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PubMed1998

Comparison of present pain intensity assessments on horizontally and vertically oriented visual analogue scales.

Contrary results have been reported from studies comparing horizontal and vertical orientations of the visual analogue scale (VAS) in non-dental pain states. The vertical orientation of the VAS has been used in our department for several years while the horizontal orientation is the most commonly used in other acute pain models. The present study investigated whether a horizontally oriented VAS is as sensitive as a vertically oriented VAS in the assessment of present pain after oral surgery. Seventy-four patients recorded their pain intensity hourly and half-hourly 15 times during 11 hours after surgery on a horizontal and on a vertical 100 mm VAS. Slightly lower mean and median values were observed at 2/3 of the observation time points for the vertical VAS compared to the horizontal VAS. The results from the two scales were compared with analysis of variance for repeated measures. No significant differences between the horizontal and the vertical VAS-values were found (p = 0.099). Distributions (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and dispersions of data were also similar with the two orientations of the VAS. This study shows that a vertically oriented VAS is equally sensitive as a horizontally oriented VAS in assessing present pain intensity after oral surgery.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2004

Investigating particle orientation in cirrus clouds by measuring backscattering phase matrices with lidar.

The relation between the orientation of particles in ice-crystal clouds and backscattering phase matrices (BSPMs) is considered. Parameters characterizing the predominant orientation of particles in the azimuthal direction and in the horizontal position are presented. The parameters are expressed through BSPM elements. A technique for measuring BSPM elements with lidar is described. Examples of some measurements are presented along with a statistical generalization of the results from more than 400 BSPM measurements. It is found that the orientation of coarse particles with large diameters in an azimuthal direction and in a horizontal position is more probable than in a random direction. However, the orientation of large particles is often masked by small particles that are not subject to the effect of orienting factors. Thus the mean parameters characterizing the state of orientation of particles in clouds as a whole correspond to weak orientation. It is supposed that the orientation of particles in the azimuthal direction is caused by wind-velocity pulsations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Determination of the molecular orientation of poly(propylene terephthalate) fibers using polarized Raman spectroscopy: a comparison of methods.

For the first time, four different methods to determine the degree of molecular orientation from polarized Raman spectroscopy measurements are compared. The great influence of molecular orientation on the properties of polymers has driven the development of multiple experimental techniques and procedures. This study is based on the C(1)-C(4) ring stretching vibration of poly(propylene terephthalate) (PPT) at 1614 cm(-1). It is shown that simply ratioing the band intensity obtained with the polarization parallel and perpendicular to the unique axis of the sample provides a good qualitative method to observe the evolution of orientation in a series of similar samples. To quantitatively compare the degree of orientation one needs to utilize a more complex method yielding the second- and fourth-order parameters of the orientation distribution function (P(2) and P(4), respectively). To date, most studies have been based on the assumption of a cylindrically symmetric polarizibility tensor. It is shown that this assumption is highly questionable although this method has been used fairly successfully in the past. This method results in orientation parameters that are clearly different from those obtained with the two more complex procedures. The most complex method, both theoretically and experimentally, requires the most measurements per sample. Major problems have occurred when trying to calculate the desired parameters, in particular for samples with high birefringence. These problems are related to experimental complexities occurring for measurements when the samples are tilted with respect to the polarization direction of the incident light. These measurements are replaced by a simple determination of depolarization ratio in the third method. This method assumes that the depolarization ratio is independent of changes in molecular orientation and structure. It was found that this assumption is not correct. Thus, the most complex method is the method of choice to quantitatively determine the second- and fourth-order parameters of the orientation distribution function, unless one has knowledge of the depolarization ratio of each sample being studied. That knowledge permits the use of an experimentally simpler method to obtain the desired parameters.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

The significance of needle bevel orientation in achieving a successful inferior alveolar nerve block.

