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PubMed2006

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella species on farm, after transport, and at processing in specialty market poultry.

The prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. was determined from live bird to prepackaged carcass for 3 flocks from each of 6 types of California niche-market poultry. Commodities sampled included squab, quail, guinea fowl, duck, poussin (young chicken), and free-range broiler chickens. Campylobacter on-farm prevalence was lowest for squab, followed by guinea fowl, duck, quail, and free-range chickens. Poussin had the highest prevalence of Campylobacter. No Salmonella was isolated from guinea fowl or quail flocks. A few positive samples were observed in duck and squab, predominately of S. Typhimurium. Free-range and poussin chickens had the highest prevalence of Salmonella. Post-transport prevalence was not significantly higher than on-farm, except in free-range flocks, where a higher prevalence of positive chickens was found after 6 to 8 h holding before processing. In most cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter- and Salmonella-positive birds was lower on the final product than on-farm or during processing. Odds ratio analysis indicated that the risk of a positive final product carcass was not increased by the prevalence of a positive sample at an upstream point in the processing line, or by on-farm prevalence (i.e., none of the common sampling stations among the 6 commodities could be acknowledged as critical control points). This suggests that hazard analysis critical control point plans for Campylobacter and Salmonella control in the niche-market poultry commodities will need to be specifically determined for each species and each processing facility.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Reducing the carriage of foodborne pathogens in livestock and poultry.

Several foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella species and campylobacters, are common contaminants in poultry and livestock. Typically, these pathogens are carried in the animal's intestinal tract asymptomatically; however, they can be shed in feces in large populations and be transmitted by other vectors from feces to animals, produce, or humans. A wide array of interventions has been developed to reduce the carriage of foodborne pathogens in poultry and livestock, including genetic selection of animals resistant to colonization, treatments to prevent vertical transmission of enteric pathogens, sanitation practices to prevent contamination on the farm and during transportation, elimination of pathogens from feed and water, feed and water additives that create an adverse environment for colonization by the pathogen, and biological treatments that directly or indirectly inactivate the pathogen within the host. To successfully reduce the carriage of foodborne pathogens, it is likely that a combination of intervention strategies will be required.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Species variation in osmotic, cryoprotectant, and cooling rate tolerance in poultry, eagle, and peregrine falcon spermatozoa.

Potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cryoprotectant dimethylacetamide (DMA), 3) equilibration times of 1 versus 4 h, 4) equilibration temperature of 4 versus 21 degrees C, and 5) rapid versus slow cooling before cryopreservation and standard thawing. Sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead stain (SYBR-14/propidium iodine). Sperm viability at osmolalities >/=800 mOsm was higher (P: < 0.05) in raptor than poultry semen. Return to isotonicity after exposure to hypertonicity (3000 mOsm) decreased (P: < 0.05) number of viable spermatozoa in chicken, turkey, and golden and Bonelli's eagle spermatozoa but not in imperial eagle or peregrine falcon spermatozoa. Differences were found in spermatozoa resistance to hypotonic conditions, with eagle species demonstrating the most tolerance. Semen, equilibrated for 1 h (4 degrees C) in diluent containing DMA (> or =2.06 M), experienced decreased (P: < 0. 05) spermatozoa survival in all species, except the golden eagle and peregrine falcon. Number of surviving spermatozoa diminished progressively with increasing DMA concentrations in all species. Increased equilibration temperature (from 4 to 21 degrees C) markedly reduced (P: < 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species except the Bonelli's eagle and turkey. Rapid cooling was detrimental (P: < 0.05) to spermatozoa from all species except the imperial eagle and the chicken. These results demonstrate that avian spermatozoa differ remarkably in response to osmotic changes, DMA concentrations, equilibration time, temperature, and survival after fast or slow freezing. These differences emphasize the need for species-specific studies in the development and enhancement of assisted breeding for poultry and endangered species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Concentrations of U and Po in animal feed supplements, in poultry meat and in eggs.

The present study was undertaken to assess the contribution of phosphate feed supplements to the radiation exposure of the population in Israel. The phosphates usually contain appreciable quantities of U and its daughters and the actual exposure of human consumers depends, to a very large extent, on the degree of equilibrium of the decay chain in the feed and through the metabolic process. The concentrations of 238U, 234U, 226Ra and 210Po (210Pb) in poultry feed supplements and in chicken meat (breasts, thighs) and organs (livers, spleens, gizzards) as well as in eggs were determined. From the results, the transfer coefficients of U and Po in chicken meat and in eggs were calculated. The effective dose equivalent to the Israeli population due to the consumption of poultry products which accounts for approximately 70% of all meat consumed in Israel is assessed to be 0.04 mSv y-1.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry shell eggs in Arkansas.

