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PubMed1988

Genome analysis of adenovirus 4a, a causative agent of pharyngoconjunctival fever and respiratory diseases in Brazil.

An outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus (Ad) occurred in 1976 in Belem (northern Brazil). By restriction endonuclease analysis, it was shown that the type responsible was Ad4a, a variant of Ad4 prototype (Ad4p) and previously described as causative agent of ocular diseases. In an epidemiologic study carried out in Rio de Janeiro and Belem between 1977 and 1986, 148 Ads were isolated from children with respiratory disease. All five Ad4 strains encountered during this study were also Ad4a. This type, circulating in South America, can therefore cause both ocular and respiratory diseases. No Ad4p was isolated during this study. A percent of comigrating restriction fragments of only 50% between Ad4p and Ad4a was calculated from 13 restriction enzyme patterns. The restriction maps of Ad4a for nine endonucleases are presented and compared with those of Ad4p.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1987

Increased risk of xerophthalmia following diarrhea and respiratory disease.

Preschool-age rural Indonesian children were reexamined every 3 mo for 18 mo. An average of 3228 were free of xerophthalmia at the examination initiating each of the six, 3-mo follow-up intervals. Children with respiratory disease and/or a recent history of diarrhea at the start of an interval developed xerophthalmia by the end of the interval at more than twice the rate of their healthier peers (p less than 0.05) independent of anthropometric status. It appears that vitamin A deficiency and infections, especially diarrhea and respiratory disease, can establish a vicious cycle that induces and perpetuates ocular and systemic disease.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[The usefulness of the Peak Flow Meter for assessing patients with acute respiratory disease].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the utility of the extrahospital use of "Peak Flow Meter" (PFM) in patients with an acute respiratory disease. 70 patients were studied. PFM, arterial gasometry, physical examination and dyspnea evaluation were performed on all of them. The PFM were posteriorly transformed into the rate related to the ideal result, following the Nunn and Gregg equation (1989). We found an association between the PFM rate and the different arterial blood gas test results, and a relation to the degree of dyspnea and the listening of sibilant rales. There was more significance with the rate of PFM than with the PFM transformed in all cases, and only association was found between arterial blood changes and PFM. We concluded that all patients with an acute respiratory disease with a rate of PFM greater than 50% should be evaluated carefully because of the probability of existing hypoxemia, and those with rate of less than 20% must be referred to hospital.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Study of employees with anhydride-induced respiratory disease after removal from exposure.

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and immunologic status of hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA)-exposed employees who had developed an immunologic respiratory disease and who have been removed from exposure for at least 1 year. In a surveillance study spanning 4 years, we identified 28 employees with HHPA-induced immunologic respiratory disease who had been removed from exposure for at least 1 year. Seven had asthma, nine had hemorrhagic rhinitis, four had both, and eight had allergic rhinitis alone. Respiratory symptoms were assessed by physician-administered questionnaires. For each employee, a physical examination, spirometry, and chest roentgenograph were performed. Antibody against HHPA conjugated to human serum albumin (HHP-HSA) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Symptoms, signs, and spirometry normalized in all but one employee. There were no chest-roentgenograph findings at follow-up that could be attributed to HHPA. There was a decline in antibody liter for both immunoglobulin E and G against HHP-HSA. In this group of 28 employees, there was only one employee with mild asthma after removal from exposure for at least I year. Although specific antibody was still present in many, the titers were generally lower at follow-up than at presentation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of respiratory diseases and therapeutic intervention by the forced oscillation technique in feedlot cattle.

The forced oscillation technique was used to study pulmonary function in bulls during naturally acquired pulmonary-gastrointestinal disease complex known as shipping fever and as it was treated with two different antibiotics. Fifteen double-muscled bulls of the Belgian White and Blue breed were investigated. Clinical, serological and pulmonary function values were recorded during and after naturally occurring respiratory disease. Total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) were measured by the forced oscillation technique. The antibiotic ceftiofur (group A, n = 10) and oxytetracycline (group B, n = 5) were given over three days. A large increase of Rrs at low frequencies with a marked negative frequency dependence, an increase of the resonant frequency, and a decrease of Xrs were recorded in the initial stage of the disease. The parameters returned to normal values seven days later. Clinical evidence of recovery was more marked in group A than in group B. These results show that moderate shipping fever induces acute small and large airway obstruction which responds to appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1999

Serological and molecular diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and evidence of other viral infections in dairy calves with respiratory disease in Venezuela.

