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PubMed2002

Interval mapping of QTLs controlling some morphological traits in pea.

A linkage map of pea was constructed based on a 104 RIL population derived from the cross combination Wt10245 x Wt11238. The map, which consisted of 204 morphological, isozyme, AFLP, ISSR, STS, CAPS and RAPD markers, was used for interval mapping of the QTLs controlling the stem length and internode number of pea. In the characterization of a given QTL, we included an identification of its position with reference to the flanking markers, an estimation of the part of variance explained by it, and a determination of gene action. Six QTLs per trait were identified as demonstrating linkage to ten intervals on five linkage groups. As many as seven QTLs influencing the analysed traits were mapped on linkage group II, indicating the important role of this region of the pea genome in plant height control.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radioprotective effect of novel disubstituted thioureas on pea (Pisum sativum L.) development.

The review presents our research on the influence of novel thiourea compounds on the biological and genetic effect of gamma-rays using in vivo and in vitro systems of pea. Some novel disubstituted thioureas: o-allylthioureidobenzoic acid (ATB); o-phenylthioureidobenzoic acid (PTB); N-allyl-N'-2-pyridylthiourea (A-2-PTU); N-phenyl-N'-2-pyridylthiourea (P-2-PTU) and 1,4-allylthioureidosalicylic acid (ATUS) were examined. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds from five varieties were used. Experiments in vivo and in vitro were carried under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. The data revealed the PTB radioprotective effect demonstrated by: reduction of chromosome aberrations by 2 folds; 50% increase of germinating and surviving plants in M1; twice higher frequency of induced mutations in M2 generation relative to irradiation without PTB treatment; decreasing the level of induced radiation suppression leading to favorable effect on the initial stem and root development of pea. ATB radioprotective effect was demonstrated in vitro by: 25-35% stimulation of organogenesis; by 20-50% increase in bud formation; by 25% stimulation of growth. The effect of A-2-PTU and P-2-PTU depended on the irradiation dose. The protective effect of A-2-PTU is more pronounced at lower irradiation dose, while the effect of P-2-PTU is more pronounced at higher irradiation dose. ATUS, opposite to the other compounds, revealed radiosensibilizing effect by: 16-27% increase in lethality caused by gamma-rays leading to lower number of germinating and surviving plants in M1; 50% decrease in the number of induced mutations in M2 generation; limiting the types of induced mutations at the higher irradiation dose. As a result of the experiments useful mutation forms were obtained, characterized with: earliness, lodging and disease resistance; higher productivity.

Gamma Rays↗
PubMed1976

[Two forms of pea leaf ferredoxin].

Some causative factors resulting in the appearance of two components of ferredoxin (Fd) isolated from the pea leaves preparations have been studied by 15% PAG electrophoresis. It has been shown that the composition of the buffer systems (tris-glycine buffer, pH 8,3; veronal buffer, pH 7.0) does not cause Fd separation into two components. Study of the effects of the modifying agents on the active centre and apoprotein of Fd. Showed that the destruction of the active centre does not affect Fd separation and modification of the Fd protein part results in greater amount of the bands on the electrophoregrams. It has been concluded that heterogeneity of Fd is possibly of the genetic nature. The following facts can be regarded as an evidence for existence of both forms of Fd in pea leaves: occurrence of two forms of Fd in chloroplasts isolated in organic media, differing in Fd content during pea ontogenesis and upon varying illumination conditions during their growth.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase.

A gene encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (ApxI) from pea (Pisum sativum L.) was isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. By homologous alignment between the ApxI cDNA (Mittler, R., and Zilinskas, B. (1991) FEBS Lett. 289, 257-259) and the genomic clone, positions of introns and exons were determined. The isolated ApxI gene was found to contain 9 introns, the first of which was located within the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA. Southern blot analysis of pea genomic DNA suggests that in pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase is encoded by a single copy gene. Steady state ApxI transcript levels were found to increase in response to several stresses imposed by drought, heat, and application of ethephon, abscisic acid, and the superoxide-generating agent paraquat. Increases in ascorbate peroxidase activity in response to stresses were less marked than changes observed in transcript levels; cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase protein levels measured by immunoblot analysis remained unchanged.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of lipopolysaccharides and glucans from two Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains on the formation and efficiency of their symbioses with pea plants].

