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PubMed2006

Social anxiety and romantic relationships: the costs and benefits of negative emotion expression are context-dependent.

In general, expressing emotions is beneficial and withholding emotions has personal and social costs. Yet, to serve social functions there are situations when emotions are withheld strategically. We examined whether social anxiety influenced when and how emotion expressiveness influences interpersonal closeness in existing romantic relationships. For people with greater social anxiety, withholding the expression of negative emotions was proposed to preserve romantic relationships and their benefits. We examined whether social anxiety and emotion expressiveness interacted to predict prospective changes in romantic relationship closeness over a 12-week period. For people with less social anxiety, relationship closeness was enhanced over time when negative emotions were openly expressed whereas relationship deterioration was found for those more likely to withhold emotions. The reverse pattern was found for people with greater social anxiety such that relationship closeness was enhanced over time for those more likely to withhold negative emotions. Related social anxiety findings were found for discrepancies between desired and actual feelings of closeness over time. Findings were not attributable to depressive symptoms. These results suggest that the costs and benefits of emotion expression are influenced by a person's degree of social anxiety.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The relationship between aromatase in primary breast tumors and response to treatment with aromatase inhibitors in advanced disease.

Aromatase inhibitors are proving to be more effective than tamoxifen for postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Estrogen concentrations in the breast are similar in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and several fold higher than circulating levels in postmenopausal women. In order to investigate the importance of intratumoral aromatase in stimulating the proliferation of the tumor, we used immunocytochemistry to determine the extent of aromatase expression in relationship to the response of the patient to aromatase inhibitor treatment. The relationship between positive staining for aromatase in the primary tumor and response to treatment with an aromatase inhibitor was investigated in a retrospective study of 102 patients with advanced breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal antibody against aromatase was performed on paraffin embedded tumor tissue. Response was evaluated using UICC criteria. Nine out of 13 patients with objective response to treatment stained positive and 49 of 89 patients with stable or progressive disease stained positive. No significant relationship between positive staining and objective response to treatment could be found. When patients with 'clinical benefit' (i.e. objective response plus prolonged stable disease of at least 6 months) were considered, also no relationship could be found. Further analysis of subgroups with positive hormone receptors, treatment with newer generation aromatase inhibitors, single metastatic site, non-visceral metastases and previous treatment only with tamoxifen did not show any relationship. Tumor aromatase expression did not correlate with response of patients with advanced breast cancer to aromatase inhibitor treatment. Most patients had relapsed from other treatments before receiving an aromatase inhibitor. It seems likely that many of these patients had tumors that may have progressed to hormone independence at this stage of the disease. Research in patients who have received treatment with aromatase inhibitors in earlier stages of disease (first line and adjuvant treatment) may provide further information on the relationship between tumor aromatase, steroid receptors and response to inhibitor treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Nursing student-patient relationship: experiences of students and patients.

This study dealt with nursing students' and patients' experiences of their relationship. Qualitative data were collected conducting semi-structured interviews with 30 nursing students and 30 patients on medical wards in Finland. The results, analysed using inductive content analysis, revealed student-patient relationships of three types: mechanistic, authoritative and facilitative relationships. Factors promoting or impeding the relationship were divided into student-related factors, patient-related factors, length of time together and atmosphere during activity and were found to influence the type and quality of the relationship. The findings also indicate that the relationship has many positive consequences for both students and patients. The results of the study have implications for nursing, pointing out the important role of both staff nurses and nurse educators in supporting students' learning about individualised patient-centred care.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Direct-to-consumer advertising and the patient-physician relationship.

BACKGROUND: Differences in attitudes of patients and physicians toward direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription medications may influence the patient-physician relationship, which may in turn influence health care outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide empirical evidence to show how the patient-physician relationship may be influenced by DTCA. METHODS: The study used a cross-sectional research design. Pharmacists at 71 pharmacies were asked to distribute self-report survey instruments to patients who used either a proton-pump inhibitor or a nonsedating antihistamine by prescription. Data were collected between March and June 2003. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the research propositions. RESULTS: A usable response rate of 7.3% (n=326) was obtained. About 95% of the sample had seen an advertisement for either a proton-pump inhibitor or a nonsedating antihistamine. Response to DTCA was significantly related to the patient's satisfaction with the physician and the patient's evaluation of communication, even after controlling for demographic variables and length of the patient-physician relationship. Other outcome variables (trust, relationship commitment, and average visit time) were not significantly related to DTCA response. Post hoc analyses revealed that DTCA responders, who asked their doctor to prescribe a specific product after seeing its advertisement, rated satisfaction and communication lower than the DTCA nonresponders. Additional follow-up analyses showed that these findings were largely attributed to patients in the proton-pump inhibitor group. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that response to DTCA may be significantly related to patients' evaluation of communication quality and their satisfaction with the physician. However, these findings may not generalize to all medical conditions or types of patient. Furthermore, DTCA response does not appear to be related to other patient-physician relationship outcome variables. Given these findings, key variables to explore in future DTCA research with respect to its effect on the patient-physician relationship include patient expectations and disease/condition type.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The pipeline and the porcupine: alternate metaphors of the physician-industry relationship.