An investigation based on 2 studies was carried out to assess the involvement of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in calf respiratory disease in dairy farms in Venezuela. In the first study, 8 farms were selected and paired serum samples from 42 calves with respiratory disease were tested by ELISA for antibodies to the 3 viruses. Seroconversion to BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV was found to 5, 2, and 6 farms out of the 8, respectively. The proportion of calves that showed seroconversion to BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV were 19%, 14%, and 26%, respectively. In the second study, another farm having previous serological evidence of BVDV infection was selected. The decline of maternal antibodies against BVDV was monitored in 20 calves and the half-life of maternal antibodies was 34 +/- 12 days presumably indicating an early natural infection with BVDV. Furthermore, sera free of BVDV antibodies that were collected in studies 1 and 2 and were assayed for the presence of BVDV by nested RT-PCR. Two BVDV strains were detected and compared to those of ruminant and porcine pestiviruses. Both strains were assigned to subgroup Ib of type I BVDV. This investigation provides information on BVDV genotypes circulating in Venezuela and may contribute to the establishment of official control programmes against the viruses studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spatial analysis of respiratory disease on an urbanized geothermal field.

Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in the parts per billion-parts per million range occurs in the population of Rotorua, a city built upon an actively degassing geothermal field in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. H(2)S is acutely toxic at high concentrations but little is understood of the health effects of chronic, low-level exposure. In Rotorua, H(2)S emissions and ambient concentrations are heterogeneous and approximately 30% of the greater urban area's population live upon or <4 km downwind of the geothermal field. Spatial analysis of disease incidence clustering using a spatial scan statistic is a powerful tool with which to investigate the spatial relationship which may exist between H(2)S and respiratory disease. This paper reports findings from a spatial cluster analysis of 11 years of hospital discharge data at the census area unit resolution. Results indicate that the relative risk (RR) of incidence of noninfectious respiratory diseases may be substantially higher among residents living in the geothermal area than have been reported previously. RR >5 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its associated conditions are found in clusters which are spatially coincident with the geothermal field. Future work which investigates neurological and circulatory disease groups at the same or better spatial resolution may provide further insight into the chronic health effects of H(2)S exposure than these preliminary findings indicate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Educational program for smoke-induced respiratory diseases in Brazilian Amazon: assessing knowledge about asthma.

Economic and cultural considerations underlie the forest clearing by burning that occurs in the Brazilian Amazon region. The prevalence of respiratory diseases markedly increases during the annual burning season. As part of a nongovernmental initiative to reduce forest fires, health professionals received updated training about respiratory diseases aggravated by smoke. The aim of the present study was to describe and evaluate this educational program. A total of 1500 health care professionals received theoretical and practical guidance. Some of the involved community health agents (CHA) and nurse technicians completed a questionnaire that assessed knowledge about asthma before and after training. Asthma was recognized as an inflammatory disease by 274 of 743 (36%) CHA and nurse technicians on the initial questionnaire compared with 542 of 684 (80%) on the final questionnaire (p < 0.0001). The concept that asthma and allergic bronchitis are the same disease was initially acknowledged by 250 of 743 (33%) CHA and nurse technicians compared with 671 of 684 (90%) after the training (p < 0.0001). The usefulness of bronchodilators was identified by 442 of 743 (60%) CHA and nurse technicians before the training vs. 497 of 684 (73%) after the training (p < 0.0001). Training significantly influenced knowledge about asthma in the group studied. The impact of this program on health care remains unknown.

Asthma↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of carprofen and flunixin meglumine as adjunctive therapy in bovine respiratory disease.