The objective of this study was to determine whether poultry shell eggs are a major reservoir of Salmonella enteritidis in Arkansas. One hundred dozen commercially purchased shell eggs were cultured for the presence of Salmonella sp. After each dozen eggs was examined, the contents of the 12 eggs were separated from their shells. The contents and the shells were separately pooled and cultured. One dozen of the 100 dozen egg shells cultured were found to be externally contaminated with S heidelberg, while none of the contents of the 100 dozen eggs were found to contain Salmonella organisms. The reevaluation of previously obtained telephone follow-up data on 204 patients with Salmonella infections from 1992-1993 revealed that 30 had consumed raw eggs before their salmonellosis but only one patient was infected with S enteritidis. These data suggest that poultry shell eggs are not a major cause of human illness due to S enteritidis in Arkansas.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Geographical variation in antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from swine, poultry, beef and dairy cattle farm water retention ponds in Florida.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess geographical variation in multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) profiles of livestock Escherichia coli as well as to evaluate the ability of MAR profiles to differentiate sources of faecal pollution. METHODS AND RESULTS: More than 2000 E. coli isolates were collected from water retention ponds and manure of swine, poultry, beef and dairy farms in south, central and north Florida, and analysed for MAR using nine antibiotics. There were significant differences in antibiotic resistance of E. coli by season and livestock type for more than one antibiotic, but regional differences were significant only for ampicillin. Over the three regions, discriminant analysis using MAR profiles correctly classified 27% of swine, 49% of poultry, 56% of beef and 51% of dairy isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Regional variations in MAR combined with moderate discrimination success suggest that MAR profiles of E. coli may only be marginally successful in identifying sources of faecal pollution. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates the existence of regional and seasonal differences in MAR profiles as well as the limited ability of MAR profiles to discriminate among livestock sources.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in poultry with and without antimicrobial selective pressure.

AIMS: To determine the effect of antimicrobial selective pressure on the transmission of antimicrobial resistant and sensitive strains of Salmonella in poultry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight pens housed 12 broiler chicks each. Two chicks in four of the pens were inoculated with a Salm. Typhimurium strain resistant to 12 antimicrobials (including tetracycline), and two chicks in each of the four other pens were inoculated with a strain sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. Two pens inoculated with each strain were treated with chlortetracycline and two were not. Chicks were killed on day 7 and caeca were cultured for Salmonella. Experiments were performed independently twice. Chicks exposed to pen mates inoculated with the resistant strain and treated with tetracycline were 90% positive for Salmonella; whereas 60% of chicks given no antimicrobials were positive. Chicks exposed to the sensitive strain were 95% positive with tetracycline treatment and 90% positive without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A multidrug-resistant Salm. Typhimurium strain had significantly increased transmission when chicks were treated with tetracycline. Transmission of a sensitive strain was not inhibited by antimicrobial selective pressure at recommended therapeutic dose. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that antimicrobial usage may influence the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in poultry.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

An original system for the continuous monitoring of antimicrobial use in poultry production in France.

Data collection at the flock level on a continuous basis, for antimicrobial use surveillance purposes, provides a complex challenge. Using existing on-farm records, produced as part of the regulations for meat inspection, a sampling scheme was implemented to collect on a simple, representative and continuous basis, the forms providing history of antimicrobial consumption of poultry flocks slaughtered in Brittany. Relational database-stored information provided by the forms includes treatment purpose, antimicrobial drug administered, age at treatment and treatment duration. The aim of this study was to collect information describing antimicrobial drug use quantitatively and qualitatively, by computing the frequency of antimicrobial use according to species, therapeutic class, treatment purpose, duration, and animal age at treatment. A study was carried out to check the validity of farmers' declarations. Examples of data and results are presented such as the relative importance of the different antimicrobial classes in relation to the live weight treated, which shows that beta-lactams and tetracyclines are the main classes used in broilers and turkeys respectively. Average bird weight at treatment was 0.5 kg for a broiler and 3 kg for a turkey. Nevertheless, several 'at-risk' periods could be identified. Initial results after 1 year of data collection showed that this surveillance system provides valid, detailed and useful data about antimicrobial drug use in poultry production at a low cost and with only a moderate time involvement.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparisons of sampling methods and seasonal abundance of Drosophila repleta in caged-layer poultry houses.

