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PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between reasons for drinking alcohol and alcohol consumption: an interactional approach.

Two motives for alcohol consumption have been emphasized in the etiological and the reasons-for-drinking literature: (a) people drink alcohol to cope with stress, and (b) people drink alcohol because of social influences. There is support for both of these hypotheses, but the results are usually modest and most authors agree that more complex theories of alcohol consumption are needed. This study examined the interactional effects of reasons for drinking alcohol and situational factors on alcohol consumption. Standardized telephone interviews were conducted with 781 randomly selected Michigan drinkers. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that gender, friends' alcohol consumption, coping, and social motives for drinking were significant predictors of study participants' alcohol consumption. As predicted, there was a significant interaction between drinking to cope with stress and perceived stress, and there was also a significant interaction between drinking for social reasons and friends' alcohol consumption. Similarities and differences in the results for women, men, Blacks, and Whites are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effectiveness of treatment for substance abuse. Reasons for optimism.

Reviews of treatment research have sometimes drawn gloomy conclusions which clash with the experience of clinicians. Yet the same literature provides reasons for optimism about the future of substance abuse treatment. There are treatment strategies with encouraging evidence of effectiveness that are only beginning to be applied in practice. Furthermore, research is clarifying the mechanisms and reasons for successful treatment, pointing to factors to be emphasized in therapy. Approaches that yield even short-term advantages can promote more rapid recovery, and may provide clues for how to prevent relapse. In difficult economic times, hope is also provided by evidence that even relatively brief treatment can be substantially more effective than none at all. Recent evidence also supports the importance of matching clients to alternative treatment strategies. To the extent that practitioners can keep abreast of such developments and adjust their clinical work accordingly, there is reason to believe that the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment can be greatly increased.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reasons for alcohol use by female heavy, moderate, and occasional social drinkers.

Subjective and behavioral reasons for drinking alcohol were elicited from 26 female social drinkers for 3 points in time by means of standardized questionnaire items selected from the Alcohol Use Inventory and the Alcoholic Stages Index. The 26 women resided for 35 days on a clinical research unit and could consume alcohol on 21 days. On the first study day subjects recalled subjective and behavioral reasons for drinking for the 21 days immediately prior to admission to the study and the 21 days of greatest alcohol consumption during the previous year. On the day after the end of the alcohol acquisition phase of the study, subjects responded to questions about their reasons for alcohol consumption during 21 days on the research unit. Each subject was classified as a heavy, moderate, or occasional drinker on the basis of observed alcohol intake. The heavy, moderate, and occasional drinkers differed significantly in history of alcohol use, and differences in questionnaire response patterns were reported for all 3 time intervals. In contrast to moderate and occasional drinkers, heavy social drinkers had significantly elevated questionnaire item scores for the 21 days of heaviest alcohol consumption during the past year and for the 21 days immediately prior to the study. However, both heavy drinkers and occasional social drinkers had significantly elevated scores for the 21-day alcohol acquisition phase on the research unit. Scores for moderate social drinkers were similar for each of the 3-time intervals.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A causal and temporal reasoning model and its use in drug therapy applications.

Superficial knowledge about drug effects and interactions may provide clinicians with only a limited support for the elaboration of therapy plans. Deeper knowledge of the mechanisms through which drugs produce their effects, together with their temporal constraints, should be modelled to predict the effects and interactions of their joint administration. The present paper describes a method for modelling such deep medical knowledge, together with its causal and temporal reasoning capabilities, and compares it with classical approaches to temporal and causal reasoning, namely in the context of drug treatment applications. This method extends a previous causal functional model by allowing the representation of quantitative knowledge, the explicit representation of time intervals, and a temporal reasoning technique, Simulation by Interval Constraining. The method is illustrated by a number of examples of basic drug metabolic mechanisms; and its future use in the development of decision support systems for complex drug therapy applications is discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

Integration of quantitative and qualitative reasoning: an expert system for cardiosurgical patients.