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, crossover study comparing the degree of pulpal anesthesia achieved with the use of a conventional inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block administered with the needle bevel oriented away from the mandibular ramus or toward the mandibular ramus. METHODS: Fifty-one blinded subjects randomly received an IAN block injection administered with a 27-gauge needle; the needle bevel was oriented away from the mandibular ramus or oriented toward the mandibular ramus at appointments spaced at least one week apart, in a crossover design. The authors used a pulp tester to test molars, premolars and central and lateral incisors for anesthesia in four-minute cycles for 60 minutes. They considered anesthesia to be successful when two consecutive 80 readings (the maximum output on the pulp tester) were obtained within 15 minutes, and the 80 reading was sustained continuously for 60 minutes. RESULTS: When the needle bevel was oriented away from the mandibular ramus, successful pulpal anesthesia from the central incisor to the second molar was achieved in 24 to 90 percent of patients. When the needle bevel was oriented toward the mandibular ramus, successful pulpal anesthesia was achieved in 14 to 92 percent of patients. The results showed no significant difference between the two needle bevel orientations. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that using a 27-gauge needle with the bevel oriented away from the mandibular ramus was similar to using the same needle with the bevel oriented toward the mandibular ramus to administer successful IAN blocks in adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: For IAN blocks administered with a 27-gauge needle, positioning the needle bevel away or toward the mandibular ramus does not affect anesthetic success.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Generalization of achievement orientations for experiences of success and failure in youth sport.

Studies of achievement orientations in sport have focused on subjective success. This study explored the extent to which these orientations generalize to subjective failure. 796 youth sport participants ages 9 to 16 years (338 boys, 458 girls) recalled personal experiences of success and failure. These were then categorized as mastery, comparison or social recognition orientations. In 60% of cases, participants used the same orientation to interpret success and failure. In the middle and oldest groups, such generalization was most frequent for mastery orientations in girls but for comparative orientations in boys. In the youngest groups, mastery orientations generalized most frequently for each sex. Hence achievement orientations generalized across type of experience, but with differences by age and sex.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Learning- and grade-orientation, sex, and prediction of self-reported academic performance.

148 undergraduate students completed the LOGO-II scale, a measure of educational orientation, i.e., learning-oriented and grade-oriented attitudes and behaviors, and were asked to report their current and expected grades, as well as their self-assessed academic skill. Generally, learning orientation was positively correlated with academic performance, but grade orientation was negatively correlated with performance. Learning orientation and grade orientation predicted academic performance for men but not women. Implications of these findings, including the possibility of encouraging students to assume a more learning-oriented approach to their education, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparing market orientation culture of businesses and schools of business: an extension and refinement.

This study extends previous work concerning the market orientation culture within specialty businesses and schools of business. Specifically, member schools of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International are separated into public and private universities. Data were collected via a mailed survey to business schools holding membership. 106 public school deans and 35 private school deans responded, for a 23% response rate. Input from the deans was sought on their perceptions of the market orientation culture within the schools. Respondents' perceptions, rated on a 7-point scale, measured four dimensions of market orientation: customer orientation, competitor orientation, organizational coordination, and overall market orientation. Data for specialty businesses were drawn from a previous study. Comparison testing between the public and private business schools' deans and business managers was conducted. Analysis indicated perceived market orientation was significantly higher for deans of private business schools than public business schools. Compared with business managers, private school deans were statistically different on only one of the four dimensions, whereas public business school deans' scores were significantly different from those of business managers on all four. Compared with each other, business school deans were statistically different on three dimensions, with private school deans reporting greater market orientation.

Commerce↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between general and context-specific attachment orientations in a Turkish sample.

