Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Personality Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

DSM-III personality disorders in the community.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and investigate the comorbidity and potential consequences of DSM-III personality disorders in the community. METHOD: A total of 810 adults were examined in the second stage of the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey in 1981, part of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. The subjects were directly examined by psychiatrists using a semi-structured method that allowed diagnosis of all DSM-III personality disorders as well as other DSM-III psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: The prevalence of personality disorders in these adults was 5.9% (9.3% when provisional cases were included). Men had higher rates than women, and subjects who were separated or divorced had the highest rates. There was little comorbidity among specific personality disorders. Subjects with personality disorders were significantly more likely to have a history of sexual dysfunctions, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders as well as suicidal thoughts and attempts. In addition, they reported significantly more life events in the past year. Among subjects with any axis I disorder, those with personality disorders were judged by the psychiatrists to be more in need of treatment; however, only 21% were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Personality disorders are relatively common in the community. They are associated with axis I disorders and life events. Only one-fifth of the individuals who qualify for diagnoses of personality disorders in the community are receiving treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues.

OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we explore the underlying dimensional structure of personality disorder, propose a novel approach to its diagnosis, and outline our concepts of its etiology and treatment based on the seven factor psychobiological model of temperament and character. METHOD: Temperament and character traits were evaluated in a consecutive series of 109 psychiatric out-patients, with or without personality disorder and varying mood and anxiety states. RESULTS: Low scores on character dimensions consistently correlated with high symptom counts for personality disorder. Each subtype of personality disorder created a unique combination of correlations with the four temperament traits. CONCLUSION: Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) temperament and character traits efficiently diagnose personality disorder and differentiate its individual subtypes. Character traits are used to diagnose the presence and the severity of personality disorder, whereas temperament traits are used for differential diagnosis. The distinction between temperament and character provides an attractive theoretical basis for etiological postulates and treatment of personality disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fluoxetine in borderline personality disorder.

1. Twelve patients with borderline personality disorder and not suffering a major depression were treated with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in an open label trial. All of the patients improved, and 75% were rated as much or very much improved. 2. Treatment was generally very well tolerated, but careful dosage titration was important in some patients, especially to manage agitation. 3. Improvement has been maintained with continued treatment throughout the follow-up period which ranged up to six months. 4. Incidental findings suggest fluoxetine may also be of use in treating substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, late luteal phase dysphoria disorder, dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders, and seasonal pattern depression. 5. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that borderline personality disorder may be related to a central serotonergic deficit.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Childhood trauma and personality disorder: toward a biological model.

Cross-sectional and prospective associations of personality disorder with childhood trauma provide an important clue regarding the biological mechanism of personality disorder. In this review, empirical literature from several domains is summarized. These include relevant findings from behavioral genetics, preclinical models of early life parental care, and clinical translational studies of personality disorder. Identification of the biological mechanism by which childhood trauma exerts an effect on personality disorder may require modification of the conceptualization of personality disorder, either as a set of categories or dimensions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: meta-analysis of published studies.

BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence about the influence of personality disorder on outcome in depressive disorders. AIMS: Meta-analysis of studies in which a categorical assessment of personality disorder or no personality disorder was made in people with depressive disorders, and categorical outcome (recovered/not recovered) also determined. METHOD: Systematic electronic search of the literature for relevant publications. Hand searches of Journal of Affective Disorders and recent reviews, with subsequent meta-analysis of selected studies. RESULTS: Comorbid personality disorder with depression was associated with a doubling of the risk of a poor outcome for depression compared with no personality disorder (random effects model OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.70-2.80), a robust finding maintained with only Hamilton-type depression criteria at outcome (OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.61-3.01). All treatments apart from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) showed this poor outcome, and the ECT group was small. CONCLUSIONS: Combined depression and personality disorder is associated with a poorer outcome than depression alone.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1996

Personality disorders in first- and multiple-episode mania.

