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PubMed2006

Compliance with the Australian national physical activity guidelines for children: relationship to overweight status.

Childhood obesity incidence has increased substantially and it has been argued that decreasing physical activity levels, coinciding with an increase in sedentary behaviours, are responsible. Australian guidelines were published in 2004, recommending that children participate in a minimum of 60 min of physical activity daily and spend no more than 2h a day using electronic media for entertainment. We aimed to compare compliance with these guidelines amongst children of differing weight status. The Childhood Injury Prevention Study (CHIPS) collected data from a randomly selected sample of Brisbane primary and preschool children aged 5-12 years. The following data were available for 518 participants: age, gender, measured height and weight and estimated time per week from a parent-completed 7 days diary in physical activity out of school and sedentary leisure activities including television viewing and computer use. Using age standardised body mass index estimates, approximately 20% of the cohort were overweight. Non-compliance with guidelines was 14.7% for out of school physical activity participation, and 30.9% for excess electronic media entertainment use. There was a 63% increase in the odds of overweight status amongst children who were non-compliant with the electronic entertainment recommendations than those who were compliant (adjusted odds ratio=1.63; 95% CI=1.05-2.54). Female gender and school level socioeconomic category were also independently associated with overweight status. Non-compliance with the minimal physical activity guideline increased the odds of being overweight by 28%, however this difference was not statistically significant. One in seven children from the Greater Brisbane area are at risk for being insufficiently active whilst a third overuse electronic media. Given that overuse of electronic entertainment was positively associated with childhood obesity, these children should be the target of public health campaigns to promote alternative leisure time activities.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor blocker, reduces bodyweight and improves cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in non-diabetic overweight or obese patients. The aim of the RIO-Diabetes trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes that was inadequately controlled by metformin or sulphonylureas. METHODS: 1047 overweight or obese type 2 diabetes patients (body-mass index 27-40 kg/m2) with a haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentration of 6.5-10.0% (mean 7.3% [SD 0.9] at baseline) already on metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy were given a mild hypocaloric diet and advice for increased physical activity, and randomly assigned placebo (n=348), 5 mg/day rimonabant (360) or 20 mg/day rimonabant (339) for 1 year. Two individuals in the 5 mg/day group did not receive double-blind treatment and were thus not included in the final analysis. The primary endpoint was weight change from baseline after 1 year of treatment. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00029848. FINDINGS: 692 patients completed the 1 year follow-up; numbers in each group after 1 year were much the same. Weight loss was significantly greater after 1 year in both rimonabant groups than in the placebo group (placebo: -1.4 kg [SD 3.6]; 5 mg/day: -2.3 kg [4.2], p=0.01 vs placebo; 20 mg/day: -5.3 kg [5.2], p<0.0001 vs placebo). Rimonabant was generally well tolerated. The incidence of adverse events that led to discontinuation was slightly greater in the 20 mg/day rimonabant group, mainly due to depressed mood disorders, nausea, and dizziness. INTERPRETATION: These data indicate that 20 mg/day rimonabant, in combination with diet and exercise, can produce a clinically meaningful reduction in bodyweight and improve HbA1c and a number of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin or sulphonylureas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Basal endothelial nitric oxide release is preserved in overweight and obese adults.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired basal nitric oxide release is associated with a number of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, arterial spasm, and myocardial infarction. We determined whether basal endothelial nitric oxide release is reduced in otherwise healthy overweight and obese adult humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seventy sedentary adults were studied: 32 normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m(2)), 24 overweight (BMI > or = 25 < 30 kg/m(2)), and 14 obese (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)). Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusions of N(g)-monomethyl-L-arginine (5 mg/min), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were used as an index of basal nitric oxide release. RESULTS: N(g)-monomethyl-L-arginine elicited significant reductions in FBF in the normal weight (from 4.1 +/- 0.2 to 2.7 +/- 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min), overweight (4.1 +/- 0.1 to 2.8 +/- 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min), and obese (3.9 +/- 0.3 to 2.7 +/- 0.2 mL/100 mL tissue/min) subjects. Importantly, the magnitude of reduction in FBF (approximately 30%) was similar among the groups. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that the capacity of the endothelium to release nitric oxide under basal conditions is not compromised in overweight and obese adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Body mass index cutoffs for underweight, overweight, and obesity in South Korean schoolgirls.

