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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

A new model of integrating Occidental and Oriental approaches.

In the Western countries, dynamically oriented psychoanalysis, behaviour modification based on learning principles and existential, humanistic psychology have been widely used as treatment modalities for neuroses and psychosomatic disorders. Autogenic therapy for relaxation and self-control has been utilized. In the Orient, Yoga, Zen, Acupuncture and Fasting Therapy have been applied to various neuroses and psychosomatic conditions. These unique Oriental approaches, in general, induce an altered state of consciousness in the subjects, and the characterized by the heightening of self-normalization and the restoration of homeostasis. Morita therapy aims at accepting reality as it is and at promoting constructive ego function, and is effective for suitable cases. The above-mentioned Western approaches, which are rather psychosomatic, and the Oriental approaches, which are rather somatopsychic, are considered to be complementary within the framework of a holistic and integrative therapeutic model.

Autogenic Training↗
PubMed1991

Effects of interferons and other cytokines on tumors in animals: a review.

The term cytokine describes a group of protein cell regulators involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation in embryogenesis, immunity and inflammation. They are of low molecular weight, are produced locally, and act in an autocrine or paracrine manner. In the past decade their use as cancer therapy has become a reality. Thirty years ago mice were treated with the antiviral protein interferon (IFN) which not only produced a reduction in the incidence of virus-induced tumors but also slowed the development of transplantable tumors. This was one of the first indications that cytokines can be negative regulators of cell growth. Here we outline current knowledge of the actions of IFNs and other cytokines in animal models, and draw parallels with clinical trials to illustrate the invaluable nature of this preclinical and mechanistic work.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Metabonomic modeling of drug toxicity.

Global metabolic profiling (metabonomics/metabolomics) has shown particular promise in the area of toxicology and drug development. In both preclinical screening and mechanistic exploration, metabolic profiling can offer rapid, noninvasive toxicological information that is robust and reproducible, with little or no added technical resources to existing studies in drug metabolism and toxicity. In this review, the study design and analytical technology required for metabonomics are discussed, along with key examples of how fundamental questions in drug development can be addressed. Strategies for metabonomic data analysis in toxicity assessment are detailed in both principle and practice, together with a description of toxicologically relevant metabolic biomarkers. Extended into the assessment of efficacy and toxicity in the clinic, metabonomics may prove crucial in making personalized therapy and pharmacogenomics a reality.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Optimal techniques for arterial gene transfer.

Cardiovascular gene therapy is becoming a clinical reality due to improved vectors, delivery systems and careful experimental validation studies. Nearly all cardiovascular diseases are amenable to gene therapy, but the optimal combination of vector, delivery system and therapeutic gene is likely to be unique to each application. Currently, the most efficient vectors available are replication-defective adenoviral vectors, but transgene expression is limited in time due to a strong immune response. Conversely, non-viral vectors or plasmid DNA may be used safely but have very limited efficiency. Percutaneous, catheter-based delivery is feasible for most applications. The ultimate issues that will decide of the future of gene therapy are safety of the transfer and delivery techniques as well as cost/effectiveness comparisons with alternative therapies, including local delivery of drugs, proteins and/or mechanical devices.

Arteries↗
PubMed1984

Biological response modifiers: preclinical evaluation and clinical activity.

Biological response modifiers are agents capable of affecting the host immune response toward tumors and include those biological substances produced by the human mammalian cell genome. Interferons and other lymphokines, tumor antigens, antibodies and agents which can activate or stimulate host immune responses are all included in this general category of agents. With the advent of genetic engineering and with monoclonal antibody technology, highly pure preparations of these biological substances can now be produced for tests of activity in preclinical models and in man. As the initial results accrue with highly purified preparations of interferon and with monoclonal antibodies alone or conjugated to toxic substances, the possibility of tumor specific therapy is becoming a reality. The development of preclinical models to predict for clinical activity remains a most important task to attempt to bring to clinical trials the substances most likely to be efficacious as anticancer agents. Early clinical results indicate that many of these agents can give responses in patients with clinically perceptible disease and Phase II activity studies are just beginning to define the range of clinical activity for a variety of biological response modifying agents. The development of biological response modifiers through preclinical testing and into clinical trials will be discussed in detail.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

Venous thromboembolism: past, present and future.