We compared rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders in 33 first-episode and 26 multiple-episode bipolar patients. Patients were evaluated with the patient and personality disorders versions of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Significantly more multiple-episode patients (65%) met DSM-III-R criteria for a personality disorder than did first-episode patients (33%). Race was also associated with a diagnosis of a personality disorder. Personality disorders may be associated with multiple affective episodes in bipolar patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A preliminary investigation of self-reported personality disorders in late life: prevalence, predictors of depressive severity, and clinical correlates.

Previous research suggests that personality disorders, particularly in clusters A and C, persist into late life, are particularly prevalent in late-life depressed samples, and negatively impact treatment of late-life depression. The present study examined the self-reported personality disorder traits of a sample of 65 depressed elders using the Wisconsin Personality Disorder Inventory IV (WISPI IV). As expected, clusters A and C were most prevalent and the presence of a personality disorder predicted the maintenance or re-emergence of depressive symptoms, as did hopelessness and ambivalence regarding emotional expression. No specific personality disorder traits were associated with clinical features of late-life depression (age of onset, number of previous episodes) while some personality disorder traits were associated with psychological correlates of depression (hopelessness, ambivalence regarding emotional expression, thought suppression). A theoretical explanation for the cluster prevalence based on self-verification is discussed along with a profile of elderly patients who may have poor depression treatment course if they exhibit personality disorder traits, particularly interpersonal rigidity or avoidance, chronic hopelessness, and emotional inhibition.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of a diagnostic checklist with a structured interview for the assessment of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders.

The International Diagnostic Checklists for the assessment of the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders (IDCL-P) were compared with a structured interview, the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), using a balanced test-retest design with forty psychiatric inpatients. The results, using pairwise kappa for the calculation of agreement, were as follows: any personality disorder versus no personality disorder 0.52 for DSM-III-R diagnoses and 0.75 for ICD-10 diagnoses. The range for the single personality disorders diagnosed at least five times was from -0.07 to 0.71 for DSM-III-R diagnoses and from 0.38 to 0.68 for ICD-10 diagnoses. Only for DSM-III-R diagnoses do figures exist from three other studies comparing two structured interviews with each other. The results of all four studies suggest that 60% of the variance in personality disorder diagnoses represents variance not attributable to the patients, which is scientifically unacceptable.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential perception of parental bonding in schizotypal and borderline personality disorder patients.

Fifty-four patients with schizotypal and/or borderline personality disorders were compared with 165 patients with other personality disorders and 52 patients with no personality disorders as to their perception of parental behavior in childhood. Both schizotypals and borderlines reported low care; however, schizotypals remembered underprotection and borderline overprotection. The study suggests parental neglect in the childhood memory of schizotypals and negative over-involvement for borderlines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Personality disorder in patients infected with HIV: a controlled study with implications for clinical care.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of psychiatric illness in populations infected with or at risk for HIV have not included systematic evaluation for personality disorders. The authors present the first controlled study of 1) personality disorders in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men and 2) the impact of personality disorder on coping, social support, and mood in asymptomatic HIV-positive homosexual men. METHOD: The authors studied 58 asymptomatic HIV-positive and 53 HIV-negative homosexual men living outside the high-prevalence epicenters of the AIDS epidemic. Personality disorder was assessed with a clinician-administered interview, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher prevalence of personality disorder in the HIV-positive (33%) than in the HIV-negative (15%) subjects. In the HIV-positive subjects, those with a personality disorder (compared to those without a personality disorder) showed 1) significantly greater mood disturbance, with higher scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Profile of Mood States Total Mood Dysfunction, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale, 2) greater use of denial and helplessness when coping with the threat of AIDS, and 3) greater social conflict. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that personality disorder is common in the HIV-positive population. Compared with HIV-infected patients without a personality disorder, patients with a personality disorder may experience greater dysphoria and be more likely to cope with the threat of AIDS in a dysfunctional way. Recognition of the impact of personality disorder on coping with HIV infection is important for comprehensive, sensitive, and effective clinical care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Comparing borderline definitions: DSM-III borderline and schizotypal personality disorders.