OBJECTIVES: To establish BMI percentiles and cutoffs for underweight, overweight, and obesity in South Korean schoolgirls. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 1229 South Korean schoolgirls aged 8 to 18 years were randomly selected to complete a self-administered questionnaire. BMI charts and cutoffs were constructed after analyzing data from 1107 subjects. Percentile curves were established by the modified LMS method. RESULTS: The percentiles for underweight, overweight, and obesity corresponding to BMI of 18.5, 23.0, and 25.0 kg/m2 at age 18 were the 13.0th percentile, the 77.8th percentile, and the 91.2nd percentile, respectively. The corresponding prevalences of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 12.1, 12.5, and 9.8%, respectively. DISCUSSION: We established for the first time, to our knowledge, new BMI cutoffs for ages 8 to 18 that corresponded to BMIs of 18.5, 23.0, and 25.0 kg/m2 for Asian adults designated by the International Obesity Task Force. These newly established BMI cutoffs might help to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Trends in obesity and overweight-related office visits and drug prescriptions in Canada, 1998 to 2004.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity and overweight are affecting increasing numbers of Canadians and have received considerable amounts of medical, governmental, and media attention in recent years. This study sought to determine whether this rise in prevalence and awareness has resulted in an increased frequency of obesity and overweight-related office visits or antiobesity drug prescriptions over the past 5 years. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data from IMS Health Canada were used to derive nationally representative estimates of trends in the annual number of obesity and overweight-related office visits (1999 to 2003) and the quarterly prescription volume of antiobesity drugs (July 1998 to March 2003) in Canada. RESULTS: The number of obesity and overweight-related office visits increased by 20% between 1999 and 2000 but then remained constant. The number of antiobesity drug prescriptions peaked in 2001 and has since declined, with parallel trends being observed for all individual agents. In contrast, the overall frequency of office visits and drug prescriptions in Canada (for any reason) progressively increased over the study period. Middle-aged women were the most common type of patient to seek physician advice regarding obesity, and general practitioners were the most common type of physician visited. DISCUSSION: Increases in the prevalence and awareness of obesity have not resulted in major increases in office visits or drug prescriptions for this condition over the past 5 years. A number of patient, physician, and drug-related factors may explain these results, which are likely a reflection primarily of the current lack of effective weight loss strategies for obese individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of reverse causality and confounding on the association of BMI with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data from two large prospective studies were used. One (a community-based cohort) included 8327 women and 7017 men who resided in two Scottish towns at the time of the baseline assessment in 1972-1976; the other (an occupational cohort) included 4016 men working in the central belt of Scotland at the time of the baseline assessment in 1970-1973. Participants in both cohorts were ages 45 to 64 years at baseline; the follow-up period was 28 to 34 years. RESULTS: In age-adjusted analyses that did not take account of reverse causality or smoking, there was no association between being overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m(2)) and mortality, and weak to modest associations between obesity (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) and mortality. There was a strong association between smoking and lower BMI in women and men in both cohorts (all p < 0.0001). Among never-smokers and with the first 5 years of deaths removed, overweight was associated with an increase in all-cause mortality (relative risk ranging from 1.12 to 1.38), and obesity was associated with a doubling of risk in men in both cohorts (relative risk, 2.10 and 1.96, respectively) and a 60% increase in women (relative risk, 1.56). In both never-smokers and current smokers, being overweight or obese was associated with important increases in the risk of cardiovascular disease. DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate that with appropriate control for smoking and reverse causality, both overweight and obesity are associated with important increases in all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and in particular with cardiovascular disease mortality.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2007

Bioelectrical impedance vs. four-compartment model to assess body fat change in overweight adults.