Over the last four decades there have been remarkable advances in the diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE)-pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). We have moved from no objective documentation to a plethora of ever improving imaging studies. Evolving treatment modalities have reduced the mortality due to PE to approximately 2%. Shorter hospitalizations followed by outpatient therapy are a growing reality. The use of primary prophylaxis is increasing, but more widespread use must be encouraged. Despite the many accomplishments, too many patients with VTE with its high mortality without treatment remain undiagnosed. There is a critical need to improve the role of the patient's history in identifying patients who warrant objective testing. The ideal would be the development of a biological marker of VTE, similar to the creatinine kinase-MB, creatinine kinase-MM, or troponin I in acute myocardial infarction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The burden of scientific progress: growing inequalities in the delivery of cancer care.

Novel targeted therapies are now a reality in oncology. The monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab, rituximab, cetuximab and bevacizumab have a proven benefit in both advanced and early stage cancers. Furthermore impressive new technologies such as gene profiling, circulating tumour cells and proteomics are becoming major tools for prognostic assessment and prediction of response to certain treatments. Whilst this is certainly good news for patients it comes at a price, many of these technologies are very expensive and may result in unprecedented inequalities in the delivery of cancer care. The largest impact may be on developing countries, but inequalities are starting to be felt in some developed nations. Strategies to tackle the resource implications need to be addressed alongside the development of these technologies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1995

Squamous cell carcinoma growth in irradiated tissue: a murine model for quantitative assessment of treatment.

Locoregional recurrent and distant metastases from squamous cell carcinomas, despite multimodality therapy, remain troublesome clinical realities. Discrepancies in success rates of various surgery and radiation treatment regimens dealing with these problems are confusing to the clinician attempting to recommend the most beneficial treatments. There is a need for an experimental model to assess therapeutic effectiveness quantitatively from which guidelines for developing clinical trials may be suggested. In this study, we provide such a model. We injected DBA-2 mice with defined numbers of KLN-205 squamous carcinoma cells to obtain baseline growth characteristics; 216 animals had no previous irradiation. The remaining 131 received 30 Gy irradiation to the right leg 50 days before injection of the tumor cells. Tumor incidence, growth and number, and location of tumor metastasis were determined in both previously irradiated and nonirradiated groups. The data demonstrate a growth-retardant effect on tumor groups by the previous irradiation (tumor bed effect). The data also show that the incidence of hematogenously spread metastases was more frequent in mice in which tumors developed in previously irradiated tissue than in mice with tumors in nonirradiated tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cellular and molecular neurosurgery: pathways from concept to reality--part II: vector systems and delivery methodologies for gene therapy of the central nervous system.

Different vector systems that have been used and/or specifically developed for central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer studies are briefly discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages with respect to potential clinical application. These include retroviruses, recombinant herpes simplex virus, adenoviruses, adenoassociated viruses, encapsulation of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid into cationic liposomes, and neural and oliogodendroglial stem cells. Particular attention has been paid to relate the modality of a specific CNS gene therapy to the strategy for adequate delivery of genetic material to the brain for either global or localized CNS neurodegenerative chronic disorder, as well as for CNS tumors and stroke. Techniques to circumvent the "impermeable" blood-brain barrier and how to breach the more versatile blood-brain-tumor barrier to deliver the genetic material to the target CNS cells are reviewed and include the following: 1) local stereotactic CNS injection/infusion of viral vectors, administration of vector producer cells, or cell replacement; 2) local administration of genetic material into the cerebrospinal fluid ventriculocisternal system; 3) osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier; 4) local intra-arterial infusion; and 5) administration of blood-brain-tumor barrier permeabilizers, such as a bradykinin B2 agonist RMP-7. It is concluded that gene therapy for several brain disorders holds great potential, as suggested mainly by in vitro experiments and, to some extent, by a limited number of animal experiments. However, several drawbacks currently hamper the application of gene therapy under the clinical setting. The problems associated with gene therapy that still present major obstacles are as follows: 1) inefficient transfection of host cells by viral vectors; 2) restricted delivery of genetic material across vascular barriers of the CNS and brain tumors; 3) nonselective expression of the transgene; and 4) in situ CNS regulation of the transgene expression in a therapeutically controlled manner, as imposed by the course and phenotype of the CNS disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Overview: the sex of the therapist.