The authors explored the relationship between general and context-specific attachment orientations involving family, peer, and romantic contexts. Participants were 110 Turkish university students (50 men, 60 women). The authors used the Turkish form of K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) to measure participants' general and specific attachment orientations. Using 5-point Likert-type scales, participants specified the degree to which each of the 4 descriptions of RQ (i.e., of secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful orientations) represented (a) how they generally felt in close relationships; and then how they felt in their (b) family relationships, (c) romantic relationships, and (d) peer relationships. The present results indicated that participants who were generally high rather than low on a particular attachment orientation tended to be so across the 3 contexts, thereby supporting the trait-like conceptualization of attachment styles. However, the present results also supported conceptualization of attachment orientations as specific context-related tendencies because regardless of their general orientations, participants reported feeling relatively more secure in some relationships (e.g., family) than in others (e.g., romantic). The authors discussed the present results as supporting (a) the coexistence of both general and specific attachment orientations in the cognitive system and (b) the cross-cultural validity of attachment orientations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Role-orientation change among RNs in an upper-division level baccalaureate program.

Using the Corwin Role-Orientation Instrument as modified by Dr. M.E. Bevis, the author conducted a study within an upper division level Baccalaureate Nursing Program to determine the extent to which students were "professionalized" in the process of attaining a BS in Nursing. The study design involved a cross-sectional sample of entering and exiting students within the same university program. In addition to assessing the students for their role-orientations, personal and demographic data were collected in order to compare the respective student groups for profile similarities and differences. Analysis of the data collected suggested some similarities between the student groups in terms of such variables as age dispersion, sex, and basic nursing preparation. Differences detected between the groups included marital status, amount of clinical experience, educational goals, and career goals. Statistical analysis is presented to describe the distribution of scores attained by the two groups on the Corwin Role-Orientation Instrument. Responses to the 22-item questionnaire determine the extent to which the subject has a "bureaucratic-orientation," a "service-orientation," and a "professional orientation." In this study, students who were about to graduate from the upper division level Baccalaureate Nursing Program hold a role-orientation which is less bureaucratic, more professional and more service oriented than their entering counterparts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oblique versus vertical-horizontal incision orientation in four-incision radial keratotomy.

BACKGROUND: Four-incision radial keratotomy is used for the correction of mild to moderate myopia. The traditional orientation of incisions was naturally on the horizontal and vertical meridians. We undertook a comparative study of oblique versus traditional four-incision radial keratotomy (orthogonal orientation) to show the advantage of an oblique incision orientation. METHODS: A prospective study of two groups of 21 eyes was conducted: an orthogonal group with vertical-horizontal orientation of the four incisions, and an oblique group with four obliquely oriented incisions. Spatial contrast sensitivity, glare, and night vision tests were performed and results compared. The follow up period was 3 months. RESULTS: Glare and contrast sensitivity were less affected with oblique orientation of incisions. There was no significant difference regarding night vision effects. We observed a decrease in induced astigmatism with oblique orientation. CONCLUSION: The location of horizontal incisions within the palpebral fissure and the unequal lengths of horizontal and vertical incisions are responsible for ocular alterations. An oblique orientation is preferable to avoid glare, starburst, and induced astigmatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Marketing-oriented organizations: an integrated approach.

Organizations can be oriented toward marketing from a production, product, sales, or marketing perspective. Strategies, structures, and cultures, which reflect a company's basic orientation, must be integrated to ensure that marketing efforts communicate a clear corporate position. In a study of 31 hospitals, the Center for Health Services Education Research, St. Louis University, found that no hospital's organization fit neatly into a single category. For example, a hospital may have some service lines that were marketing oriented while other lines were production oriented. The majority of hospitals, however, were product oriented, focusing on productivity and financial performance rather than on market factors. The most effective sales orientation was observed in the for-profits. Their selling efforts, however, tended to be internally focused, with product development activities divorced from the planning and marketing functions. Only the for-profit hospitals showed the beginning of a marketing orientation. Developing a marketing orientation, especially in line divisions, requires a careful, well-orchestrated effort and the presence of several key factors: Access to capital and an emphasis on long-range planning and strategic spending The availability of hospital-specific market research. Key distribution channels. Talented middle managers. Up-to-date systems and structures equipped to serve new values and strategies. Leaders capable of communicating to the organization a vision of its role in the community.