Industry and medicine share a complicated relationship that engenders a considerable degree of controversy. Although they share a relationship, industry and medicine have different perspectives toward their involvement with each other. Industry conceives of medicine as one aspect of the "drug pipeline", a larger set of relationships that is necessary for producing and marketing products. In contrast, select physicians refer to medicine's relationship with industry as "dancing with the porcupine", an inherently difficult and dangerous activity. This paper compares the "pipeline" and "porcupine" metaphors, and draws upon ethnographic data from fieldwork conducted among clinical neuroscientists at a Canadian medical school to further elucidate the perspectives of physicians toward industry and the nature of the physician-industry relationship. The paper argues that the physician-industry relationship is akin to a type of gift-exchange known as a total prestation, and that this form of total prestation is part of a strategy of capital reconversion.

Alberta↗

PubMed2006

Aggression, dominance, and affiliation: Their relationships with androgen levels and intelligence in 5-year-old children.

This study explores the potential relationship between social behavior (aggression, dominance, and affiliation) and testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEA measurements in 5-year-old children while also analyzing the moderating effect of IQ on the hormone-behavior relationship. 129 healthy normal Iberian children (60 boys and 69 girls) were videotaped in free play interactions in the school playground. Their behavior was then evaluated with particular emphasis on aggression, government, and affiliation. Testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEA levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay technique in saliva samples. A test (K-BIT) which provides an IQ measurement for children was also administered to subjects. The correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between the behavioral factor of Provocation and androstenedione in boys, and a regression analysis indicated that this relationship was moderated in a positive direction by the subject's intelligence. In girls, we observed a positive relationship between testosterone and Affectivity, with this relationship being moderated in a negative direction by intelligence.

Aggression↗

PubMed2002

The relationship between faecal egg counts, worm burden and tissue egg counts in early Schistosoma mattheei infections in cattle.

The relationships between schistosome faecal egg counts (EPG), total tissue egg counts (TEC) and adult female worm burdens (FW) recorded at post-mortem examination of 30 Friesian calves from three different field trials were analysed. The calves in study 1 (n=14) had been exposed to natural Schistosoma mattheei infections for 2 months, those of study 2 (n=9) for between 4 and 12 months, and those in study 3 (n=7) for 8 months. No clinical schistosomiasis was observed in any of the groups, and at perfusion, EPG's varied from 5 to 210, TEC's from 28,800 to 2,439,400 and FW's from 11 to 1218. There was as much variation in EPG, TEC and FW between calves with the same duration of exposure as between calves with different duration of exposure. There were very similar significant positive relationships between log transformed FW and log transformed EPG in all three groups (P<0.007, R2>0.46, slopes 0.957-1.015). There were also significant positive relationships between log transformed FW and log transformed TEC in all three groups (P<0.034, R2>0.45) and between log transformed TEC and log transformed EPG in all three groups (P<0.025, R2>0.48). All three studies had a linear relationship between log transformed FW and log transformed EPG with a slope value close to 1 (P>0.845 for different from one). This indicates that there was no evidence of density dependence in the three studies for the relationship between FW and EPG. In contrast, there was no consistent relationship (in terms of slope) between either log transformed TEC and log transformed FW in the three studies (after correcting for differential duration of exposure), or log transformed TEC and log transformed EPG. For all three sets of comparisons the predictability of one parameter based on another was poor for a single sample.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Improved inference of relationship for pairs of individuals.

