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PubMed1994

Delusions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: diagnostic issues.

Family studies of schizophrenia frequently include relatives of schizophrenia probands with diagnoses falling within the schizophrenia spectrum. As part of an ongoing genetic linkage study of schizophrenia, the authors examined case material from 50 relatives (of schizophrenia probands) who received a DSM-III-R diagnosis of a nonaffective psychotic disorder or schizotypal or paranoid personality disorder. Eleven exhibited episodic or chronic delusions that resulted in diagnostic dilemmas, often arising from issues pertaining to the classification of delusional phenomena. Four of these cases are presented here. Unusual beliefs were often difficult to classify as odd beliefs versus full delusions, brief/transient versus persistent delusions, bizarre versus non-bizarre delusions. It is suggested that these might be considered continuous rather than dichotomous dimensions. Several possible implications for genetic studies of schizophrenia are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Increased morbid risk for schizophrenia-related disorders in relatives of schizotypal personality disordered patients.

To evaluate whether probands from a clinical sample diagnosed as having DSM-III schizotypal and/or paranoid personality disorder have a familial relationship to the schizophrenia-related disorders, the morbid risk for schizophrenia-related disorders and other psychiatric disorders were evaluated in the first-degree relatives of patients with schizotypal and/or paranoid personality disorder and compared with the corresponding risk for these disorders in the first-degree relatives of patients with other non-schizophrenia-related personality disorders. The morbid risk for all schizophrenia-related disorders, and specifically for schizophrenia-related personality disorders, was significantly greater among the relatives of the probands with schizotypal and/or paranoid personality disorder than among the relatives of probands with other personality disorder. The morbid risk for other psychiatric disorders did not differ significantly between the first-degree relatives of the schizotypal/paranoid personality disorder and the other personality disorder control proband samples. These results suggest a specific familial association between schizophrenia-related disorders, particularly schizophrenia-related personality disorders, and clinically diagnosed schizotypal patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Paranoid integration and thought disorder.

This study investigated the relationship between thought disorder as measured by Bannister's Grid Test and paranoid integration. Twenty-six hospitalized schizophrenics were subdivided into High Integration and Low integration groups on the basis of scores on Foulds' System-Sign Inventory. No significant differences were found between these groups on the thought-disorder measure. When the sample was subdivided into paranoid and nonparanoid groups on the basis of clinical diagnosis, paranoids were found to be significantly less thought disordered than nonparanoids.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality disorders related to schizophrenia].

Personality disorders related to schizophrenia were described since Kraepelin's works. According to the DMS III-R those disorders are gathered into the A cluster of personality disorders consisting in: schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid personality disorders. Schizotypal and paranoid personalities are biologically linked to schizophrenia and support the concept of "schizophrenia spectrum". Until now such a link is not found between schizoid personality and schizophrenia. Future research in the field of those personality disorders will bring a better knowledge in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and disability of 7 of the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders. METHOD: The data were derived from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093). Diagnoses were made using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version, and associations between personality disorders and sociodemographic correlates were determined. The relationship between personality disorders and 3 emotional disability scores (Short-Form 12, version 2) was also examined. RESULTS: Overall, 14.79% of adult Americans (95% CI = 14.08 to 15.50), or 30.8 million, had at least 1 personality disorder. The most prevalent personality disorder in the general population was obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 7.88% (95% CI = 7.43 to 8.33), followed by paranoid personality disorder 4.41% (95% CI = 4.12 to 4.70), antisocial personality disorder 3.63% (95% CI = 3.34 to 3.92), schizoid personality disorder 3.13% (95% CI = 2.89 to 3.37), avoidant personality disorder 2.36% (95% CI = 2.14 to 2.58), histrionic personality disorder 1.84% (95% CI = 1.66 to 2.02), and dependent personality disorder 0.49% (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.58). The risk of avoidant, dependent, and paranoid personality disorders was significantly greater among women than men (p <.05); the risk of antisocial personality disorder was greater among men compared with women (p <.05); and no sex differences were observed in the risk of obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, or histrionic personality disorders. In general, risk factors for personality disorders included being Native American or black, being a young adult, having low socioeconomic status, and being divorced, separated, widowed, or never married. Avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, and antisocial personality disorders (p <.02 to p <.0001) were each statistically significant predictors of disability. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was inconsistently related to disability. In contrast, disability was not significantly different among individuals with histrionic personality disorder compared with those without the disorder. CONCLUSION: Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and are generally highly associated with disability. This study highlights the need to develop more effective and targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for personality disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Paranoia erotica (de Clerambault syndrome) in affective disorder].

Erotomania is a rare delusional disorder usually associated with other psychic disorders, especially paranoid schizophrenia. The primary form without comorbidity is very rare. A case report is presented with characteristic features of the pure form of erotomania in a female patient that was nevertheless an affective disorder. A historical review is presented and the division of Clérambault's syndrome into primary and secondary categories critically discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Subtle vitamin-B12 deficiency and psychiatry: a largely unnoticed but devastating relationship?

A long list of psychiatrically inclined illnesses or symptoms, especially some cases of mood disorder, dementia, paranoid psychoses, violent behavior and fatigue, have been documented to be caused by vitamin-B12 deficiency, among other causes. The author uses reputably published literature--and extrapolations from it--to show that these conditions are possibly more commonly caused by B12 deficiency than is currently generally accepted, mostly because of a lack of appreciation of the lowest serum-B12 level that is necessary to protect against the cerebral manifestations of this deficiency. After surveying the whole area of psychiatry and nutritional deficiencies in general, the author deals with the role of vitamin-B12 in mood disorders, paranoid psychoses and dementia in more detail. In doing so, he cites some useful conclusions from the literature, including the debunking of several myths about the diagnosis and treatment of brain-B12-deficiency, especially the efficacy of high dose oral treatment and the relative inefficacy of the Schilling's test.

Deficiency Diseases↗