OBJECTIVE: The Tanita TBF-305 body fat analyzer is marketed for home and clinical use and is based on the principles of leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Few studies have investigated the ability of leg-to-leg BIA to detect change in percentage fat mass (%FM) over time. Our objective was to determine the ability of leg-to-leg BIA vs. the four-compartment (4C) model to detect small changes in %FM in overweight adults. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Thirty-eight overweight adults (BMI, 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2; age, 18 to 44 years; 31 women) participated in a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a nutritional supplement. Body composition was measured at 0 and 6 months using the Tanita TBF-305 body fat analyzer [using equations derived by the manufacturer (%FM(T-Man)) and by Jebb et al. (%FM(T-Jebb))] and the 4C model (%FM(4C)). RESULTS: Subjects in the experimental group lost 0.9%FM(4C) (p = 0.03), a loss that did not reach significance using leg-to-leg BIA (0.6%FM(T-Man), p = 0.151; 0.6%FM(T-Jebb), p = 0.144). We observed large standard deviations (SDs) in the mean difference in %FM between the 4C model and the Tanita(Manufacturer) (2.5%) and Tanita(Jebb) (2.2%). Ten subjects fell outside +/-1 SD of the mean differences at 0 and 6 months; those individuals were younger and shorter than those within +/-1 SD. DISCUSSION: Leg-to-leg BIA performed reasonably well in predicting decreases in %FM in this group of overweight adults but resulted in wide SDs vs. %FM(4C) in individuals. Cross-sectional determinations of %FM of overweight individuals using leg-to-leg BIA should be interpreted with caution.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Trends in overweight and obesity and changes in the distribution of body mass index in schoolchildren of Jena, East Germany.

OBJECTIVE: Data of Jena children (Germany) show increases in the prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity between 1975 and 2001. Our objective was to determine if these increases contribute to changes in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) in the entire population of children. The decade 1985-1995, which includes the time of German reunification, is of particular interest because of the significant socio-economic changes in East Germany, in which Jena is located. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The analyses were based on data from four cross-sectional growth studies in 7- to 14-year-old children performed in Jena, Germany, in 1975 (n=2013), 1985 (n=1534), 1995 (n=1906) and 2001 (n=1918). Overweight and obesity were estimated by German reference data and the reference of Cole et al. Mean difference plots were used to investigate the changes in the BMI distributions within sexes between the studies. RESULTS: Between 1985 and 1995, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased significantly in both sexes, whereas nonsignificant changes were found between 1975 and 1985. Although there is a tendency towards increased overweight between 1995 and 2001, the differences were nonsignificant. Comparing data from 1975 and 1985, the mean difference plots showed virtually no changes in the BMI distribution. In the plots comparing the BMI distribution for 1985 data and 1995 data, the whole distribution tended to shift upwards with a greater shift in the upper BMI range. The entire population of children in Jena gained weight during this period of time. This increase may be linked to a transition towards a more Western lifestyle, that is, usually by lower energy expenditure and nutritional transitions, caused by the process of reunification of Germany in 1989. CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain appears to be a characteristic feature of the entire population studied and does not seem to be a separate problem of the obese children. This suggests that reported changes in the prevalence may be underestimating the looming public health crisis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish school children, using four different definitions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish children using four different weight-for-height methods and to examine secular trends from previous national data. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. Weight and height were measured according to standard procedures and used to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity using four weight-for-height methods of assessment, actual relative weight, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index (BMI) for age charts for boys and girls, the BMI reference curves for the UK 1990 and the International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific BMI cutoffs. SETTING: The survey was carried out between 2003 and 2004 in the Republic of Ireland. SUBJECTS: Random representative sample of 596 children aged 5-12 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish children is high, but varies considerably with each method. The prevalence of obesity in boys ranged from 4.1 to 11.2 % and in girls from 9.3 to 16.3%. Between 1990 and 2005, depending on the method used, there was a two-to-fourfold increase in obesity in children aged 8-12 years. CONCLUSION: It is evident given the variation displayed in the prevalence of obesity when using the different methods, that there is a discernible need for a single definition to identify the obese child in Ireland. The findings show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish school children and the increase in the prevalence of obesity over the last 15 years highlights this growing public health issue.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Lifecourse predictors of normal metabolic parameters in overweight and obese adults.

