hair shaft elongation and premature catagen development, along with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair bulb keratinocytes (Ki-67/terminal dUTP nick-end labeling immunohistomorphometry). This shows that PRL receptors, expressed in HFs, are functional and that human skin and human scalp HFs are both direct targets and sources of PRL. Our data suggest that PRL acts as an autocrine hair growth modulator with catagen-promoting functions and that the hair growth-inhibitory effects of PRL demonstrated here may underlie the as yet ill-understood hair loss in patients with hyper-prolactinemia.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1982

Comparison between intracranially recorded potentials from the human auditory nerve and scalp recorded auditory brainstem responses (ABR).

Recordings from the intracranial part of the auditory nerve in patients undergoing operations for cranial nerve disorders show that the compound action potential of the nerve in response to tonebursts has a latency that matches the N2P2N3 complex of potentials recorded from the scalp using mastoid-vertex electrodes. The results indicate that the audiotory nerve gives rise to two of the peaks in the scalp-recorded potentials and not, as was earlier assumed, to only the first peak in the scalp-recorded ABR. Recordings from two locations on the nerve show identical waveshapes of the compound action potential and a difference in latency that can be accounted for by the conduction time of nerve.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Elimination of a cirsoid aneurysm of the scalp by direct percutaneous embolization with thrombogenic coils. Case report.

Cirsoid aneurysms of the scalp are notoriously difficult lesions to manage. The authors report a patient in whom a large traumatic cirsoid aneurysm of the scalp was eliminated using a combined neurosurgical and interventional neuroradiological approach. Transarterial embolization was utilized to reduce arterial blood supply to the fistula. Thrombogenic Gianturco spring coils were then introduced via direct percutaneous puncture of the aneurysm. The aneurysm thrombosed and the multiple tortuous scalp vessels disappeared. One month after embolization, a small area of skin necrosis over the aneurysm necessitated surgical excision of the lesion. The thrombosed aneurysm was easily resected with minimal blood loss. Percutaneous embolization with thrombogenic coils in this case was a safe and effective ablative technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Generator sites of early scalp potentials evoked from the three trigeminal branches.

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to seek evidence about the generators of the first three components of the scalp's early trigeminal evoked potentials (TEPs) obtained by stimulation of the supraorbital (SW1, SW2, and SW3), infraorbital (W1, W2, and W3) and mental (MW1, MW2, and MW3) nerves. METHODS: Simultaneous scalp and depth recordings were measured during surgical procedures in which thermorhizotomy and microvascular decompression were performed. CONCLUSIONS: Direct evidence was found that the origin of MW1 lies in the mandibular nerve at the foramen ovale, whereas the origin of W1 in the maxillary nerve at the foramen rotundum and the origin of SW1 in the ophthalmic nerve at the superior orbital fissure could only be inferred. The generators of SW2, W2, and MW2 were found to be on the nerve root at a distance of 10 mm from the pons. Calculations based on conduction velocity suggested that the generators of SW3, W3, and MW3 were inside the brainstem, at distances between 16 mm and 20 mm from the root entry zone. Recordings obtained in eight patients with discrete surgical lesions of the trigeminal pathway confirmed the sites of origin of the early components and further proved that only the fastest group of fibers is responsible for scalp responses.

Electric Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Frameless stereotaxy with scalp-applied fiducial markers for brain biopsy procedures: experience in 218 cases.

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to develop and assess the use and limitations of performing brain biopsy procedures by using image-guided surgical navigation systems (SNSs; that is, frameless stereotactic systems) with scalp-applied fiducial markers. METHODS: Two hundred eighteen percutaneous brain biopsies were performed in 213 patients by using a frameless stereotactic SNS that operated with either sonic or optical digitizer technology and scalp-applied fiducial markers for the purpose of registering image space with operating room space. Common neurosurgical and stereotactic instrumentation was adapted for use with a localizing wand, and recently developed target and trajectory guidance software was used. Eight (3.7%) of the 218 biopsy specimens were nondiagnostic; five of these (2.4%) were obtained during procedures in 208 supratentorial lesions and three were obtained during procedures in 10 infratentorial lesions (30%; p < 0.001). Complications related to the biopsy procedure occurred in eight patients (seven of whom had supratentorial lesions and one of whom had an infratentorial lesion, p > 0.25). Five complications were intracerebral hemorrhages (two of which required craniotomy), two were infections, and one was wound breakdown after instillation of intratumoral carmustine following biopsy. There were only three cases of sustained morbidity, and there were two deaths and one delayed deterioration due to disease progression. Two surgeons performed the majority of the procedures (193 cases). The three surgeons who performed more than 10 biopsies had complication rates lower than 5%, whereas two of the remaining four surgeons had complication rates greater than 10% (p = 0.15). Twenty-three additional procedures were performed in conjunction with the biopsies: nine brachytherapies; five computer-assisted endoscopies; four cyst aspirations; two instillations of carmustine; two placements of Ommaya reservoirs; and one craniotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Brain biopsy procedures in which guidance is provided by a frameless stereotactic SNS with scalp-applied fiducial markers represents a safe and effective alternative to frame-based stereotactic procedures for supratentorial lesions. There were comparable low rates of morbidity and a high degree of diagnostic success. Strategies for performing posterior fossa biopsies are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp: therapeutic modalities.

Agenesis of scalp is an uncommon but well-recognized clinical entity. Congenital scalp and skull defects can be either obvious or occult; over 300 cases have been reported in literature. Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is recognized as a heterogeneous disorder, all characterized by focal absence of the epidermis, dermis and sometimes the calvarium and/or dura. We present a case of ACC in an infant whose mother was exposed to a teratogenic drug (Methimazole--an antithyroid drug) during pregnancy. This case report is presented to highlight the steps to successful management. Definitive full thickness scalp cover at the earliest avoids secondary infection, eschar formation and exsanguination.

