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PubMed1999

Cognitive effort and recollective experience in recognition memory.

The difficulty of the cognitive operations required to process study items was manipulated in two experiments investigating recollective experience. In subsequent recognition tests, subjects indicated whether their recognition judgements for items processed in these tasks were based on recollection ("remember" responses) or on familiarity ("know" responses). In Experiment 1 target items were presented in the context of a category decision task. It was found that remember responses increased with the difficulty of the category decision. For positive instances, remember responses were greater for items of low instance frequency than for items of high instance frequency, while for negative instances remember responses were greater for items from similar categories than for items from dissimilar categories. These effects were not present in know responses. In Experiment 2, remember responses were more frequent when study items had been presented in the form of anagrams to be solved than when they had been presented in the form of words to be read aloud. The incidence of know responses was not affected by the format in which study items were presented. Source judgements were also more accurate when recognition was based on recollection. It is argued that the type of conscious awareness experienced during recognition is determined by the knowledge activated by items presented in the recognition test, which in turn is determined by the nature of the operations engaged at encoding.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Word recognition memory before and after successful treatment of depression.

One of the most frequent and neuropsychologically well investigated symptoms in depression is reduced memory capacity. In this study, we investigated the course of disease in 16 patients with moderate depression and Borna disease virus (BDV) infection. Recently, it could be shown that BDV infection might play an important role in the etiology of subtypes of depression. Amantadine treatment was used as an antidepressant and antiviral compound. In order to assess memory capacity, event-related potentials (ERPs) were evaluated in ten of sixteen patients in a continuous word recognition experiment using a series of emotionally neutral, positive or negative words. During the treatment period the patients' clinical condition improved significantly. ERPs showed a reduced old/new effect before and after treatment independent of the words' emotional content. These findings suggest a reduced memory capacity being relatively independent of clinical outcome and ability to use emotional connotations for memory mechanisms. However, a significant positive shift over frontal electrodes did occur, which was concomitant with the improvement of depression, suggesting evidence for changed frontal cortical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The comparison between mental image manipulation and distinctive feature scan on recognition memory of faces].

The authors proposed "mental image manipulation of expression" as processing strategy for faces, and investigated whether this strategy facilitates memory for faces or not. In the Experiment, four groups of subjects were assigned to a combination of a task (mental image manipulation of expression or distinctive feature scan) and a retention interval (short-term latency or long-term latency). Each task was followed by an unexpected yes-no recognition test in which identical pictures of the target faces or the same person's expression-changed faces were randomly presented with distractor faces. The mental image manipulation group was better than distinctive feature scan group in long-term storage. This result is considered as a long-term effect of imagery encoding and a configurational encoding by mental image manipulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

EEG oscillations and recognition memory: theta correlates of memory retrieval and decision making.

Studies of memory retrieval have identified electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of a test item's old-new status, reaction time, and memory load. In the current study, we used a multivariate analysis to disentangle the effects of these correlated variables. During retrieval, power of left-parietal theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations increased in proportion to how well a test item was remembered, and theta in central regions correlated with decision making. We also studied how these oscillatory dynamics complemented event-related potentials. These findings are the first to demonstrate that distinct patterns of theta oscillations can simultaneously relate to different aspects of behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Beneficial effects of thiamine on recognition memory and P300 in abstinent cocaine-dependent patients.

The present study evaluated the effects of thiamine vs. placebo on memory task performance and event-related electroencephalographic potentials in eight abstinent cocaine-dependent patients. Patients orally ingested 5 g of thiamine and 5 g of a lactose placebo on two separate days scheduled approximately 1 week apart. The order of administration was randomized. Double-blind procedures were followed. Approximately 3 h after ingesting the capsules, patients completed Sternberg's (1975) memory scanning task during which performance and event-related potentials (P300) were recorded simultaneously. Thiamine was found to significantly improve recognition accuracy and P300 amplitude, at the midline parietal (Pz) electrode. The improvement was most reliable under conditions of increased memory load. These preliminary findings justify a further examination of the relation between thiamine's hypothesized effects on central nervous system cholinergic function, and the direct and indirect effects of cocaine abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Selective attention in vision: recognition memory for superimposed line drawings.