OBJECTIVE: Not all overweight and obese individuals appear to be at equal risk of developing metabolic abnormalities. We sought to examine the effect of factors from different stages of life on risk of metabolic abnormalities at age 50 years in overweight and obese adults. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Longitudinal study of all persons born in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in May and June 1947 and followed to age 50 years when a clinical examination took place and a detailed questionnaire on health and lifestyle was completed. Participants in this study (n=223) were those defined as being overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 25 at age 50 years. Subjects were defined as 'metabolically normal' if they had normal lipids, glucose and blood pressure. RESULTS: Lower BMI was the strongest predictor of remaining metabolically normal in both men and women. After adjusting for BMI, lower levels of cigarette smoking and higher levels of physical activity were independently associated with being metabolically normal in men. No other factors were independently associated with being metabolically normal in women. A stronger inverse relationship between BMI and metabolic status was found in men (Odds ratio (OR) per unit increase in BMI=0.65, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 0.52-0.81) than in women (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99). No association was seen for factors operating in fetal, infant and childhood life. CONCLUSIONS: Adult factors made a greater contribution to remaining metabolically normal than birth or childhood factors in this sample of overweight and obese adults. A lower adult BMI appeared to reduce the risk in men and women and lower cigarette smoking and higher level of physical activity also independently reduced the risk in men. Public health policy to reduce the burden of morbidity associated with obesity should continue to encourage weight loss, physical activity and smoking cessation.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed2006

Country development and the association between parity and overweight.

INTRODUCTION: Parity is associated with overweight and obesity in developed countries and has been related to maternal depletion in poor developing countries. However, the literature from developing countries is limited and may not represent current stages of development. METHODS: We analyzed data from 50 Demographic and Reproductive Health Surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. We examined the association between parity (proxied by number of live births) and overweight (body mass index (BMI)> or =25 kg/m(2)) in relation to level of country wealth and development. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) for overweight comparing women with at least four live births to women with one live birth was >1.0 in 38 of the 50 countries studied. The median OR was >1.0 in all regions studied and highest in North Africa/West Asia, where all countries had OR >1.0. Country wealth and development were both positively associated with the ORs. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of parity as a predictor of overweight increases with national economic development and wealth. Policy implications might include the development and implementation of programs to prevent excessive gestational weight gain and promote postpartum weight loss via dietary change and physical activity, concomitant with exclusive breastfeeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Overweight, obesity and girth of Australian preschoolers: prevalence and socio-economic correlates.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian 4-5-year-old children. (2) To investigate associations between socio-economic characteristics and (a) overweight/obesity and (b) waist circumference. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population survey. SETTING: Wave 1 (2004) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 4983 4-5-year-old children (2537 boys and 2446 girls; mean age 56.9 months (s.d. 2.64 months; range 51-67 months)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of overweight and obesity (International Obesity TaskForce definitions) and waist circumference (cm). ANALYSIS: Prevalence estimates were obtained as weighted percentages. Uni- and multivariable ordinal logistic regression (using the proportional odds model) were used to assess associations between potential predictors and the risk of higher child body mass index status and a multivariable linear regression model to assess relationships between the same potential predictors and waist circumference. RESULTS: 15.2% of Australian preschoolers are estimated to be overweight and 5.5% obese. In univariate analyses, seven of the 12 variables were associated with higher odds of being in a heavier body mass index category. In a multivariable regression model, speaking a language other than English (particularly for boys), indigenous status and lower disadvantage quintile were the clearest independent predictors of higher body mass index status, with children in the lowest quintile of social disadvantage having 47% higher odds (95% CI 14, 92%) of being in a heavier body mass index category compared to those in the highest quintile. Waist circumference was not related to any socio-economic variable. CONCLUSIONS: This nationally representative survey confirms high rates of overweight and obesity in preschoolers throughout Australia. The recent emergence of a substantial socio-economic gradient should bring new urgency to public health measures to combat the obesity epidemic.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and association with overweight in children of a rapidly developing country.