In an open, controlled, multi-centre clinical field trial, seven 'naturally occurring' outbreaks of acute febrile (rectal temperature > or = 39.5 degrees C) respiratory disease in housed calves were treated with a single antimicrobial agent, and either the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen (n = 95) or flunixin meglumine (n = 92) on an alternate basis. Carprofen was administered as a single subcutaneous injection at a mean dosage of 1.4 mg kg-1 (range 1.2 to 1.9 mg kg-1) body weight on the first day and flunixin meglumine by intravenous injection at a mean dosage of 2.0 mg kg-1 (range 1.2 to 2.6 mg kg-1) body weight on the first 3 consecutive days. All calves were examined clinically immediately prior to initial treatment and on three occasions up to 1 week after the end of treatment. There were no statically significant differences between NSAID groups in reduction of clinical parameters between examinations, or in overall efficacy. This trial demonstrated that a single dose of carprofen was equally effective as three daily doses of flunixin meglumine as adjunctive therapy to antimicrobial treatment in acute respiratory disease in calves.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Developing educational interventions for paediatric respiratory diseases: from theory to practice.

A cure for many childhood respiratory diseases is not yet possible and treatment usually has to focus on disease control. For families, this frequently involves a series of quite complex tasks. Education helps families develop the necessary knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and skills to manage illness effectively, and is one of the main tasks of the clinical team. Unfortunately, health education interventions often fail to bring about any significant gains in the health or well being of the target population. This article describes how a systematic approach can be applied to the development of health educational interventions to maximise their chance of being effective.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Short term effects of air pollution on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory disease: results of the APHEA project in two major cities in The Netherlands, 1977-89.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the short term relationship between air pollution and the daily number of emergency hospital admissions for respiratory disease. DESIGN: Data were analysed using autoregressive Poisson regression allowing for overdispersion and controlling for possible confounding factors such as seasonal and other chronological variables, meteorological factors, and influenza epidemics. SETTING: The two major cities in The Netherlands-Amsterdam (694,700 inhabitants) and Rotterdam (576,200 inhabitants). PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, registered on a daily basis by the National Medical Registration, for the period 1977-89 were used. ICD-9 codes included were: respiratory (460-519), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (490-492, 494, 496), and asthma (493). The mean (range) of the total daily number of admissions for these three classifications were as follows: 6.70 (0-23), 1.74 (0-9) and 1.13 (0-7) respectively in Amsterdam and 4.79 (0-19), 1.57 (0-9), and 0.53 (0-5) in Rotterdam. Air pollution measurements were provided by the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. In The Netherlands, air pollution is at a low to moderate ("summer type") or a low ("winter type") level. The levels in Amsterdam and Rotterdam did not differ much for the "summer type". For 1977-89 the mean (range) values of ozone (O3), the "summer type" pollutant (O3-8 h), were 86 (0-252) micrograms/m3 in Amsterdam and 82 (0-286) micrograms/m3 in Rotterdam. The mean (range) of the values "winter type", pollutant, sulphur dioxide (SO2-24 h), were 38 (0-381) micrograms/m3 in Amsterdam and 50 (1-379) micrograms/m3 in Rotterdam. For black smoke (BS-24 h), values were 14 (1-84) micrograms/m3 and 28 (1-144) micrograms/m3 respectively (1986-89). MAIN RESULTS: Ozone had a non-significant positive effect on the number of respiratory emergency admissions in summer in people aged > or = 65 years (relative risk for a 100 micrograms/m3 increase in O3-8 h of 1.127 (0.983, 1.292) in Amsterdam and a significant positive effect of 1.344 (1.097, 1.647) in 1977-81 in Rotterdam). Sulphur dioxide did not show any clear effects; in Amsterdam a significant negative effect was even found. The same was true for nitrogen dioxide in Amsterdam; in Rotterdam, however, nitrogen dioxide showed non-significant positive effects (RR 0.965, 1.342). Black smoke did not show any clear effects in Amsterdam; in Rotterdam it was positively but not significantly related to the number of admissions. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the relation between short term air pollution and emergency hospital admissions is not always consistent at these rather low levels of daily hospital admissions and of air pollution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Reference equations used to predict pulmonary function. Survey at institutions with respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada.

Adult respiratory disease training programs in the United States and Canada were surveyed to determine which reference equations were used to predict normal pulmonary function and how ethnic differences were approached. Replies from 139 of the 180 (77.2 percent) institutions surveyed were received and evaluated. Surprisingly few studies account for most of the equations in use: three studies account for 85 percent of the spirometric equations, two for 83 percent of the lung volume equations and five for 84 percent of the diffusing capacity equations. Although there are no definite data, the form of many of the replies suggests that equipment default settings may influence the selection process. Of those responding to the ethnic difference question, 53 percent of institutions applied no correction for ethnic differences. There was no consistent pattern to the method of correction among those who did.