Compared the two types of borderline disorder formally defined by DSM-III, borderline personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder, at the diagnostic category and individual criterion level. Unlike previous research in this area, which has focused on inpatient and outpatient populations, the sample was a psychometrically defined, nonpatient sample including Ss meeting DSM-III criteria for each disorder. The results indicated that the two diagnostic categories each define a type of borderline with distinctive combinations of features. Perceptual and cognitive distortion, however, seem to be present in both and define an area of overlap between the two disorders. The implications of these findings for the revision of the SPD diagnostic criteria in DSM-III-R are discussed, and the theoretical separation of two subtypes of borderline personality is affirmed.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2001

[Personality disorders in the elderly. Three case reports].

Little is known about diagnosing personality disorders in elderly persons. The current Axis II nosology is not age related and the majority of psychological tests are unreliable. Three cases dealing with personality disorders are presented. In these cases loss of health, relationships and autonomy are pointed out as the age specific stressors. We studied the relation between psychological symptoms, personality, coping style and age specific stressor. It appeared that elderly persons with personality disorders often have difficulties coping with these stressors. Inadequate coping styles may luxate or exaggerate axis I disorders. Therefore we recommend to pay more attention to the axis II classification during the diagnostical process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Should self-defeating personality disorder be revisited in the DSM?

Self-defeating personality disorder (SDPD) was proposed for consideration in the DSM-III-R, but was eventually removed from the manual because of the lack of evidence to support its validity. Yet, after DSM-IV was published, some studies suggested that SDPD may be a viable diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SDPD's viability as a diagnostic category. Consequently, SDPD's internal consistency, comorbidity with other Axis I and II disorders, association with psychosocial impairment, and its ability to predict overall impairment in past, current, and global levels of functioning beyond other personality disorder symptomatology was assessed in 1,200 psychiatric evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality (Pfohl, Blum, & Zimmerman, 1997). Cronbach's alpha for SDPD criteria was 0.61, and item-total correlations ranged between 0.22-0.38. There was substantial comorbidity of SDPD with depressive, avoidant, and borderline personality disorders, as well as major depression and anxiety disorders. The SDPD group did not significantly differ from psychiatric controls on multiple measures of psychosocial impairment, global functioning, and suicidality. SDPD did not meaningfully add to the prediction of impairment above and beyond other measures of Axis II pathology. It is concluded that the data do not support the reliability, validity, and utility of the SDPD diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The overlap between personality disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD).

BACKGROUND: Research studies have focused attention on the importance of the comorbidity of personality disorders and depression. METHODS: The present review examines seven potential explanations for the overlap to clarify the nature of the relationship, if any, between depression and personality disorder diagnoses. RESULTS: There may be many explanations for the potential overlap of personality disorders (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). For example, the distinction between states and traits may not be as clear and definitive as suggested in the DSM-IV. In some cases, depression may influence personality pathology, and may even lead to personality disorders. In other cases, personality disorders may lead to MDD. CONCLUSION: Further research may clarify the nature of the relationship, if any, between depression and personality disorder diagnoses, as well as the relationship between comorbidity and treatment response.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2006

Sadistic personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

Sadistic personality disorder (SPD) is a controversial diagnosis proposed in the DSM-III-R, but not included in the DSM-IV. Few studies have focused on this disorder in adolescents. This article describes the results of a study that sought to determine the presence of sadistic personality characteristics in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and of comorbid Axis I or personality disorder patterns in those youth with SPD or SPD traits. Fifty-six adolescents were assessed for sadistic and other personality disorders with the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders-Revised (SIDP-R). Axis I disorders were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, Adolescent Version (DICA-R-A) and portions of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Epidemiologic (K-SADS-E). The youth were divided into those with SPD and SPD traits, the Sadistic Group (n = 18), and the Nonsadistic Group (n = 38). A significant proportion of the adolescents in this study met full DSM criteria for SPD (14%). The Sadistic Group (32%) had significantly more Axis I and personality pathology than did the Nonsadistic Group. However, all but one in the Sadistic Group met criteria for other personality disorders, confounding the interpretation of these findings and consistent with adult literature studies. Subjects with sadistic personality characteristics were identified in this adolescent inpatient sample, and they had more extensive Axis I and II psychopathology than the comparison group. The validity of this disorder in younger populations requires further study. Future studies should also explore the impact that the mandatory use of the pleasure/gratification criterion has on the validity of the SPD diagnosis and whether the requisite presence of this criterion decreases the overlap currently noted between SPD and other Axis II diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comorbidity of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders: a comparative study.