Linkage analyses of genetic diseases and quantitative traits generally are performed using family data. These studies assume the relationships between individuals within families are known correctly. Misclassification of relationships can lead to reduced or inappropriately increased evidence for linkage. Boehnke and Cox (1997) presented a likelihood-based method to infer the most likely relationship of a pair of putative sibs. Here, we modify this method to consider all possible pairs of individuals in the sample, to test for additional relationships, to allow explicitly for genotyping error, and to include X-linked data. Using autosomal genome scan data, our method has excellent power to differentiate monozygotic twins, full sibs, parent-offspring pairs, second-degree (2 degrees ) relatives, first cousins, and unrelated pairs but is unable to distinguish accurately among the 2 degrees relationships of half sibs, avuncular pairs, and grandparent-grandchild pairs. Inclusion of X-linked data improves our ability to distinguish certain types of 2 degrees relationships. Our method also models genotyping error successfully, to judge by the recovery of MZ twins and parent-offspring pairs that are otherwise misclassified when error exists. We have included these extensions in the latest version of our computer program RELPAIR and have applied the program to data from the Finland-United States Investigation of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (FUSION) study.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

Men in committed, romantic relationships have lower testosterone.

Variation in human male testosterone levels may reflect, and effect, differential behavioral allocation to mating and parenting effort. This proposition leads to the hypothesis that, among North American men, those involved in committed, romantic relationships will have lower testosterone levels than men not involved in such relationships. Our study is the first to examine whether being in such a relationship (rather than being married) is the meaningful predictor of male testosterone levels. To test this hypothesis, 122 male Harvard Business School students filled out a questionnaire and collected one saliva sample (from which testosterone level was measured). Results revealed that men in committed, romantic relationships had 21% lower testosterone levels than men not involved in such relationships. Furthermore, the testosterone levels of married men and unmarried men who were involved in committed, romantic relationships did not differ, suggesting that, at least for this sample, male pair bonding status is the more significant predictor of testosterone levels than is marital status.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The role of adherence in mediating the relationship between depression and health outcomes.

Depression has been linked to poor health outcome in a number of studies; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship has received little attention. This paper explores the possibility that adherence mediates the relationship between depression and outcome. Principal findings regarding the relationship between depression, adherence, and outcome are reviewed. The data suggest that depression is related, at least moderately, to poorer adherence to a variety of treatment components. The relationship between adherence and outcome is more difficult to establish. In addition, current data, albeit limited, do not support the hypothesis that adherence mediates the relationship between depression and outcome. An alternative model in which adherence precedes and influences both mood state and health outcome is discussed. Finally, possible explanations for these relationships are explored and suggestions for future research provided.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed2002

Soil phosphorus quantity-intensity relationships to predict increased soil phosphorus loss to overland and subsurface flow.

Soil phosphorus (P) quantity-intensity (q-i) relationships, based on common extraction methods, may potentially be used to estimate the risk of P loss in overland flow and subsurface drainage water. Some workers have used nonlinear q-i relationships to derive thresholds in soil test P (STP; a quantity factor) above which the risk of P loss increases, while others find linear relationships and no threshold. We present here a simple modelling exercise (based on Langmuir adsorption theory) along with data from literature to explain the behaviour of q-i relationships, and to give an explanation for this apparent discrepancy. The data indicate that q-i relationships are dependent upon the soil to solution ratio of the P intensity parameter, adsorption capacity (Qmax) and strength (K) of the soil, and the total range in STP. In turn, this affects the calculation of a threshold in STP. The q-i relationship tends towards linearity under conditions of a narrow total range of STP and/or when using a wide soil to solution ratio for estimating the P intensity parameter. Under such conditions, a threshold is difficult to detect, and uncertain. We conclude that the sensitivity of thresholds to experimental conditions and soils needs to be considered if thresholds are to be successful in environmental management to decrease P loss to surface waters.

Phosphorus↗

PubMed2004

[Analysis of the relationship between primary care doctors and the pharmaceutical industry].

