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PubMed1987

[An awareness campaign on the diagnosis and prevention of colon and rectal cancer. Planning and evaluation of its results].

Colorectal cancer is very frequent in Argentina. It is the third most frequent cancer, after skin and breast tumor in the city of Rosario. Our population usually ignores the symptoms of colonic cancer and early diagnosis are infrequent. The Societies of Gastroenterology, Oncology and Colonoproctology organizes a public awareness campaign during july, august and september 1985 in Rosario and its surrounding (population 1,300,000) by means of newspaper, radio and specially by television, describing the symptoms were present, as well as insisting of the possibility of prevention by endoscopy diagnosis and removal of polyps. Literature and pamphlets were distributed, and information letters were send to all the physicians in Rosario. An International update meeting on colon and rectal took place. The results of this campaign were evaluated through the Tumor Registry of Rosario. Since september 1984 still february 1986, the monthly incidence of polyps and cancer of the colon and rectum was recorded. The monthly average incidence of polyps was 18.9. Previous to the campaign, the monthly average of diagnosed polyps was 17.5; during the campaign, 27.5; and after it, 13.8. The monthly average of colorectal cancer was 39, before the campaign, 41; during the campaign, 49, and 26 afterwards. These results were statistically studies by the parametric test of Mann and Whitney. During the campaign a significant (p = 0.05) increase of diagnosed polyps and cancers, was found. Our conclusion is that the awareness was successful, but we think that it is necessary to insist with periodic and longer campaigns.

Argentina↗
PubMed1986

Detective magazines: pornography for the sexual sadist?

The origins of detective magazines can be traced to 17th and 18th century crime pamphlets and to 19th century periodicals that Lombroso called "really criminal newspapers." Content analysis of current detective magazines shows that their covers juxtapose erotic images with images of violence, bondage, and domination; that their articles provide lurid descriptions of murder, rape, and torture; and that they publish advertisements for weapons, burglary and car theft tools, false identification, and sexual aids. Six case histories of sexual sadists illustrate the use of these magazines as a source of fantasy material. We postulate that detective magazines may contribute to the development of sexual sadism, facilitate sadistic fantasies, and serve as training manuals and equipment catalogs for criminals. We recommend that detective magazines be considered during policy debates about media violence and pornography.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pictorial cues and enhancement of patient recall of instructions or information.

Optometrists utilize handouts and pamphlets to facilitate information and instruction recall by their patients. A study was conducted to determine the effect of using pictorial cues. Thirty-six college students learned fifteen nouns in numerical order. In one condition subjects perceived the nouns alone, in another they perceived the nouns with illustrations. Half of the subjects in each condition were tested immediately after stimuli presentation; the remaining subjects were tested after a one-hour delay. It was determined that a picture-word association occurred, and decreased memory decay (longer memory) occurred for compound stimuli. This indicated that visual stimuli can facilitate word memory and pictorial cues would, therefore, be beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Adapting a self-management education program for asthma for use in an outpatient clinic.

A self-management patient education program for children with asthma which incorporates a slide tape program, pamphlets, nurse discussion, and physician discussion has been adapted from an emergency room site to an outpatient clinic for use during routine asthma clinic visits. Pre-interviews and post-interviews with and medical record review of 12 patients, aged 4 to 12 years, demonstrated that the children had statistically significant increases in knowledge of self-management skills (recognition of asthma triggers and early warning signs and appropriate behaviors to manage acute episodes) and a significant increase in the sense of personal control (Health Locus of Control). Parents reported less disruption of family activities due to asthma and that the children had increased their use of asthma self-management techniques, resulting in improved management of asthma at home. Nurse and physician response to the program was enthusiastic and demonstrated the feasibility of integrating patient education into the outpatient clinic medical care routine.

Asthma↗
PubMed1985

[National information campaign in France. "One drink is O.K., 3 drinks is asking for trouble"].