The influence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), glucans, and their unseparated complexes on nodulation activity of rhizobia and efficiency of their symbioses with pea plants was studied in vegetation experiments. Two Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains which differed in their symbiotic properties were used: strain 31 (fix+, efficient, moderately virulent, moderately competitive), and strain 248b (fix-, inefficient, highly virulent, highly competitive). Preparations of LPS-glucan complex and the respective LPS from the highly virulent strain 248b increased the nodulation activity of both strains by 10-26%. Analogous preparations from a less virulent strain 31 did not have this ability. Unseparated LPS-glucan complexes from these strains increased the productivity of plants infected with the efficient strain by 18-23% but did not change it in plants inoculated with the other, inefficient strain. No significant influence of LPS preparations on the symbiosis productivity was observed. Glucans from both strains enhanced the nodulation ability of the highly virulent strain by 36-56%. In addition, treatment of pea plants with glucan from strain 248b increased nitrogen fixation by root nodules by 27% in plants inoculated with strain 31. In general, the formation and efficiency of the symbiosis of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae with pea plants was more influenced by preparations from strain 248b, highly virulent but deficient in nitrogen fixation, than by preparations from the nitrogen fixation-proficient but less virulent strain 31.

Glucans↗
PubMed2004

Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with snow peas--Pennsylvania, 2004.

During June-July 2004, public health officials in Pennsylvania were notified of cases of the parasitic disease cyclosporiasis among persons associated with a residential facility (e.g., residents, staff, and volunteers). CDC confirmed the diagnosis of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection by examining stool specimens from multiple patients. By early July, local public health officials had been notified of approximately 50 potential cases of cyclosporiasis associated with the facility; onsets of illness were from early June through early July. This report describes the findings of the epidemiologic and traceback investigations, which determined the cases were linked to consumption of raw Guatemalan snow peas at five special events, for which food was prepared by the facility staff, from late May through late June. This is the first documented outbreak of cyclosporiasis linked to snow peas. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC are working with Guatemalan officials to determine the sources of the snow peas and possible modes of contamination.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2005

[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the beans, peas and broad beans from domestic market, 1999-2002].

Seeds of bean, peas and broad bean, purchased from local seed production plants in the provinces of Mazowieckie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie in the years 1999-2002, were determined for the contents of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons were extracted from the seeds with a hexane-acetone mixture by means of sonification. The obtained extracts were then purified in a silica gel column. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were identified and determined quantitatively with liquid chromatography using a fluorescent detector. The presence (in different concentrations) of PAH was reported in the majority of seeds of the bean, peas and broad bean varieties examined, which indicates that they may be ingested with food and bioaccumulated in the human organism. A considerably higher content of SPAH was observed in the seeds of broad bean, compared to those of bean and peas. The highest SPAH determined reached 2 x 10(2) microg/kg of product. The obtained results were comparable with those reported by other authors for vegetables originating from non-industrial areas. It is worth emphasising that all the seeds examined revealed the presence of PAH with carcinogenic properties.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2005

[Development and study of SCAR markers in pea (Pisum sativum L.)].

In order to develop more specific markers that characterize particular regions of the pea genome, the data on nucleotide sequences of RAPD fragments were used for choosing more extended primers, which may be helpful in amplifying a fragment corresponding to the particular DNA region. Of the 14 STS markers obtained from 14 polymorphic RAPD fragments, 12 were polymorphic, i.e., they are SCAR markers that can be used in genetic analysis. The transition from complex RAPD spectra to amplification of a particular SCAR marker substantially facilitates analysis of large samples for the presence or absence of the examined fragment. Inheritance of the developed SCAR markers was studied in F1 and F2. SCAR markers were used to identify various pea lines, cultivars, and mutants. It was established that the study of amplification of STS markers in various pea genotypes at varying temperatures of annealing and the comparison with amplification of the original RAPD fragments in the same genotypes provide an approach for analysis of RAPD polymorphism type.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hydrogen peroxide content and catalase activity at inoculation with root tubercle bacteria of pea seedlings with the various nodulation ability].

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and catalase activity were studied in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings with normal (cultivar Marat) and disrupted (pea mutants) process of nodulation, which were inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum strain CIAM 1026. Differences in hydrogen peroxide content and catalase activity in pea seedlings with different ability for nodulation, which were inoculated with rhizobia, were found. It was assumed that H2O2 and catalase are involved in defensive and regulatory mechanisms in the host plant.