Hospital Administration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of hospice care service program about advanced cancer patient. I--The effect of hospice education programs on the death orientation].

The purpose of this study was to investigate what effect providing the hospice care team with hospice education programs had on the death orientation. The subjects of study were 28 volunteers, 14 nurses, 30 clergies who registered on hospice education programs from Aug. 6th, 1996 to May 20th, 1997. The data were analysed by descriptive analysis, ANOVA, Duncan test, paired t-test. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. The degrees of death orientation were 85.70 in volunteers group, 84.31 in nurses group, and 73.00 in clergies group. So, clergies group has more positive death orientation than others (F = 6.33, p = .000). The degree of death orientation showed significant differences between age groups (F = 5.78, p = .002), and religiosity (t = 3.92, p = .000). There were no significant differences between the degree of death orientation and the others general characteristics of subjects. 2. The mean of death orientation was 80.04 before hospice education programs, but was 75.56 after hospice education programs (t = 3.92, p = .000). In conclusion, the subjects who received the hospice education programs showed the positive change in the degree of the death orientation. Therefore, it has been judged that education programs has been prerequisite in positive death orientation for hospice care. Furthermore, all of the hospice care members those who complete the hospice education program, will be performed efficient hospice care intervention for dying patients and their families.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Cortical cell orientation selectivity fails to develop in the absence of ON-center retinal ganglion cell activity.

Neuronal activity is necessary for the normal development of visual cortical cell receptive fields. When neuronal activity is blocked, cortical cells fail to develop normal ocular dominance and orientation selectivity. Patterned activity has been shown to play an instructive, rather than merely permissive, role in the segregation of geniculocortical afferents into ocular dominance columns. To test whether normal patterns of activity are necessary to instruct the development of cortical orientation selectivity, we studied ferrets raised without ON-center retinal ganglion cell activity. The ON-center blockade was produced by daily intravitreal injections of DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB). Effects of this treatment on the development of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex were assessed using extracellular electrode recordings and optical imaging. In animals raised with an ON-center blockade starting after visual cortical cells are visually driven but still poorly tuned for orientation, cortical cell responsivity was maintained, but no maturation of orientation selectivity was seen. No recovery of orientation tuning was seen in animals treated with APB during the normal period of orientation development and then allowed several months of development without treatment. These results suggest that patterns of neuronal activity carried in the separate ON- and OFF-center visual pathways are necessary for the development of orientation selectivity in visual cortical neurons of the ferret and that there is a critical period for this development.

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed2000

Community orientation in hospitals: an institutional and resource dependence perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To conceptualize community orientation-defined as the generation, dissemination, and use of community health-need intelligence-as a strategic response to environmental pressures, and to test a theoretically justified model of the predictors of community orientation in hospitals. DATA SOURCES: The analysis used data for 4,578 hospitals obtained from the 1994 and 1995 American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey and the 1994 Medicare Hospital Cost Report data sets. Market-level data came from the Area Resource File. STUDY DESIGN: Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effects of hospital size, dependence on managed care, ownership, network, system and alliance memberships, and level of diffusion of community-orientation practices in the area on the degree of community orientation in hospitals. The model, based on Oliver's (1991) framework of organizational responsiveness to environmental pressures, controlled for the effects of industry concentration and lagged profitability. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Degree of community orientation is significantly related to hospital size; ownership; dependence on managed care; and membership in a network, system, or alliance. It is also significantly related to the diffusion of community-orientation practices among other area hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Degree of community orientation is influenced by the nature of environmental pressures and by hospital interests. It is higher in hospitals that are large, nonprofit, or members of a network, system, or alliance; in hospitals that are more dependent on managed care; and in hospitals that operate in areas with higher diffusion of community-orientation activities.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMed2001

[Roles of posterior parietal cortex in stereopsis: characteristics of responses of axis-orientation-selective neurons in monkey caudal intraparietal area].