Despite a downward trend in the consumption of alcohol during the last 10 years, France remains the main consumer of alcohol in the world. One in every 15 deaths is related to alcohol. Some of the reasons for the decrease in alcohol consumption are: the privilege to distill one's own alcohol is now limited to few people, advertisements are controlled, taxes on liquors have been increased, drunken drivers are severely penalized. Moreover, there have been structural changes, one of them being the installation of an improved piped water system. For the first time, in 1984, the French Committee for Health Education launched an information campaign concerning alcoholism. Traditions and customs related to the consumption of alcohol still have a strong positive connotation in France. So this very important consideration had to be taken into account by the planners of the campaign. The keynote of the campaign was therefore that one should drink moderately. The slogan chosen contains a note of humour which the translation does not render: "One glass is OK, three glasses, and your troubles begin". Television spots were widely used in the campaign as well as pamphlets, and various public relations meetings took place. In a preliminary evaluation, a nation-wide survey showed that 70% of the viewers remembered the slogan three months after the end of the campaign. Out of these, 86% thought the campaign was necessary, and 69% considered the campaign had been well-conceived.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Collecting for the history of medicine.

Value of books depends on their place in the collection, and it is not suggested that the librarian become an expert in the prices of rare books. The dealer should be trusted as an adviser. The same is true about disposal of rare books. An account is given of earlier practice at the New York Academy of Medicine Library in the acquisition of rare books, and some notable items are listed. The importance of pamphlets, reprints, and annual reports is discussed. Building a collection of the institution's own records is commended, and various examples given of how an unbalanced or inappropriate collection loses its value. Good examples of special subject collections are quoted. Care and preservation of rare material are discussed.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed1970

Treasure or white elephant?

Small libraries have problems with accepting gifts of older material. Older textbooks are probably worthless, while real rarities may belong elsewhere. The usefulness of the book to the collection must be considered. While textbooks age, monographs have a longer life, and history and biography last forever. Ephemeral pamphlets have historical value. Condition of the book also affects its value. A library should always keep publications about its own institution. Suggestions are given on whether to discard or sell, with warnings about pitfalls in selling.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed1982

A self-instruction nutrition program for pregnant women.

The Prenatal Nutrition Program (PNP), a self-instruction program, consists of a videocassette and three pamphlets concerning nutrition during pregnancy. An evaluation study made PNP available to 52 white, middle-class, well-educated pregnant women in their physician's waiting room. PNP improved their knowledge but had no significant effect on their attitudes (initially very positive) or dietary behavior. On the basis of combined pre- and post-PNP program testing, significant correlations were found between the pregnant women's knowledge and attitudes and between their knowledge and dietary behavior. All subjects rated PNP very favorably. It is concluded that self-instruction programs offer a viable and less costly alternative to individual nutrition counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Radiation oncology--the misunderstood specialty.

A shortage of radiation oncologists has been a problem in both Canada and the United States of America. The fundamental step to rectify this situation is the recruitment of interested medical students. A mail-in survey was sent to 214 third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of British Columbia to evaluate attitudes to and the level of understanding of radiation oncology. The response rate was 59%. Seventy-five percent of the students were planning postgraduate training in clinically orientated specialties with good lifestyle and availability of job opportunities. However, only 18% of the respondents considered radiation oncology as a possible specialty. This survey suggests that this lack of interest is the result of misconceptions about training in the practice of radiotherapy. To better inform the medical students, teaching clinics providing them with direct contact with radiation oncologists and their patients, are invaluable. In order to generate the correct image of the specialty and the types of patients encountered, teaching in an ambulatory care setting is not to be neglected. Distribution of information pamphlets describing the radiation oncology program and the nature of radiation oncology practice is also suggested as an efficient means of informing medical students.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1984

Effective approaches to patient education for the busy pediatrician.

Pediatricians spend 35% to 41% of their direct patient care time on patient education and counselling. However, studies indicate that teaching alone generally is ineffective. It is logical that the patient or parent must have an understanding of the basics of the regimen in order to follow the pediatrician's advice. However, teaching, even when supplemented by pamphlets or audiovisual programs, generally is not sufficient to bring about behavior change. A "stepped approach" to patient education is recommended. This approach consists of three steps: (1) using interpersonal skills to establish rapport and provide reassurance; (2) teaching about the illness, regimen, and other health matters; and (3) identifying and overcoming obstacles to behavior change. Step 3 is not necessary if steps 1 and 2 have been successful in achieving patient adherence to physician recommendations. By questioning the patient or parent at the follow-up visit, the pediatrician can identify the obstacles that are interfering with acceptance of his or her advice--this process is the "behavioral diagnosis." Once the cause of the problem has been determined, selection of the appropriate solution is usually straight-forward. This three-step approach to patient education can be more effective and less time-consuming than traditional approaches.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1984

OCTOPUS--a church-based sex education program for teens and parents.