In this work the possibility of building an expert system to reason on the status of post-operative cardiac patients in intensive care units is analysed. The long-term knowledge consists of causal network which describes the main relationships between hemodynamic and metabolic quantities involved in the evolution after cardiac surgery. The inference engine uses an original hybrid formalism, which integrates numerical simulation and qualitative methods. If available, the numerical values of quantities and their exact mathematical relationships are employed; otherwise, the inference engine reasons by using a discrete qualitative representation of quantities. Simulations performed using real data indicate that integration of quantitative and qualitative methods reduces the number of diagnostic scenarios compatible with patient data, and constitutes a valid tool for reasoning about physiological disorders in terms of deep causal knowledge.

Atrial Function, Right↗
PubMed2004

Perceived reasons for depression among low income women of Mexican descent.

From a larger cross-sectional study of 315 women of Mexican descent, this secondary analysis focused on short answers to open-ended questions related to reasons given by 107 women at risk for depression (>16 on CES-D) for feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or depression within the last month. Data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Six categories of reasons were derived from data including: (1) partner issues, (2) family issues, (3) feelings of being alone, (4) inability to provide for material needs, (5) bodily symptoms and experiences, and (6) vague nonspecific reasons. Results are useful for designing future treatment programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: implications for autism.

Autism is a lifelong developmental disorder that is associated with severe difficulties with "theory-of-mind"--the understanding that others' behaviors are motivated by internal mental states. Here, we raise the possibility that research examining the neural bases of theory-of-mind reasoning has the potential to inform researchers about the elusive functional neural impairments associated with autism. Evidence from our lab and others' suggests that theory-of-mind reasoning may be fractionated into at least two functionally and anatomically distinct neural circuits. Specifically, the ability to decode others' mental states from observable cues (such as facial expressions) may rely on contributions from the orbitofrontal/medial temporal circuit within the right hemisphere. In contrast, the ability to reason about others' mental states may rely left medial frontal regions. We conclude by reviewing evidence suggesting that the developmental roots of autism might lie in abnormal functioning of the orbitofrontal/medial temporal circuit which may, in turn, underlie the abnormal development of social-cognitive skills among individuals with autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

The wording of conclusions in relational reasoning.

Literature on relational reasoning mainly focuses on the performance question. It is typically argued that problem difficulty relies on the number of "mental models" compatible with the problem. However, no study has ever investigated the wording of conclusions that participants formulate. In the present work, we analyze the relational terms that people use in drawing conclusions from spatial relation problems (A is to the left of B, B is to the left C, D is in front of A, E is in front C, What is the relation between D and E?). We observed a general preference for expressing conclusions with 'left' rather than conclusions with 'right'. We also found that three factors had an influence on the wording of the conclusions: the linguistic form of premises, the question type and the presentation format. On the other hand, the number of models and premise order did not affect the wording of conclusions. Our study shows that the type of conclusion produced provides a new key to identifying the mental processes involved in spatial reasoning. Implications for the two main approaches to reasoning processes (i.e. the analogical and the propositional approaches) are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Methods for reasoning from geometry about anatomic structures injured by penetrating trauma.

This paper presents the methods used for three-dimensional (3D) reasoning about anatomic structures affected by penetrating trauma in TraumaSCAN-Web, a platform-independent decision support system for evaluating the effects of penetrating trauma to the chest and abdomen. In assessing outcomes for an injured patient, TraumaSCAN-Web utilizes 3D models of anatomic structures and 3D models of the regions of damage associated with stab and gunshot wounds to determine the probability of injury to anatomic structures. Probabilities estimated from 3D reasoning about affected anatomic structures serve as input to a Bayesian network which calculates posterior probabilities of injury based on these initial probabilities together with available information about patient signs, symptoms and test results. In addition to displaying textual descriptions of conditions arising from penetrating trauma to a patient, TraumaSCAN-Web allows users to visualize the anatomy suspected of being injured in 3D, in this way providing a guide to its reasoning process.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Children's development of analogical reasoning: insights from scene analogy problems.