Patients with parietal lesions may fail to adjust the orientation of their hand to that of a target object, or may make errors in judging the orientation of a bar. This suggests that the parietal cortex has a function in the discrimination of the orientation of objects. In this study we investigated the responses of axis-orientation-selective neurons in caudal intraparietal (CIP) area to stereoscopic stimuli. Among the characteristics we investigated responses to the length and thickness of objects, sensitivity to binocular disparity, and position invariance in depth. Computer generated stereoscopic stimuli were presented to the monkey on a 70 inch screen. Most of the neurons responded better to long or narrow stimuli. All neurons which were orientation selective only in the frontal plane were not disparity sensitive. Most of the neurons which were orientation selective in the sagittal or horizontal plane were sensitive for binocular disparity. The majority of these neurons had wide receptive fields and their responses were position-invariant. These results suggest that the axis-orientation-selective neurons in CIP area encode the orientation of the longitudinal axis of objects in 3-dimensional space.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The experimental relationship between leaflet clearance and orientation of the St. Jude Medical valve in the mitral position.

The optimal orientation of the St. Jude Medical mechanical prosthesis in the mitral position has not yet been determined. While in the majority of cases the valve can perform satisfactorily regardless of valve orientation, certain circumstances can increase the risk of leaflet impingement. These valves are commonly implanted with their leaflets oriented parallel to the anatomic axis of the native leaflets (anatomic orientation) or with their prosthetic leaflets perpendicular to the axis of the native leaflets (antianatomic orientation). To determine the influence of valve orientation on the clearance from the prosthetic leaflet to the posterior ventricular wall, we calculated the clearances on all available models of the St. Jude Medical mitral valve. Clearances were computed from measurements of valve dimensions with use of an electronic caliper. In all cases the clearance in antianatomic orientation was at least 49.5% greater (mean 59%, range 49.5% to 77.5%) than in anatomic orientation.

Heart Valve Prosthesis↗
PubMed2004

Thickness-dependent molecular chain and lamellar crystal orientation in ultrathin poly(di-n-hexylsilane) films.

The molecular chain and lamellar crystal orientation in ultrathin films (thickness < 100 nm) of poly-(di-n-hexylsilane) (PDHS) on silicon wafer substrates have been investigated by using transmission electronic microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and UV absorption spectroscopy. PDHS showed a film thickness-dependent molecular chain and lamellar crystal orientation. Lamellar crystals grew preferentially in flat-on orientation in the monolayer ultrathin films of PDHS, i.e., the silicon backbones were oriented along the surface-normal direction. By contrast, the orientation of lamellar crystals was preferentially edge-on in ultrathin films thicker than ca. 13 nm, i.e., the silicon backbones were oriented parallel to the substrate surface. We interpret the different orientations of molecular chain and lamellar crystal as due to the reduction of the entropy of the polymer chain near the substrate surface and the particularity of the crystallographic (001) plane of flat-on lamellae, respectively. A remarkable influence of the orientations of the silicon backbone on the UV absorption of these PDHS ultrathin films was observed due to the one-dimensional nature of sigma-electrons delocalized along the silicon backbone. With the silicon backbones perpendicular or parallel to the surface of the substrate, the UV absorbance increased or decreased with an increase of the angle between the incident UV beam direction and direction normal to the thin film, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The orientation of facet joints and transverse articular dimension in degenerative spondylolisthesis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the orientation of facet joints, facet tropism and transverse articular dimension could play a role in degenerative spondylolisthesis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: MRI study of L4-5 level of twenty degenerative spondylolisthesis and age-matched twenty control group were included. The orientation of facet joints, transverse articular dimension (TAD) and cosine facet orientation of TAD were measured with two independent observers. RESULTS: The facet orientation of more than 43 degrees and cosine facet orientation of TAD less than 7.4 were statistically significant for developing degenerative spondylolisthesis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The facet orientation of degenerative spondylolisthesis patients was more sagittal orientation than the the control group, and the cosine facet orientation of TAD was also less than the control group.

Adult↗