OCTOPUS is the acronym for a rural, church-based sex education program for teens and parents. The tentacles symbolize the agencies and individuals involved in this multi-faceted community outreach program designed to promote "Open Communication Regarding Teenagers Or Parents Understanding of Sexuality." Its purpose was to establish a forum for family discussion within a church setting to enhance communication skills, convey factual information, and cultivate the development of a decision-making process to help parents help their teenagers acquire appropriate morals and values. The OCTOPUS program was a team effort comprised of nurses, health educators, and counselors with experience serving adolescents, ministers who sought to integrate religious views with sex education, and church and community members interested in improving dialogue between parents and teenagers about sexuality. The team developed a comprehensive yet flexible program that could be modified to meet each church's preferences. Generally, the topics were arranged into four two-hour sessions. Presentation methods included a combination of lectures, films, and pamphlets. Large and small group discussions were used for clarification and communication skills development. While the results of this program were not quantifiable, feedback from four churches and one-hundred participants has been highly favorable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

At the Developmental Therapeutics Clinic of a comprehensive cancer centre: cancer information needs of "visitors".

The survey of 150 "visitors" to the Developmental Therapeutics Clinic of the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute revealed that this population is composed of three distinct subpopulations, not only in terms of status in the clinic but also in terms of cancer information needs. New patients information needs vary greatly from those of patients familial with the clinic. Relatives and/or friends accompanying patients to the clinic present a set of information needs distinctly different from those of the other two groups. The three subpopulations are also different from each other along several other study dimensions. Among these are clarity of the tests and examinations performed, understanding cancer metastasis, fear of the tests, effects of discussion of the disease, and need for counseling. All three groups desire more communication with social workers and with chaplains rank second and third. Most participants in the study desire cancer information in pamphlets, while private discussions and films or television programmes are next on the priority list. When planning a hospital-based cancer education programme, careful attention must be paid to the differential needs of the population visiting various clinics. To better understand these needs, similar studies in other clinics are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Problems patients have using pressurized aerosol inhalers.

The use of pressurized aerosol inhalers was assessed in a total of 1173 out-patients attending hospital during a three month period. One hundred and thirty-five patients already being treated with drugs by inhalation were found to have a poor inhaler technique, even though most had received instruction on how to use a pressurized aerosol and were considered to be able to use one of these devices correctly. Eighty patients who had not used an inhaler before were found to be unable to use a pressurized aerosol efficiently after reading an instruction pamphlet or having the correct use of an aerosol demonstrated to them. Fifty-one percent of patients studied were observed to have difficulty in co-ordinating aerosol release with inspiration. In 24% the release of aerosol into the mouth caused a halt of inspiration and in a further 12% the aerosol was actuated into the mouth, but inspiration was achieved through the nose with no air being drawn in through the mouth. Twelve percent of patients already being treated with inhalers actuated the aerosol on two or more occasions during one inspiration.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1982

A prenatal and postpartum safety education program: influence on parental use of infant car restraints.

The effects of pre- and/or postnatal infant car safety education were examined. Educational approaches included demonstrations and talks on automobile crash statistics in the prenatal course; and a car safety film on the hospital television, a pamphlet given to each mother, and instructions to nurses to encourage parents' purchase and use of car restraints in the postpartum period. Although differences were not statistically significant, the reported and actual use of infant restraints on the trip home was highest in the pre- plus postnatal education group. Counseling in any period was associated with higher restraint use than on counseling. The pediatrician's role in effecting positive behavioral changes in this and other areas is emphasized.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1980

Assessing readability of patient information materials.

Four readability tests that can be used for evaluating the level of difficulty of patient drug information are described, and instructions for their use are given. Assessment of readability procedures are based on either word and sentence lengths (method 1) or word elimination from a standard list (method 2). The Flesch and Fog formulas (method 1) are suitable for determining readability levels from fifth or fourth grade, respectively, to college. The Fry readability graph (method 1) allows a quick estimation of readability levels between grade 1 and college. The Spache system (method 2), used for children's material, determines readability levels between grades 1 and 3. Using the Flesh formula, the readability levels of 111 patient-oriented brochures and pamphlets were assessed. Only 50% were written at or below the accepted standard of eighth-grade level. To fulfill its function, patient drug information should not exceed the reading level of the intended readers. The described tests provide relatively simple methods for assessing readability levels.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