Ectodermal Dysplasia↗
PubMed2001

Borderline tuberculoid leprosy of the scalp.

A case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy involving the hairy scalp is reported. To the best of our knowledge, only two paucibacillary leprosy patients with scalp lesion have been reported, and in only one was the scalp covered with hair.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Unna "cap" as a scalp donor site dressing.

Deep scalp donor sites can be difficult to manage because of the higher incidence of healing complications that can make daily wound care exquisitely painful. When faced with this problem, we prospectively studied the Unna "cap" dressing on the scalp. Group 1 received our standard treatment--Xeroform gauze (Sherwood Medical, St Louis, Mo) and daily wound care. Group 2 received the Unna cap--Aquaphor gauze (Beiersdorf, Norwalk, Conn) and Dome Paste gauze (Bayer Corp, West Haven, Conn) with wound care every 3 days. Pain, healing time, and costs were compared. Twelve patients between the age of 1 and 54 years were studied. A significant number of patients in Group 1 developed wound complications after initial healing, resulting in a longer length of stay and higher costs. Group 2 reported significantly less procedural pain, comparable healing (11 days +/- 2 SD), and fewer dressing changes, resulting in an institutional savings of $5.51 to $16.25 per patient up to postoperative day 13. This study supports use of the Unna cap as a less painful, safe, and cost-effective alternative to our standard deep scalp donor site dressing.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A new technique of surface anatomy MR scanning of the brain: its application to scalp incision planning.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Surface anatomy scanning (SAS) is an established technique for demonstrating the brain's surface. We describe our experience in applying SAS with superposition of MR venograms to preoperative scalp incision planning. METHODS: In 16 patients, scalp incision planning was done by placing a water-filled plastic tube at the intended incision site when we performed SAS using half-Fourier single-shot fast spin-echo sequences. Two-dimensional phase-contrast MR angiograms were obtained to demonstrate the cortical veins and then superimposed upon the SAS images. The added images were compared with surgical findings using a four-point grading scale (0 to 3, poor to excellent). RESULTS: In each case, neurosurgeons could easily reach the lesion. Surgical findings correlated well with MR angiogram-added SAS images, with an average score of 2.56. CONCLUSION: Our simple technique is a useful means of preoperatively determining brain surface anatomy and can be used to plan a scalp incision site.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Outcomes of irradiated polyglactin 910 Vicryl Rapide fast-absorbing suture in oral and scalp wounds.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the outcome of wounds closed with irradiated polyglactin 910 (IRPG) Vicryl Rapide (Ethicon, Somerville, N.J.). METHOD: Seventy-one patients with 80 oral wounds and 42 patients with 42 scalp wounds closed with IRPG were evaluated on the day of surgery, then one, seven, 14, 28 and 90 days following surgery. The incidence of inflammation, suppuration and hypertrophic scarring was recorded, along with the timing of spontaneous suture disappearance. This suture material was compared with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures used in dental implant patients, traditional polyglycolic acid (PGLA) sutures used in osteotomy patients and skin staples used in patients with scalp wounds. RESULTS: In the group with intraoral wounds, there were two cases of suppuration with no inflammatory reactions or hypertrophic scarring when IRPG sutures were used, compared to three cases of suppuration with the traditional PGLA sutures. In the group with scalp wounds, there was no suppuration or hypertrophic scarring with IRPG sutures and one inflammatory reaction with skin staples. IRPG sutures never required removal, while all staples, PGLA and PTFE sutures eventually required separate removal. CONCLUSION: Irradiated polyglactin 910 Vicryl Rapide is a useful suture material with both intra- and extraoral applications in the pediatric and adult populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Three-shell head model constructed from scalp geometry for electroencephalogram dipole localization.

One of the most sophisticated methods of dipole localization from (electroencephalograms) is based on a multi-compartment head model, which consists of the scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain cortex. The CSF layer in normal subjects is thin and can be ignored in dipole localization to good approximation. This multi-shell model is called the SSB (scalp-skull-brain) head model. The SSB head model is constructed from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-ray computed tomography slices of the head. These image slices, however, are not easy to obtain. The present paper presents a simple method for constructing the SSB head model only from the geometrical shape of the scalp, which is easily measured with a three-dimensional digitizer. We have derived a relationship between the head structure and the geometry of the head from statistical analysis of MRI slices of 12 normal subjects. The average estimation errors of the outer and inner boundaries of the skull were 1.2 and 2.2 mm, respectively. The head model thus estimated is called the sSSB (statistical SSB) model.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sarcoidosis of the scalp: a case series and review of the literature.

Sarcoidosis of the scalp is a rare manifestation of cutaneous sarcoidosis. We report 4 cases, all in African-American women with systemic sarcoidosis. A review of the English-language literature reveals only 24 reported cases, most in African-American women with systemic involvement and other cutaneous lesions. Scalp sarcoidosis may exhibit variable morphologies and therefore must be kept in the differential diagnosis of plaques or nodules of the scalp as well as both cicatricial and noncicatricial alopecia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[UV-B comb versus betamethasone solution in scalp psoriasis].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a UV-B-comb on scalp psoriasis versus betamethasone valerate solution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 44 adult patients with scalp psoriasis, 22 were treated with a dermalight 80 psoracomb and 22 with betamethasone valerate solution, five times a week for three weeks. RESULTS: No difference in effect was found at the end of treatment. Two weeks after end of treatment a higher proportion of patients treated with UV-B-comb (7/22) had remained in remission than those treated with betamethasone valerate solution (3/22; p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: Treatment with a UV-B-comb offers a good alternative to topical corticosteroids for patients with scalp psoriasis.

Administration, Topical↗