These experiments show that observers can selectively attend to one of two stationary superimposed pictures. If superimposed line drawings are presented to observers who are told to attend to one line drawing in the pair and to ignore the other line drawing in the pair, then a subsequent recognition test in which the pictures are presently singly, the attended picture in each pair is recognized much more frequently than the unattended picture in each pair. This selective recognition occurs both with large (11 degrees-22 degrees) displays in which observers are free to make eye movements during a 3-sec exposure and with small (1 degree) displays in which observers are instructed to fixate steadily on a point during a 1-sec exposure. The results of the steady fixation experiments show that in the absence of eye movements, attention to one of two superimposed stimuli can cause an observer to remember the attended image and not to remember the other, clearly visible, unattended image in a superimposed pair.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

An examination of the effects of stimulus type, encoding task, and functional connectivity on the role of right prefrontal cortex in recognition memory.

Right anterior prefrontal cortex and other brain areas are active during memory retrieval but the role of prefrontal cortex and how it interacts with these other regions to mediate memory function remain unclear. To explore these issues we used positron emission tomography to examine the effects of stimulus material and encoding task on brain activity during visual recognition, assessing both task-related changes and functional connectivity. Words and pictures of objects were encoded using perceptual and semantic strategies, resulting in better memory for semantically encoded items. There was no significant effect of prior encoding strategy on brain activity during recognition. Right anterior prefrontal cortex was equally active during recognition of both types of stimuli irrespective of initial encoding strategy. Regions whose activity was positively correlated with activity in right anterior prefrontal cortex included widespread areas of prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices bilaterally. Activity in this entire network of regions was negatively correlated with recognition accuracy of semantically encoded items. These results suggest that initial encoding task has little impact on the set of brain regions that is active during subsequent recognition. Right anterior prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in retrieval mode, reflected in its equivalent activity across conditions differing in both stimulus type and encoding task, and also in retrieval effort, shown by the negative correlation between its functional connectivity and individual differences in recognition accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Judgment heuristics and recognition memory: prime identification and target-processing fluency.

In three experiments, the effect of identification of a briefly presented word (prime) on a subsequent recognition response to that word (target) was investigated. Theories of current processing fluency (e.g., Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989) suggest that prime identification should reduce P(old) relative to prime misidentification because awareness of the prime provides a source to which to attribute target fluency, rendering attributions to prior presentation less likely. However, counter to these predictions, Experiment 1 demonstrated that prime identification increased P(old) relative to misidentified primes. It is hypothesized that this reversed effect was due to participants' using a heuristic that related prime identification success to prior presentation but was not based on current processing fluency. In Experiment 2, participants were induced to avoid using this heuristic by making an alternate source for prime identification success (display duration) highly available. Under these circumstances, prime identification reduced P(old) relative to prime misidentification, suggesting that participants now relied on current processing fluency rather than on prime identification success. Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiments 1 and 2, but with fixed rather than variable prime displays.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Recognition memory and the mere exposure effect.

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to make the stimuli better liked. Examined here is the relation between this increment in liking and recognition of the stimuli. An attempt was made to replicate findings taken as evidence that liking is used as a basis for inferring prior exposure and thus for making recognition decisions (e.g., Matlin, 1971; Moreland & Zajonc, 1977). The claim was not supported. Although in each of five experiments liking and recognition were positively correlated, liking was less sensitive to prior exposure than was recognition. Moreover, statistical analyses suggested that if liking and recognition were causally related, recognition mediated liking rather than the other way around.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of aging on visual recognition memory in the rhesus monkey.

As part of an effort to develop a primate model of human age-related memory dysfunction, performance by six rhesus monkeys 26 to 27 years of age was compared to that of six young adult monkeys (four to five years of age) on a trial unique delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task. This task assesses the monkey's ability to identify a novel from a familiar stimulus over a delay and resembles closely clinical tests that are used to assess memory function in geriatric patients. The task was presented in three stages: acquisition, delays and lists. As a group, aged monkeys were impaired relative to the young adult group on all three conditions. However, within the aged group, individual cases of efficient performance were observed. Error analyses of item positions of the lists condition revealed the absence of enhanced performance for items presented at the end of a list by aged animals, suggesting an abnormal sensitivity to proactive interference. The finding of a recognition impairment with age is in parallel with studies of normal human aging and lends support to the notion that the rhesus monkey is a suitable animal model of human aging.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Remembrance of odors past: human olfactory cortex in cross-modal recognition memory.