Catalase↗
PubMed2006

[Study of morphological and symbiotic traits during the ontogeny of supernodular and hypernodular pea mutants].

Morphological (plant height and vegetative biomass amount) and symbiotic (number of nodules and nitrogenase activity) traits of six symbiotic pea mutants and the original cultivar Rondo were studied at different vegetation periods. Of the mutants studied, one (K10a) was supemodular and the remaining five (K1a, K2a, K5a, K7a, and K27a) were hypemodular. Essential distinctions in the absolute values and time course of the changes in individual morphological and symbiotic traits of different pea mutants were demonstrated. The supemodular type is inferior to the original cultivar in plant height and production of vegetative biomass, but exceeds it in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The hypemodular mutants either surpass the original cultivar with respect to the production capacity or display similar results. The symbiotic traits-number of nodules and nitrogen fixation activity--of these mutants are higher compared with the Rondo cultivar. The mutants K1a, K2a, and K27a were demonstrated to be useful in breeding pea for an increase in nitrogen fixation.

Biomass↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Expression of delta1- and delta3-cyclin genes in pea (pisum sativum L.) root meristem during clinorotation].

Using in situ hybridization the delta1- and delta3-cyclin gene expression has been shown in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root meristem cells under slow horizontal clinorotation and in the stationary conditions. The clinorotation effect on expression of these genes during pea root germination was detected. The delay of degradation of cyclin subunits is the cause of G1-phase prolongation under clinorotation leading to delay of pea seed germination. This may explain the increase of cell cycle duration.

Cyclins↗
PubMed1990

Molecular cloning, transcriptional characterization, and sequencing of cDNA encoding the H-protein of the mitochondrial glycine decarboxylase complex in peas.

The glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex is located in the mitochondrial matrix and catalyzes a key reaction of the photorespiratory C-2 cycle of C3 plants. The cDNA encoding the smallest subunit, the 13,900-dalton H-protein, of the glycine decarboxylase complex from pea (Pisum sativum) leaves was cloned, identified, characterized, and sequenced. The 678-nucleotide sequence contained a 495-nucleotide open reading frame capable of encoding the 165-amino-acid H-protein precursor. The N terminus of this protein contains a 34-amino-acid sequence which does not appear in the mature protein. This presequence resembles the amphiphilic helices observed with mitochondrial leader sequences in yeast. The 131-amino-acid mature protein from peas shares substantial homology with the enzyme isolated from chicken liver. The abundance of the H-protein mRNA was about 5-fold greater in light-grown pea seedlings compared to dark-grown seedlings. The amount of H-protein transcript increased within 4 h after the plants were transferred to white light and continued to increase up to 24 h. The time course for the accumulation of the H-protein mRNA was similar to that for the mRNA of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2006

Population differentiation and genetic variation in host choice among pea aphids from eight host plant genera.

Habitat choice plays a critical role in the processes of host range evolution, specialization, and ecological speciation. Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, populations from alfalfa and red clover in eastern North America are known to be genetically differentiated and show genetic preferences for the appropriate host plant. This species feeds on many more hosts, and here we report a study of the genetic variation in host plant preference within and between pea aphid populations collected from eight genera of host plants in southeastern England. Most host-associated populations show a strong, genetically based preference for the host plant from which they were collected. Only in one case (populations from Vicia and Trifolium) was there little difference in the plant preference spectrum between populations. All populations showed a significant secondary preference for the plant on which all the aphid lines were reared: broad bean, Vicia faba, previously suggested to be a "universal host" for pea aphids. Of the total genetic variance in host preference within our sample, 61% could be attributed to preference for the collection host plant and a further 9% to systematic differences in secondary preferences with the residual representing within-population genetic variation between clones. We discuss how a combination of host plant preference and mating on the host plant may promote local adaptation and possibly ecological speciation, and whether a widely accepted host could oppose speciation by mediating gene flow between different populations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Physiological and agrochemical properties of different symbiotic genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum L.)].