We explored how relational complexity and featural distraction, as varied in scene analogy problems, affect children's analogical reasoning performance. Results with 3- and 4-year-olds, 6- and 7-year-olds, 9- to 11-year-olds, and 13- and 14-year-olds indicate that when children can identify the critical structural relations in a scene analogy problem, development of their ability to reason analogically interacts with both relational complexity and featural distraction. Error patterns suggest that children are more likely to select a distracting object than to make a relational error for problems that present both possibilities. This tendency decreases with age, and older children make fewer errors overall. The results suggest that changes in analogical reasoning with age depend on the interplay among increases in relational knowledge, the capacity to integrate multiple relations, and inhibitory control over featural distraction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why do women miss oral contraceptive pills? An analysis of women's self-described reasons for missed pills.

Inconsistent use of oral contraceptives (OCs) exposes women to risks of unintended pregnancy. This study explored women's self-described reasons for missed OC pills. Data from diary cards completed by 141 women were studied to see how reasons for missing pills were related to patterns of pill use. The findings suggest that practitioners might improve OC use by focusing on the reasons that women miss pills, thus providing a more tailored approach that addresses individual risks based on women's personal experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Midwifery students' enrolment reasons and evaluations of the first Bachelor of Midwifery programme in Jordan.

OBJECTIVE: to explore reasons for enrolment in the first bachelor of midwifery programme in Jordan, and to describe midwifery students' evaluations of the programme. DESIGN: a cross-sectional survey design. SETTING: The Faculty of Nursing at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. PARTICIPANTS: 16 diploma-prepared midwifery students enrolled in the 2-year bachelor-completion programme. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: an open-ended question explored students' reasons for enrolling in the midwifery programme. For programme evaluation, a 13-item Midwifery Programme Evaluation Questionnaire (MPEQ) was developed and used. Total score ranged from 39-61, with a mean of 51.2 (SD=6.7). CONCLUSION: midwifery students reported five reasons for enrolling in the midwifery programme, which was favourably evaluated. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: encouragement and sustainability of student enrolment in the JUST Bachelor of Midwifery programme are recommended to improve midwifery education and enhance midwifery as a profession.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Childhood asthma: reasons for diagnostic delay and facilitation of early diagnosis--a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Children with undiagnosed asthmatic symptoms account for much illness and hospitalisation. The aim of the study was to identify reasons for diagnostic delay in childhood asthma and to develop tools for early diagnosis. METHODS: A qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews with the parents of 30 children with asthma aged 2-15 years, combined with 15 GP interviews. FINDINGS: Asthma symptoms for most of the children started during their first year. The typical symptom pattern reported by parents consisted of insidious recurrent or continuous respiratory symptoms, particularly bad at night, often lasting several weeks or months, provoked or aggravated by common colds or foggy weather. In describing the symptoms, parents focussed on coughing and sputum production. As in other studies, the children's asthmatic diagnosis was obscured by excessive diagnostic emphasis on respiratory infections. The reasons for diagnostic delay seemed to be, typically, that doctors did not pay enough attention to the history of recurrent cough and unspecified respiratory symptoms, just as the parents' use of lay and onomatopoeic terms and metaphors for wheezing seemed to be misinterpreted. Furthermore some doctors relied more on the present symptoms and physical examination, although asthmatic patients may have normal auscultation on examination. Several doctors did not expect asthma in infancy. CONCLUSIONS: The underlying reason for diagnostic delay could be that a former diagnostic definition of asthma, focussing on severe and dramatic cases, was still used by doctors. However, adapting to a new diagnostic concept for asthma, which highlights a history of periodic or chronic cough, wheeze and/or breathing difficulties and the typical asthma pattern in toddlers as shown in this study, may enable earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Oral anticoagulant therapy in Italy: prescribing prevalence and clinical reasons.

BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulants (OAs) are recommended for many clinical problems and their use requires organised and knowledgeable medical support. Up to our knowledge, there is no data about both the reasons of treatment among OAs' users and the number of patients prescribed with OAs in Italy. OBJECTIVES: To describe the OA use, and the reasons of prescribing among Italian General Practitioners. METHODS: We used the Health Search Database owned by the Italian College of General Practitioners to identify the clinical records of patients > or =20 years who had at least one prescription of OAs during the year 2002. RESULTS: Among a study population of 448,495 patients, 3,649 subjects (0.81%) had received at least one OAs prescription. Applying such a proportion to the overall Italian population, on the basis of data from Italian Office for National Statistics (ISTAT), we estimated that 376,882 patients would have used OAs during the year 2002 in Italy. The most frequent clinical problem related to the use of OAs was atrial fibrillation (45.6%), followed by cardiac valve disease (14.6%), deep vein thrombosis (12.2%) and peripheral artery embolism (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 370,000 patients are prescribed with OAs in Italy and for more than 50% of them life-long therapy is recommended. Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent reason for prescription.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

When a schizophrenic deficit becomes a reasoning advantage.

A deficit in context processing has been proposed to be one of the major deficiencies in schizophrenia. A demanding reasoning task, known to promote a very reproducible bias (i.e., a reasoning error) in healthy subjects, triggered by a misleading context, was administered in 26 schizophrenic patients and 26 healthy participants. Responses at random were checked by including an additional group of 11 schizophrenic patients who performed a control version of the task. We showed that patients presented a surprising imperviousness to the reasoning bias and had significantly better logical performances than their paired healthy participants. This finding demonstrates that there are some problem solving situations where disregarding contextual information, a cognitive deficit that usually impairs schizophrenic patients gives them a cognitive advantage over healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning.

Researchers in thinking and reasoning have proposed recently that there are two distinct cognitive systems underlying reasoning. System 1 is old in evolutionary terms and shared with other animals: it comprises a set of autonomous subsystems that include both innate input modules and domain-specific knowledge acquired by a domain-general learning mechanism. System 2 is evolutionarily recent and distinctively human: it permits abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking, but is constrained by working memory capacity and correlated with measures of general intelligence. These theories essentially posit two minds in one brain with a range of experimental psychological evidence showing that the two systems compete for control of our inferences and actions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Incomplete immunisation uptake in infancy: maternal reasons.

We examined uptake of primary immunisations in infancy and the reasons given by mothers for either incompletely or not immunising their infants. We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a cohort of 18,819 infants born between September 2000 and January 2002 in the UK. 95.6% infants were reported to be fully immunised, 3.3% partially immunised and 1.1% unimmunised. Mothers most frequently cited medical reasons (45%) for partial immunisation (n=697), but beliefs or attitudes (47%) for no immunisation (n=228). An understanding of maternal reasons for incomplete immunisation status may assist in identifying appropriate interventions to maximise uptake.

Attitude↗
PubMed1999

Theory of Reasoned Action predicts milk consumption in women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors influencing the consumption or avoidance of milk in women. SUBJECTS/SETTING: One hundred women completed food frequency questionnaires and a milk attitudes questionnaire framed within the Theory of Reasoned Action and performed sensory evaluations of different milk samples. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Differences among milk types were assessed using 2-way analysis of variance and least-significant-difference mean comparison procedures. Correlation and multiple regression analyses, and standardized partial regression coefficients, were used to determine the contribution of each component of the model in predicting behavior. RESULTS: Mean age of the 100 subjects was 39 years (range = 20-70 years). Milk consumption among subjects was low; 23 subjects indicated that they seldom or never drank milk. Data from the dairy frequency questionnaire showed that the primary milk for 42%, 36%, 27%, and 18% of the milk drinkers was skim, 2%, 1%, and whole, respectively (subjects could indicate more than 1 type of milk consumed). The Theory of Reasoned Action indicated that health and familiarity belief items were most associated with attitudes toward milk consumption. Skim milk had significantly lower scores for taste and texture belief items than 1%, 2%, and whole milk (P < .05), yet more subjects reported that they drank skim milk (42%) than the other milk types. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that subjects linked whole milk significantly more than skim milk (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: Some people continue to consume skim milk for reasons other than beliefs about taste and texture or actual sensory preference. This study identifies important factors contributing to milk consumption such as beliefs, attitudes, and sensory evaluation, which can be used to develop a specific framework in which to examine other components of milk consumption behavior.

Adult↗