Episodic memory is often imbued with multisensory richness, such that the recall of an event can be endowed with the sights, sounds, and smells of its prior occurrence. While hippocampus and related medial temporal structures are implicated in episodic memory retrieval, the participation of sensory-specific cortex in representing the qualities of an episode is less well established. We combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a cross-modal paradigm, where objects were presented with odors during memory encoding. We then examined the effect of odor context on neural responses at retrieval when these same objects were presented alone. Primary olfactory (piriform) cortex, as well as anterior hippocampus, was activated during the successful retrieval of old (compared to new) objects. Our findings indicate that sensory features of the original engram are preserved in unimodal olfactory cortex. We suggest that reactivation of memory traces distributed across modality-specific brain areas underpins the sensory qualities of episodic memories.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Chronic stress leaves novelty-seeking behavior intact while impairing spatial recognition memory in the Y-maze.

This experiment examined whether chronic stress disrupts novelty-seeking behavior under conditions that impair spatial memory. Rats were restrained for 6 h per day for 21 days, then tested in either a traditional spatial recognition Y-maze that requires extra-maze spatial cues to navigate or a version with salient intra-maze cues in addition to the extra-maze spatial cues. As previously shown, chronic restraint stress impaired performance on the spatial version of the Y-maze. However, chronically stressed rats performed well in the intra-maze cue version. The results indicate that the deficits in Y-maze performance following chronic stress are not attributed to neophobia, but likely reflect neurochemical and/or neurobiological changes underlying spatial memory ability.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult-onset damage limited to the hippocampus.

There is disagreement about whether selective hippocampal lesions in humans cause clear item recognition as well as recall deficits. Whereas Reed and Squire (Behav Neurosci 1997;111:667-775) found that patients with adult-onset relatively selective hippocampal lesions showed clear item recognition deficits, Vargha-Khadem et al. (Science 1997;277: 376-380, Soc Neurosci Abstr 1998;24:1523) found that 3 patients who suffered selective hippocampal damage in early childhood showed clear recall deficits, but had relatively normal item recognition. Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495-499) argued, however, that item recognition may have been spared in these patients because the early onset of their pathology allowed compensatory mechanisms to develop. Therefore, to determine whether early lesion onset is critical for the relative sparing of item recognition and to determine whether its occurrence is influenced by task factors, we extensively examined item recognition in patient Y.R., who has pathology of adult-onset restricted to the hippocampus. Like the developmental cases, she showed clear free recall deficits on 34 tests, but her item recognition on 43 tests was relatively spared, and markedly less disrupted than her recall. Her item recognition performance relative to that of her controls was not significantly influenced by whether tests tapped visual or verbal materials, had a yes/no or forced-choice format, contained few or many items, had one or several foils per target item, used short or very long delays, or were difficult or easy for normal subjects. Interestingly, YR's bilateral hippocampal destruction was greater than at least 2 of the 3 patients of Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495-499). The possible reasons why item recognition differs across patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage of adult-onset and how the reasons that are truly critical can be best identified are discussed.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1998

Recognition memory for object form and object location: an event-related potential study.

In this study, the processes associated with retrieving object forms and object locations from working memory were examined with the use of simultaneously recorded event-related potential (ERP) activity. Subjects memorized object forms and their spatial locations and made either object-based or location-based recognition judgments. In Experiment 1, recognition performance was higher for object locations than for object forms. Old responses evoked more positive-going ERP activity between 0.3 and 1.8 sec poststimulus than did new responses. The topographic distribution of these old/new effects in the P300 time interval was task specific, with object-based recognition judgments being associated with anteriorly focused effects and location-based judgments with posteriorly focused effects. Late old/new effects were dominant at right frontal recordings. Using an interference paradigm, it was shown in Experiment 2 that visual representations were used to rehearse both object forms and object locations in working memory. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that the observed differential topographic distributions of the old/new effects in the P300 time interval are unlikely to reflect differences between easy and difficult recognition judgments. More specific effects were obtained for a subgroup of subjects for which the processing characteristics during location-based judgments presumably were similar to those in Experiment 1. These data, together with those from Experiment 1, indicate that different brain areas are engaged in retrieving object forms and object locations from working memory. Further analyses support the view that retrieval of object forms relies on conceptual semantic representation, whereas retrieving object locations is based on structural representations of spatial information. The effects in the later time intervals may play a functional role in post-retrieval processing, such as recollecting information from the study episode or other processes operating on the products of the retrieval process, and presumably are mediated by right frontal cortical areas. The results support the view of functionally dissociable object and spatial visual working memory systems.

Adult↗