Research studies about the relevance of therapist gender to assessment, duration of treatment, and satisfaction with treatment or its outcome provide no clear, replicable results salient to decision making. Psychoanalytic and other clinical writings deal with the impact of clinician gender on the course or outcome of psychotherapy. Effects appear to depend on many factors, including the type and goal of psychotherapy, the patient's developmental level, the early relationship with parents, and the nature of object relationships and specific conflictual areas, as well as the therapist' sensitivity and value system regarding gender issues. No specific conclusions as to optimal patient-therapist matches on the basis of therapist sex appear warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Court-mandated outpatient treatment for insanity acquittees: clinical philosophy and implementation.

Court-mandated outpatient treatment for offenders found not guilty by reason of insanity is an alternative form of treatment in which insanity acquittees may be released into the community after serving part of their commitment in a forensic hospital. Working with this difficult population requires a close liaison with the criminal justice system and a clearly articulated treatment philosophy. Essential elements include an emphasis on structure and supervision, recognition of the importance of neuroleptic medication, a reality-based approach to therapy and a focus on the problems of everyday living, and incorporation of the principles of case management. Treatment staff must be comfortable with giving support, enforcing limits, and recommending revocation of the patient's community status when necessary. Case illustrations of successful and unsuccessful community treatment for insanity acquittees are included.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental and clinical applications of molecular cell biology in nutrition and metabolism.

Rapid advances in molecular biology have yielded important new techniques for understanding the cellular mechanisms of normal homeostasis and disease. In particular, molecular laboratory methodologies have become important investigative tools for nutritional studies. Detection techniques for specific DNAs, RNAs, and proteins allow direct examination of cellular regulation of protein expression in health and illness. Construction of transgeneic models by recent techniques of inserting foreign genes into experimental animals has provided novel models for studies of cellular metabolism. In addition, molecular biology has had impact on clinical nutrition and therapy. Molecular techniques not only allow for early diagnosis of many inborn genetic errors of metabolism, recombinant technology has also provided for large-scale production of proteins and hormones of potential therapeutic value. The possibility for direct gene therapies is also nearing reality. Hence, understanding the language of molecular biology and the recent developments in this field is not only of research interest, but is also of clinical relevance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Priorities in renal replacement programs.

The various alternative programs in renal replacement therapy have precise meritocratic ranking which unfortunately is still largely ideal today. New directions and scientific plans (bioartificial kidney, new immunomodulators, gene therapy) have to be followed to make today's ideal ranking become reality.

Genetic Therapy↗
PubMed2006

The application of virtual reality to the treatment of PTSD following the WTC attack.

Recent research suggests that virtual reality (VR) enhanced exposure therapy may enhance the efficacy of treatment through increasing patient engagement in the exposure. This study evaluated the use of VR in the treatment of PTSD following the WTC attack of September 11, 2001. Individuals in a 14 session VR-enhanced treatment (n=9) were compared to a waitlist (WL) control group (n=8). ANOVA showed a significant interaction of time by group (p<.01) with a large effect size of 1.53. The VR group showed significantly greater post-treatment decline in CAPS scores compared to the WL. Our preliminary data suggests that VR is an effective tool for enhancing exposure therapy for both civilians and disaster workers who suffer from PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The nonimpact of thyroid stunning: remnant ablation rates in 131I-scanned and nonscanned individuals.

Thyroid stunning has been reported as the temporary impairment of thyroid tissue after a 111-MBq or greater diagnostic 131I dose that decreases the final absorbed dose in ablative therapy. Concerns regarding the reality of stunning have arisen in part due to a flawed study design in prior reports. To assess whether a stunning effect has any impact on therapeutic outcomes, we compared initial treatment ablation rates in patients who received 111- to 185-MBq 131I diagnostic scans (n = 37) before ablative doses of 3700-7400 MBq with ablation rates in patients who did not receive any 131I before the initial treatment dose (n = 63). Ablation rates were 64.9% for scanned patients and 66.7% for nonscanned patients, a nonsignificant difference. Nonscanned patients with metastatic lesions (n = 23) were ablated at a higher rate (78.3%) than scanned patients (n = 9) (66.7%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.50). It is possible that the reported stunning phenomenon, specifically its impact in temporarily impairing tissue, has been overemphasized.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