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After seven papers discussing specific examples of ecological sanitation projects, the workshop considered the background, motivation and feasibility of this technology. It was agreed that ecological sanitation could help tackle water scarcity, health protection and, by recycling water and nutrients into agriculture, food scarcity. Dense cities are probably unsuitable for its implementation, but rural, town and peri-urban areas are promising. Key issues that remains are: the microbiological and chemical risks associated with the technology; the need for major information, education and support programmes; effective linking to reuse schemes; tailoring systems to meet local physical, socio-economic and cultural circumstances.
Over 20 years the Orangi Pilot Project has been working to understand the problems of Orangi, a district of Karachi largely characterised by high-density informal settlement, and enable its residents to develop and implement solutions. Sanitation was identified as the major problem and a sewerage system was built. From this work was developed the "internal-external" concept for sanitation, which has 4 levels: sanitary latrines in houses; underground sewer in lane; neighbourhood collector sewer; and trunk sewer and treatment plant. The first three components are "internal" and can be undertaken by low-income communities; the "external" fourth component has to be funded and carried out by government or similar agency. Successful and unsuccessful attempts elsewhere to replicate this model have both confirmed the effectiveness and practicality of such community-based action and shown the - largely organisational pitfalls that must be avoided.
The paper explores the development of ecological sanitation (EcoSan) within the small-town context of Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique. The paper looks at how ESTAMOS (a Mozambican NGO) and WaterAid introduced EcoSan in Lichinga, how families and communities have responded to EcoSan, and key lessons learned during the process to date that could be relevant to others within and beyond Mozambique.
Ecological sanitation seems often to be taken to mean no more than an alternative toilet, whereas it should be understood more broadly as embodying a closed-loop approach to the management of human excreta. In the next 25 years the urban population of Africa and Asia is expected to double. By facilitating the revival of urban agriculture and avoiding the adverse environmental impacts of conventional treatment strategies, ecological sanitation can play a major role in providing food security and public health in a sustainable future.
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An enzymatic method is suggested for determining the role of chemoautotrophs in bacterial populations of a high density. The method involves an assay of the activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, the key enzyme in autotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide. The chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms is rather high in ecosystems based on decomposition of organic matter in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Inadequately purified water for hemodialysis (HD) treatments have led to many documented patient injuries and deaths. Although nurses may not be servicing the water treatment system, they are nonetheless responsible for understanding all the clinical ramifications of water treatment for HD. This article offers information on water treatment components used for HD applications, including the latest AAMI standards.
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It is increasingly recognized that even very low lead exposure can result in measurable and permanent neurologic damage, especially to infants and young children. Although lead exposure from tap water continues to decline in the United States as a result of various regulatory and corrosion control measures, tap water continues to represent a significant (about 14 to 20 percent) source of total lead exposure. As of March 2002, nearly all valves used in residential plumbing systems continue to be made with 5 to 7 percent leaded brass. In this study, the authors measured the amount of lead discharged by these parts under laboratory conditions and found that the typical resident would be exposed to small amounts of lead, particularly from gate and ball valves. Typically, water passes through three to six such valves before reaching the tap. Thus, these leaded-brass valves represent a significant, widespread, and needless source of lead exposure to the U.S. public, especially given that numerous models of no-lead valves are now commercially available.
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