OBJECTIVES: To describe the type of relationship between primary care family doctors (PCDs) and the pharmaceutical industry (PI) and its representatives in Aragon, to describe doctors' attitudes to this relationship and to find out how doctors behave towards offers from the industry. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study, through a self-filled questionnaire with closed replies, of a representative sample of the population under study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Family doctors working in primary care teams throughout Aragon. RESULTS: The reply rate of 28.17% maintained the study's representativity. Differences in the kind of relationship between PCDs and PI were found in gender (greater relationship of male doctors) and setting (it was greater in urban areas). Doctors working in centres with teaching credentials and woman doctors had a more critical attitude. The tendency to collaborate with the industry's offers was greater in the rural areas and among men. The group of doctors that interacted most with the industry tended to collaborate more with the proposals of the PI. No relationship was found between attitude and conduct of PCDs. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm both the starting hypotheses: a) the nature of relationships between PCDs and the PI and its representatives affects prescribing behaviour, and b) there are differences between what doctors think they should do and what they really do in their dealings with the PI.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

From critical levels to critical loads for ozone: a discussion of a new experimental and modelling approach for establishing flux-response relationships for agricultural crops and native plant species.

Present critical levels for ozone (O3) for protecting vegetation against adverse effects are based on exposure-response relationships mainly derived from open-top chamber experiments and are expressed as an Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). In that context with a revision of the UN (United Nations)-ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) Gothenburg protocol, AOT40 values should be replaced by flux-oriented quantities, i.e. in the end by critical loads. At present, the database for the derivation of critical loads for O3 is extremely inadequate. Furthermore, the currently available flux-response relationships are also derived from open-top chamber experiments. The use of a relationship for spring wheat in a risk assessment for an agricultural site in Hesse, Germany, demonstrates in principle, the applicability of the critical load concept for O3. Comparisons of diurnal variation of stomatal uptake and AOT40 showed that a major part of toxicologically effective stomatal uptake occurred before noon whereas the AOT40 values were dominated by the O3 concentrations during afternoon. In other words, the AOT40 exposure index do not adequately address the O3 burden during hours when plants are sensitive to O3 uptake. However, due to the differences in radiation, air temperature and humidity between the chamber and the ambient microclimates, a derivation of flux-response relationships from chamber experiments is likely to be questionable, especially for species rich ecosystems: Here, without any changes in the pollution climate, significant modifications of species composition as well as an earlier beginning of the growing season has been previously observed. To overcome the problems associated with chamber-derived flux-response relationships, a new experimental and modelling concept, was developed. The approach, briefly described in this paper, combines methods in air pollution toxicology and micrometeorology. As an analogy to the free-air fumigation concept, O3 is released into the air by an injection system above the plant canopy. The assessment of dispersion and surface deposition of O3 released is based on Lagrangian trajectory modelling. Depending on wind direction and velocity, atmospheric stratification and surface roughness, without any disturbance of the microclimate and micrometeorology, several sub-areas can be identified around the source position with differing deposition rates above the ambient level. Taking into account the actual O3 background deposition, deposition rates and vegetation responses observed in these sub-areas can easily be used to derive flux-effect relationships under ambient conditions and more realistic limiting values to protect our environment.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2000

Health behaviours and health: evidence that the relationship is not conditional on income adequacy.

This study used Canadian data to examine whether the relationships between two health behaviours (physical activity and smoking) and two measures of health (self-perceived health status and number of chronic health conditions) are conditional on income adequacy. Studies that have investigated the manner in which socioeconomic circumstances, such as income adequacy, and health behaviours interact to influence health are few in number and characterized by inconsistent findings. In addition, there is a complete absence of published Canadian research that has explored these relationships. I investigated the relationship between health behaviours and health by income adequacy with a secondary analysis of data from the first cycle of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), conducted by Statistics Canada in 1994-95. The sample consisted of 11.941 NPHS respondents 20-64 years of age who did not have an illness or disability that prevented them from being employed. As a whole, findings from a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses did not provide adequate evidence to conclude that the effects of physical activity and smoking on self-perceived health status and chronic health conditions are conditional on income adequacy. Instead, findings showed that the health behaviours each had a similar degree of influence on the self-perceived health status and number of chronic health conditions of respondents at all income adequacy levels. Moreover, the magnitude of the relationships between the health behaviours and health measures was very small. By enhancing knowledge about both the nature and magnitude of the relationships among Canadians' income adequacy, health behaviours, and health, this study makes a significant contribution to the small body of research that has explored the possibility that the relationship between health behaviours and health varies by socioeconomic circumstances. I conclude the paper with a discussion of the implications that the findings have for public health policies and programs.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The relationship of community quality to the health of women and men.