Physiological characters of symbiotic mutants of pea were studied: nodulation, activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content in leaves and their water-holding capacity, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen forms. The parameters reflecting the genotype state of the macrosymbiont under soil conditions considerably varied. Supernodulation mutants stood out against symbiotic pea genotypes by high contents of chlorophyll and nonprotein nitrogen compounds, high nitrogenase activity, and low nitrate reductase activity. The efficiency of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis was largely mediated by the macrosymbiont genotype. The highest atmospheric nitrogen fixation (50-80%) was observed in the parental pea varieties. Despite the highest nitrogenase activity in the nodules, the supernodulation mutants were inferior to the parental varieties by the nitrogen fixation capacity (40-60%), which was due to their low productivity.

Genotype↗
PubMed1991

[Comparative digestive and metabolic utilization of beans, lentils and chick peas in the rat].

Faba bean, lentil or chick-pea raw seeds were used as the only protein food in the rat. The balanced diet was designed to suit growth requirements. Nitrogen apparent digestibility coefficient (CUDa) was 72% in the faba bean, 75% in the lentil, 76% in the chick-pea groups respectively, but the CUDa of some essential amino acids were much lower: 52-51-71% for methionine, 60-39-78% for cystine, 73-71-75% for valine, while arginine CUDa values (87-87-82) were higher than all other AA CUDa values. Growth rate (8.9-6.7-9.1 g/d) and food intake index (2.1-2.5-2.2) were satisfactory. Blood and muscle free amino acid concentrations related to digestible intake showed that methionine from the 3 legumes, threonine from chick-pea, arginine and lysine from faba bean were not fully available.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

Fructose metabolism in plants. Isolation and properties of pea seed frucktokinase.

Fructokinase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed has purified 100-fold. The enzyme required reduced sulfhydryl groups for activity. It also exhibits an absolute requirement for potassium ions (Km = 3 mM) and is unstable when not stored with a high concentration of potassium ions. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 4.7 and it has a molecular weight of 44 000 +/- 700 daltons as determined by molecular sieve chromatography and sedimentation velocity techniques. A Hill plot of the potassium ion data suggests that two potassium sites are present on the enzyme. The MgATP saturation curve was non-Michaelis-Menten with a slight positive cooperativity. Pea seed fructokinase is highly specific for fructose and ATP. A comparison of pea seed fructokinase properties and those of liver and bacterial origin is presented.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1976

Double-headed protease inhibitors from black-eyed peas. II. Structural studies by optical absorption and circular dichroism.

Two new double-headed protease inhibitors from black-eyed peas have amino acid compositions typical of the low molecular weight protease inhibitors from legume seeds. Black-eyed pea chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitor (BEPCI) contains no tryptophan, 1 tyrosine, and 14 half-cystines out of 83 amino acid residues per monomer. Black-eyed pea trypsin inhibitor (BEPTI) contains no tryptophan, 1 tyrosine, and 14 half-cystines out of 75 residues per monomer. The molar extinctions at 280 nm are 2770 for BEPCI and 3440 for BEPTI. The single tyrosyl residue is very inaccessible to solvent in native BEPCI and BEPTI at neutral pH and titrates anomalously with an apparent pK = 12. Ionization of tyrosine is complete in 13 hours above pH 12. No heterogeneity of the local environment of the tyrosyl residues in different subunits can be detected spectrophotometrically. The large number of cystine residues leads to an intense and complex near-ultraviolet CD spectrum with cystine contributions in the regions of 248 and 280 nm and tyrosine contributions at 233 and 280 nm. An intact disulfide structure is required for appearance of the tyrosyl CD bands. The inhibitors are unusually resistant to denaturation when compared with similar low molecular weight proteins of high disulfide content. All observations are consistent with a far more rigid structure for BEPCI and BEPTI than for a typical protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Design, expression, and crystallization of recombinant lectin from the garden pea (Pisum sativum).

The propeptide form of the lectin from the garden pea (Pisum sativum agglutinin) has been expressed in Escherichia coli by attaching its cDNA to an inducible promoter. By a number of criteria, including the ability to form dimers, hemagglutination titer, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the resulting propeptide molecule is virtually indistinguishable from the mature proteolytically processed lectin isolated from peas. Preliminary crystallization experiments using the recombinant propeptide lectin yield crystals in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 64.8 A, b = 73.8 A, and c = 109.0 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) that diffract to 2.8-A resolution. This unit cell size is quite similar to the unit cell determined for native pea lectin, suggesting that the overall structure of the recombinant prolectin is virtually identical.

Amino Acid Sequence↗