Four sampling methods were compared to determine their practicality and suitability for detecting population fluctuations of adult Drosophila repleta, a pest in caged-layer poultry houses. Five caged-layer poultry houses with gutter-flush manure removal systems in Franklin County, North Carolina, U.S.A., were sampled once every 2 weeks over 15 months, from June 1991 to August 1992. The flies were most abundant during the spring and early summer. Visual counts of adult flies resting on the feed troughs in front of cages in the aisles and counts of flies caught on a sticky ribbon lowered into the gutter used for manure removal by flushing were more satisfactory sampling methods than using counts of flies caught on sticky ribbons carried along the aisles or aspirator collections from the gutters. For the visual count method, the effects of location in the house, within each aisle, and feed trough height were determined; two counts on feed troughs in each of two inside rows of cages were sufficient to measure population changes. For routine monitoring of D. repleta populations, visual counts of flies resting on the feed troughs in the front area of two aisles and catching flies on sticky ribbons inserted into the rear gutter area are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the Salmonella-Tek ELISA to culture methods for detection of Salmonella enteritidis in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using the Salmonella-Tek ELISA test system, was compared with bacteriological isolation for detection of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry. Before ELISA, samples were enriched in tetrathionate broth for 18-24 h or in tetrathionate broth (18-24 h), followed by M-broth/novobiocine (4-6 h). The bacteriological isolation procedure included incubation in buffered peptone water and inoculation on modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis. For detection of S. enteritidis in litter samples, ELISA was more sensitive than bacteriological examination. For cloacal swabs, both techniques were equally sensitive. The two enrichment procedures gave no significant differences in ELISA results. It was concluded that the Salmonella-Tek ELISA test might be a promising test for detection of Salmonella infected poultry flocks, providing that further studies are performed to determine the cut-off value for litter and cloacal swabs of commercial flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Phenotypic and genotypic study of gelatinase and beta-haemolysis activities in faecal enterococci of poultry in Portugal.

The detection of gelatinase and beta-haemolysis activities was carried out in 83 faecal enterococci (43 Enterococcus faecalis, 33 E. faecium, five E. durans and two E. hirae) of poultry origin. In addition, the presence of genes of the gelE-fsrABC locus and of the cyl operon (cylL(L), cylL(S), cylA, cylB and cylM) were studied by polymerase chain reaction and correlated with gelatinase and beta-haemolysis production, respectively. Most of our E. faecalis isolates were gelatinase-positive (88%), being this activity not frequent in the other enterococcal species (2.5%). Only one of the 33 E. faecium isolates showed a positive gelatinase reaction. All enterococci that showed gelatinase activity harboured the gelE and fsrABC genes, although these genes were also detected in four E. faecalis and one E. durans gelatinase-negative isolates. Most of our non-E. faecalis gelatinase-negative isolates did not harbour gelE-fsrABC genes. A high proportion of faecal enterococci of poultry origin harboured genes of the cyl operon (71%), although only 7% contained the five cyl tested genes (all of them E. faecalis). Only one isolate of our series could express beta-haemolysis, harbouring the whole cyl operon. The cylL(S) genotype was the most prevalent in our enterococci (39%) and also the most prevalent among our E. faecalis isolates (60%). Other genotypes detected were the following ones (% of enterococci): cylA + cylB + cylM (13%), cylL(L) + cylA (4%), cylL(L) (4%), cylL(L) + cylA + cylB + cylM (2%), cylL(L) + cylA + cylM (1%) and cylA + cylM (1%). Both phenotypic and genotypic assays are important to evaluate the virulence potential of enterococci.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Biogenic amine formation by poultry-associated spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.

The production of biogenic amines by 50 poultry-associated bacterial strains (25 Pseudomonas, 13 Salmonella and 12 Listeria) was investigated on amine agar plates containing lysine, histidine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. Seventy-four per cent of all the strains produced cadaverine and putrescine, while phenylethylamine, histamine, tyramine and tryptamine were produced by 72, 56, 34 and 24% of strains, respectively. Different patterns of biogenic amine production amongst the three bacterial genera tested were apparent as well as amongst strains of the same genus. This study highlighted a high incidence of biogenic amine-producing bacterial strains associated with poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of conventional culture and three rapid methods for the detection of Salmonella in poultry feeds and environmental samples.