Using a 1996 community survey of behavioral risk factors, this cross-sectional study of 804 residents in a rural community examines the relationship of community quality to the health status of women and men. We use two categories of community factors to assess community quality: measures of the social quality of community life, and measures of community quality that focus on the physical environment. Health status is assessed by four measures that examine perceived health status and functioning. Regression results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the quality of the community and health status for both women and men. Specifically, women's perceptions about the social quality of their community are positively associated with their perceived health status and functioning; furthermore, these relationships are significantly different from those of men. Men's perceptions of their physical environment are significantly related to their reported functioning and health, to a limited extent these relationships are different from women. These relationships support our hypothesis that gender differentially affects the relationship between community quality and health.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2003

The relationship between P3 and neuropsychological function in an adult life span sample.

The relationship of P3 to age and neuropsychological performance was investigated in a sample of 71 well-functioning adults ranging in age from 21.8 to 94.7 years. ERPs were recorded while the participants performed an auditory two-stimuli oddball task in which the rare tones were to be counted. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the digit span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R) were administered. Regression analyses showed significant, linear effects of age on P3 latency and amplitude. Significant relationships between P3 and neuropsychological measures were found, in that P3 latency correlated moderately in predictable ways with scores on matrices, block design, and digit span. Overall, these relationships are best characterized by a linear function, but a non-linear component is involved in the relationship between P3 latency and fluid tests. Finally, a linear relationship between ERP components and age was found, while a curvilinear relationship was found between age and block design and matrices, respectively. There appears to be either partially different functions or structures underlying performance on these tests, the P3 component and performance on neuropsychological tests, or one must assume some variant of a multiplicative, as opposed to an additive, model of cognition.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity in healthy normotensives and chronic back pain sufferers: the effects of opioid blockade.

Resting blood pressure is inversely correlated with acute pain sensitivity in healthy normotensives. This study tested: (1) whether endogenous opioid activity is necessary for this adaptive relationship to occur, (2) whether this relationship is altered in chronic low back pain (LBP), and (3) whether endogenous opioid dysfunction underlies any such alterations. Fifty-one pain-free normotensives and 44 normotensive chronic LBP sufferers received opioid blockade (8 mg naloxone i.v.) or placebo blockade (saline) in randomized, counterbalanced order in separate sessions. During each session, subjects participated in a 1-min finger pressure (FP) pain task followed by an ischemic (ISC) forearm pain task. Among pain-free normotensives, elevated resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were associated with significantly higher ISC pain thresholds (P values <0.05). Elevated SBP was also associated with significantly lower FP pain ratings (P<0.05). Opioid blockade had no significant effect on the BP-pain relationships detected (P values >0.10). In combined groups analyses, a significant subject typexSBP interaction (P<0.005) was found on ISC pain threshold: elevated SBP was associated with higher pain threshold in pain-free controls, but with lower pain threshold in LBP subjects. Although subject typexBP interactions on FP and ISC pain ratings were not significant, inclusion of LBP subjects in these analyses resulted in the overall relationship between BP and pain sensitivity becoming positive (P values <0.05). Opioid blockade exerted no significant main or interaction effects in these combined groups analyses (p values >0.10). Higher DBP was associated with greater clinical pain intensity among the LBP subjects (P<0.001). Overall, these results suggest: (1) endogenous opioids do not mediate the inverse relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity in pain-free normotensives; (2) the BP-pain sensitivity relationship is altered in chronic pain, suggesting dysfunction in pain regulatory systems, and (3) these alterations are not related to opioid dysfunction.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between alcohol problems and use of tranquilizing drugs: longitudinal patterns among American women.

A previous community study of older adults (Graham et al., 1996) indicated a relationship between alcohol problems and use of tranquilizing drugs despite no relationship between alcohol consumption and tranquilizer use. The present paper explores this issue further using longitudinal data from a representative sample of American women. The results replicated previous findings of a significant relationship between alcohol problems and tranquilizer use that was unrelated to alcohol consumption. Analyses of longitudinal patterns indicated that alcohol problems in 1981 predicted subsequent use of tranquilizing drugs and that this relationship may be moderated by anxiety, with the relationship being strongest for respondents who reported few or no problems with anxiety. The results indicated no support for the relationship being due to: a pharmacological interaction of alcohol with tranquilizing drugs; use of tranquilizing drugs precipitating alcohol problems; or depression, anxiety, poor health or childhood sexual abuse being common causes of both alcohol problems and tranquilizer use. The link between alcohol problems and use of tranquilizing drugs needs to be investigated further to increase understanding of addictive behaviors.

Adult↗