We assessed the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP) and the association with excess body weight among a large sample of children in the Seychelles, a middle-income rapidly developing country in the African region. Weight, height and BP were measured in all children of four school grades in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). Excess weight categories ('overweight' and 'obesity') were defined according to the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force. Two BP readings were obtained on one occasion. 'Elevated BP' was defined based on US reference tables. Data were available in 15,612 (86%) of 18,119 eligible children aged 5-16 years in 2002-2004. In all, 13.0% of Boys and 18.8% of girls were overweight or obese. The prevalence of elevated BP was 9.1% in boys and 10.1% in girls. Both systolic and diastolic BP were strongly associated with body mass index (BMI) in boys and in girls. In children with 'normal weight', 'overweight (and not obesity)' and 'obesity', respectively, proportions with elevated BP were 7.5, 16.9 and 25.2% in boys, and 7.5, 16.1 and 33.2% in girls. Overweight (including obesity) could account for 18% of cases of elevated BP in boys and 26% in girls. Further studies should examine the impact of the relationship between BMI and elevated BP on the burden of hypertension in the context of the epidemic of paediatric obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old.

BACKGROUND: Obesity, defined by a body-mass index (BMI) (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30.0 or more, is associated with an increased risk of death, but the relation between overweight (a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9) and the risk of death has been questioned. METHODS: We prospectively examined BMI in relation to the risk of death from any cause in 527,265 U.S. men and women in the National Institutes of Health-AARP cohort who were 50 to 71 years old at enrollment in 1995-1996. BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height. Relative risks and 95 percent confidence intervals were adjusted for age, race or ethnic group, level of education, smoking status, physical activity, and alcohol intake. We also conducted alternative analyses to address potential biases related to preexisting chronic disease and smoking status. RESULTS: During a maximum follow-up of 10 years through 2005, 61,317 participants (42,173 men and 19,144 women) died. Initial analyses showed an increased risk of death for the highest and lowest categories of BMI among both men and women, in all racial or ethnic groups, and at all ages. When the analysis was restricted to healthy people who had never smoked, the risk of death was associated with both overweight and obesity among men and women. In analyses of BMI during midlife (age of 50 years) among those who had never smoked, the associations became stronger, with the risk of death increasing by 20 to 40 percent among overweight persons and by two to at least three times among obese persons; the risk of death among underweight persons was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS: Excess body weight during midlife, including overweight, is associated with an increased risk of death.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for overweight among Brazilian adolescents of low-income families: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To study risk factors for overweight among Brazilian adolescents of low-income families. DESIGN: Case-control study of obese and non-obese adolescents. SETTING: Anthropometric survey including 1420 students (aged 14-19 years) attending a public high school in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Selection of 83 overweight (body mass index (BMI) >85th percentile) and 89 non-overweight (BMI >5th percentile and <85th percentile) subjects, frequency-matched by age, gender, pubertal development and socio-economic status. Among the nutritional, familial and behavioural data available, five covariates (parents' obesity, adolescents' past obesity, to have a best friend, dietary restriction and habit of napping) were included in the fitted hierarchical conditional logistic regression models. MEASUREMENTS: Parents or guardians and adolescents were weighed, measured and answered a pre-tested questionnaire applied by trained nutritionists and paediatricians. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 15.2%. As previous risks, obese parents and obesity during infancy presented odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 2.23 (1.15-4.35) and 3.60 (1.47-8.80), respectively. As concurrent factors, the habit of napping, to have a best friend and reported dietary restriction presented OR (95% CI) of 3.43 (1.32-8.92), 5.15 (1.76-15.07) and 7.26 (2.95-17.88), respectively. Dietary patterns, frequency of obesogenic foods and other physical activity indicators presented no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: In case-control studies, OR may overestimate the true risks. Parents' obesity and previous childhood obesity were identified as risk factors; therefore these factors should be the target for preventive programmes and policies in order to prevent the burden of obesity in the near future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pregnancy complications by overweight and residential area. A prospective study of an urban Norwegian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Health varies in residential areas of different socioeconomic status in the capital of Norway. This study compares risks of pregnancy complications in Oslo according to prevalence of overweight and areas of residency. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 3,677 pregnancies. Pregnancy outcomes were retrieved from medical records after delivery. Statistics were performed by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Pregnant women from areas of lower socioeconomic status (Oslo East) had higher prevalence of overweight than women from areas of higher status (Oslo West). Dose-response relationships were found between body mass index and increased risk of pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomia, cesarean deliveries, acute cesarean deliveries, transfer of the newborn to neonatal intensive care unit). Comparing Oslo East with Oslo West the relative risks of pregnancy complications were 1.8 for pre-eclampsia, 1.6 for gestational diabetes, 1.4 for acute cesarean deliveries, 1.6 for low birth weight (< or =2,500 g) and 1.5 for transfer to neonatal intensive care. Adjustment for body mass index did not change the increased risks of pre-eclampsia, acute cesarean deliveries, low birth weight, or transfer to neonatal intensive care among Oslo East women. Only the increased risk of gestational diabetes could partially be explained by higher body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Residential areas of lower socioeconomic status had higher risk of pregnancy complications. Overweight was a strong independent predictor of pregnancy complications. The higher prevalence of overweight in Oslo East could, however, not explain the increased risk of pregnancy complications.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sleep duration and overweight among Australian children and adolescents.