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Personality Disorders assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for Axis-II in 155 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Disorder vs inpatients with Bipolar Disorder (39). The most frequent Axis II diagnoses among Unipolar inpatients were Borderline (31.6%), Dependent (25.2%), and Obsessive-Compulsive (14.2%) Personality Disorders. Among Bipolar inpatients, the most prevalent personality disorders were Borderline (41%), Narcissistic (20.5%), Dependent (12.8%), and Histrionic disorders (10.3%). Using chi squared analysis, few differences in distribution emerged between the two groups: Unipolar patients had more recurrent Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder than Bipolar patients (chi(1)2=6.24, p<.005). Comorbid Narcissistic Personality Disorder was significantly more frequent in the Bipolar than in the Unipolar group (chi(1)2=6.34, P<.01). Considering the three clusters (DSM-IV classification), there was a significant difference between the groups, Cluster C (fearful, avoidant) diagnoses being more frequent in the Unipolar than in the Bipolar group (48.4% vs 20.5%, respectively). Cluster B (dramatic, emotionally erratic) diagnoses were found more frequently in patients with Bipolar Disorders (71.8% vs 45.2% in Unipolar patients, chi(2)2=10.1, p<.006). The differences in the distribution and prevalence of Personality Disorders between the two patient groups are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Association of C-reactive protein elevation with trait aggression and hostility in personality disordered subjects: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of personality traits of aggression and hostility, in generally healthy human subjects, has been shown to be associated with elevations of C-reactive protein (pCRP), which, in turn, has also been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiac disease. In this pilot study, the author tests the hypothesis that pCRP elevations are associated with the traits of aggression and hostility in personality disordered subjects, a group at high risk for the presence of aggression and hostility. METHOD: Participants were 99 medically healthy subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for personality disorder for which both pCRP levels and Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) Aggression and Hostility data were available. RESULTS: Subjects with pCRP levels > or = 1.0 mg/L or higher were found to have significantly higher BDHI Aggression and BDHI Hostility scores than subjects with pCRP levels < 1.0 mg/L. Addition of a number of control variables reduced, but did not generally eliminate, differences in the BDHI scores. In contrast, measures of general dimensions of personality did not differ as a function of pCRP Status. CONCLUSIONS: The association of elevations in pCRP level in medically healthy personality disordered subjects with higher scores of trait aggression and hostility suggests the presence of chronic inflammation in highly aggressive/hostile personality disordered subjects similar to that observed in otherwise healthy individuals at risk for coronary artery disease. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical correlates of this finding.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Personality disorder symptoms and functioning in elderly depressed patients.

The authors evaluated the relationship of personality disorder symptoms to disability and social and interpersonal functioning in geriatric depression. Measures of personality disorder and cognitive, affective, social, interpersonal, medical, socioeconomic factors, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) status were administered to 47 elderly patients at various levels of remission from major depression. Total personality disorder scores were inversely associated with IADL, sociability, and presence of a satisfying relationship, both alone and in interaction with depression. The associations between personality disorder and functioning were most prominent in subjects with low residual depression. Symptoms of personality disorder in elderly patients may be associated with disability and impaired social and interpersonal functioning after an acute depressive episode; personality disorder symptoms may also have treatment implications for geriatric depression.

Activities of Daily Living↗