Canada↗
PubMed1976

Investigation of a respiratory disease associated with an air-conditioning system.

This paper describes the investigation of respiratory disease presenting in a group of men employed on the printing floor of a factory. The air-conditioning units supplying this floor were found to be contaminated with a variety of micro-organisms. The specific cause of the disease was not identified but an alteration in the system of humidification led to the complete resolution of symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Virological research in acute respiratory diseases in 1976--1977 (author's transl)].

From October 1976 to June 1977 virological researches have been carried out on 5 subjects with influenza, on 302 children hospitalized in pediatric departments for respiratory illness and 94 children hospitalized in the same departments for other (non respiratory) diseases. The incidence of influenza was moderate and restricted to small epidemic episodes in school and preschool children. The isolated viruses resulted of A type, substantially similar to the prototype strains appeared from 1972 to 1975. Among children hospitalized for respiratory diseases Adenoviruses (6.8%) and, with decreasing frequency, Enteroviruses, paraifluenza viruses and RS have been also isolated. The incidence of isolation of RS virus is significantly related to bronchopneumonia cases in infants under on year of age. The incidence of significant increases of FC antibodies against influenza (A and B) viruses, RS and Myc. pneumoniae in children with bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia is also considerable. The drawing of pharyngeal swabs at different intervals from the entry to the hospital has shown that the shedding of respiratory viruses is generally very short and that hospital cross-infections may occur.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1986

[Epidemiology of occupational respiratory diseases].

In the occupational environments air pollutants may be of different natures (chemical, mineral, etc.) and forms (particles, gas, etc.). Except in some acute circumstances the respiratory diseases need several years to develop. These diseases may be specific, caused by a particular pollutant (i.e.: silicosis, asbestos) or non specific (i.e.: chronic bronchitis). Epidemiological studies are well-adapted tools for the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of the pathological processes. They may also lead to efficient preventive action, treatment or compensation. For each of these 3 points (knowledge, understanding, action) one must keep in mind specificities of the respiratory diseases which may be different from one to the other with respect to etiological factors, varieties of disordered structure and function. One also must keep in mind the specificities of the place where the studies will be conducted (large or small factories, professional groups, specific or miscellaneous hazards), the research teams with different skills and competences, the relational problems with the managers, the workers, the unions, the occupational physician, etc. Some particular comments are given about the definition of the disease, the ways of examination methods, the population to be studied and controlled, the evaluation of hazards, the relationships between disease and risk factors.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed2004

PI 3-kinase inhibition: a therapeutic target for respiratory disease.

Asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are a growing major health burden, which, despite improvements in disease management, still require new effective treatments. As our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes which govern respiratory diseases improves, the range of potential therapeutic targets increase. PI 3-kinases (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) are a family of closely related enzymes, which play pivotal roles in a diverse array of cellular mechanisms. In the present paper, we review the evidence for PI 3-kinase involvement in various cellular processes underlying asthma and COPD generated through inhibitor studies and gene-targeting approaches, and discuss the prospects for PI 3-kinase inhibition as a future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of respiratory disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nasal challenge test in the diagnosis of allergic respiratory diseases in subjects occupationally exposed to a high molecular allergen (flour).

The objective of this study was the evaluation of the usefulness of the nasal challenge test in the diagnosis of allergic respiratory diseases in subjects occupationally exposed to flour. A single-blind, placebo controlled study was conducted in 100 subjects with occupational atopic asthma with rhinitis. The control groups consisted of 20 atopic subjects not sensitized to investigated allergens and 20 healthy subjects. A 'nasal pool' technique was used to evaluate the changes of the cellular response and protein level in nasal washings after topical provocation with allergen or placebo. The concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein and mast cell-derived tryptase in nasal fluid were evaluated in 60 cases. There were significant increases in eosinophil and basophils number, albumin/total protein ratio, eosinophil cationic protein and tryptase levels in occupationally sensitized patients challenged with specific allergens. There were neither severe bronchial reactions or an increase of bronchial hyperreactivity in occupationally sensitized patients after the nasal provocation with flour. The nasal challenge test appears to be a very useful and safe tool for diagnosing occupational allergy.

Administration, Intranasal↗