Three rapid methods, an impedance method (Malthus 2000 Analyzer), a colorimetric DNA hybridization method (Gene-Trak) and a post-enrichment enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Salmonella-Tek) were compared with conventional culture for the detection of Salmonella in poultry feeds, and in fluff and dust samples from poultry housing. The percentage positive samples for Salmonella by each of the methods were 25.5% for conventional culture, 38.4% for the Malthus, 28.9% for the Gene-Trak and 28.5% for the Salmonella-Tek. By any method 60/153 (39.2%) of the samples tested were positive on confirmed culture.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Sensitivity of Campylobacter spp. to irradiation in poultry meat.

The sensitivity of Campylobacter jejuni (three strains), Camp. coli (three strains), Camp. fetus (one strain) and Camp. lari (one strain) to irradiation in poultry meat was investigated. There was no significant difference in the counts obtained on Blood or Skirrows agar. Preston agar gave a significantly lower recovery of the pathogens after irradiation so these results were not included in calculations of D10 values. The D10 values ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 kGy and there was a significant difference in the radiation sensitivity between different Campylobacter spp. and within strains of the same species. These values indicate that Campylobacter spp. are more radiation-sensitive than Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes irradiated under similar conditions. Therefore irradiation treatments suggested to eliminate the latter from poultry carcasses would also be sufficient to remove Campylobacter.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of Bordetella avium from poultry.

Four Australian isolates of Gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria obtained from poultry were compared with reference strains of Bordetella avium, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Alcaligenes faecalis. The Australian isolates were identified as Bordetella avium. A routine procedure for the identification of this recently recognised poultry pathogen is described.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1996

Resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry.

Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strains were isolated from poultry clinical samples in Saudi Arabia. The poultry flocks had been treated with oxolinic acid or flumequine prophylaxis. The measure of the uptake of fluoroquinolones showed that none of the strains had a reduced accumulation of quinolones. The result of complementation with the wild-type E. coli gyrA gene, which restored fluoroquinolone susceptibility, and the isolation of DNA gyrase from six isolates indicated that the resistant strains had an altered DNA gyrase. The minimum effective dose of ciprofloxacin for inhibition of supercoiling catalyzed by the isolated gyrases varied from 0.085 microgram/ml for a susceptible isolate (MIC < 4 micrograms/ml) up to 96 micrograms/ml for the more resistant one (strain 215, MIC > 64 micrograms/ml). For the same two isolates, the minimum effective doses of sparfloxacin varied from 0.17 up to 380 micrograms/ml. The in vitro selection of spontaneous single-step fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants using ciprofloxacin suggested that the more resistant mutants are likely the result of several mutations. These results also show that, as in human medicine, cross-resistance between older quinolones and fluoroquinolones can exist in veterinary isolates and reiterate the need for the prudent use of these drugs.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal study of Finnish Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from humans, using multilocus sequence typing, including comparison with epidemiological data and isolates from poultry and cattle.

We describe a study on the application of multilocus sequence typing for the analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from human domestically acquired infections in the Helsinki-Uusimaa area of Finland in 1996, 2002, and 2003. In addition, isolates from poultry meat and fecal samples of cattle from the seasonal peak (July to September) in 2003 were included in the study. In total, 361 Finnish C. jejuni and C. coli strains were typed. Sequence type 45 (ST-45) (45%), ST-21 (21%), and ST-677 (11%) clonal complexes were the most prevalent. The ST-45 and ST-677 complexes were overrepresented in comparison with previous studies. The longitudinal study revealed an association between C. coli (ST-828 complex) infection and elderly patients (>/=60 years). Analysis of exposure factors, determined by a previous case-control study conducted during the seasonal peak in 2002, revealed that the ST-48 complex was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the tasting or eating of raw minced meat. New and unassigned STs were associated with swimming in natural bodies of water, whereas the ST-677 complex was related to drinking nonchlorinated water from a small water plant or water from natural sources. The ST-45 complex was associated with contact with pet cats and dogs. In 2003, ST-45 occurrence was significantly associated with poultry whereas ST-50 was associated with isolates from humans. In contrast, ST-53, ST-58, ST-61, and ST-883 were significantly associated with isolates from cattle. Further studies are needed to reveal the significance of the observed associations.

Animals↗