AIM: To examine the association between sleep and overweight and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Data were from a nationally representative sample of 6324 7-15-y-old males and females from the Australian Health and Fitness Survey. Associations between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) and WC were examined by analysis of covariance, linear regression, and logistic regression. RESULTS: In the total sample, there was a significant main effect across sleep-duration categories ( or=10 h) for BMI. Linear regression showed significant age, sex, age-sleep, and age-sex-sleep interactions in the total sample. There was an inverse graded relationship between sleep and BMI and WC in boys. In boys, there was a 1.6-1.8 times greater odds of overweight for those who reported 8-9 h or 9-10 h of sleep compared to those reporting>or=10 h of sleep. For boys reporting or=10 h of sleep. In contrast, no significant associations between sleep and overweight were found in girls. CONCLUSION: Sleep duration was inversely related with overweight in young males but not females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neostigmine-induced reversal of vecuronium in normal weight, overweight and obese female patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare neostigmine-induced reversal of vecuronium in normal weight, overweight and obese female patients. METHODS: In total, 15 each of normal weight (18.5 or=30) patients were enrolled. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with fentanyl, propofol and nitrous oxide. Neuromuscular block was induced with vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) on the basis of the patient's real body weight (RBW) and was monitored using acceleromyographic train-of-four (TOF) of the adductor pollicis. All patients received neostigmine 0.04 mg kg(-1) combined with atropine 0.02 mg kg(-1) at 25% recovery of the first twitch (T1) of TOF and were allowed to recover to a TOF ratio of 0.9. RESULTS: The time from administration of vecuronium to spontaneous recovery of T1 to 25% of control was significantly longer in the obese [mean (SD, range); 68.4 (16.3, 39.8-110.8) min] and the overweight groups [49.3 (6.2, 39.8-60.8) min] as compared with the normal weight group [41.0 (9.0, 27.5-59.5) min]. The times for facilitated recovery with neostigmine to a TOF ratio of 0.7 did not differ among groups. However, the recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 in the obese [25.9 (6.7, 13.5-41.0) min] and the overweight groups [14.6 (7.7, 3.3-28.5) min] were significantly longer than that in the normal weight group [6.9 (2.0, 3.0-10.7) min]. CONCLUSIONS: Early reversal after neostigmine is prompt; however, recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 is slow in overweight and obese patients when vecuronium is dosed on the basis of the patient's RBW.

Adult↗