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PubMed1997

An 'anthropathology' of the 'American Negro': anthropology, genetics, and the new racial science, 1940-1952.

This essay documents how, in the 1940s and early 1950s, one scientifically discredited racialist assumption, namely the notion that 'hybridity', embodied by the 'American Negro', and linked to degeneration and disease, was re-authorized, again by science, through the discursive fusion of anthropology, medicine and genetics in the context of a particular disease--sickle cell anaemia. More specifically, I am concerned with the construction of what came to be called an 'anthropathology' of the 'American Negro', the discourse networks that situated it, its conditions of possibility and its consequences.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1989

The structure and function of steroid receptor proteins.

This review has highlighted several topics in the study of steroid hormone action. The unanswered questions regarding the mechanism of ligand-controlled LRF activity, the extent of evolutionary conservation and specificity of DNA binding, and the validity of various models of transcriptional regulation mediated through gene networks point to the future direction of research in this field. Steroid hormones are used extensively in clinical treatments, especially glucocorticoids. Our laboratory is attempting to determine which gene networks are responsible for some of these clinical phenotypes. Figure 5 points out that the study of glucocorticoid action holds a unique position because it spans both the basic sciences and the field of applied molecular biology. Now that we have a fundamental knowledge of the necessary elements required for steroid-dependent regulation of gene expression, we can better investigate the clinical responses to steroid therapy (which include devastating side effects) by isolating and characterizing the important target gene(s). In this author's opinion, future directions in the study of steroid responsiveness will have to include a systematic approach toward deciphering a variety of these LRF-regulated gene networks in experimentally feasible systems. Hopefully, work in this area may be revealing and perhaps beneficial to ongoing clinical studies. In addition, the study of mechanisms of transcriptional induction and repression, using the model system of LRFs, could be applicable to many gene regulatory systems which are controlled by such processes as development and differentiation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

An efficient approximation algorithm for finding a maximum clique using Hopfield network learning.

In this article, we present a solution to the maximum clique problem using a gradient-ascent learning algorithm of the Hopfield neural network. This method provides a near-optimum parallel algorithm for finding a maximum clique. To do this, we use the Hopfield neural network to generate a near-maximum clique and then modify weights in a gradient-ascent direction to allow the network to escape from the state of near-maximum clique to maximum clique or better. The proposed parallel algorithm is tested on two types of random graphs and some benchmark graphs from the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (DIMACS). The simulation results show that the proposed learning algorithm can find good solutions in reasonable computation time.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2026

Suction-assisted ureteroscopy compared with traditional ureteroscopy for renal stones ≤ 2 cm: a systematic review, Bayesian network meta-analysis and meta-regression.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Suction-enhanced flexible ureteroscopy (URS) aims to improve stone clearance and reduce complications. We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of flexible aspiration navigable sheaths (FANS) and direct in-scope suction (DISS) for renal calculi ≤ 2 cm. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted through June 2026. Comparative studies of FANS, DISS, or conventional access sheaths for renal stones ≤ 2 cm were included. The primary outcome was 30-day stone-free rate (SFR). Secondary outcomes included operative time, fever, sepsis, and complications. A Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis synthesized direct and indirect evidence. RESULTS: Seventeen studies including 3,657 patients (1,677 FANS, 56 DISS, 1,924 control) were included. FANS showed higher SFR (OR 2.5, 95% CrI 2.0-3.1), while grouped DISS had a similar but less precise effect (OR 3.1, 95% CrI 1.0-8.8). Calyxo V2 had the highest SFR (OR 5.4, 95% CrI 1.0-29.0), whereas PUSEN showed no significant difference (OR 1.6, 95% CrI 0.41-6.3). FANS reduced postoperative fever and complications. FANS also showed lower odds of postoperative sepsis (OR 0.40, 95% CrI 0.12-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Suction-assisted ureteroscopy improves SFR for renal calculi ≤ 2 cm. FANS was associated with shorter operative time, fever, and complications. DISS systems show promising but limited results, with performance differing by technology configuration. Larger prospective trials are needed.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Comparative Efficacy of Insulin and Alternative Therapies for Hypertriglyceridemia-Associated Acute Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis is associated with high triglyceride levels and may lead to significant clinical complications. Rapid TG-lowering strategies, including insulin, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), heparin, hemofiltration, and conservative management, are used in clinical practice; however, their comparative efficacy and impact on clinical outcomes remain uncertain. METHODS: Following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration (CRD420251239674), we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. Primary outcomes included TG reduction, C-reactive protein (CRP), length of stay, mortality, and organ failure. Secondary outcomes included renal and respiratory failure. Random-effects network meta-analyses estimated mean differences or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals; treatments were ranked using the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve (SUCRA). Predefined sensitivity analyses were conducted according to study design (RCTs) and risk of bias (ROB). RESULTS: Across predominantly observational evidence, no intervention demonstrated statistically significant superiority over insulin-based therapy for mortality, organ failure, or length of stay, and no consistent clinical benefit was observed despite differences in biochemical TG reduction. Although some interventions showed relatively favorable SUCRA rankings across selected outcomes, these findings were not consistently supported by statistically significant or high-certainty evidence. In RCT-restricted analyses, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) significantly reduced TG levels versus insulin (MD&#x2009;-&#x2009;620.0; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.03) and CRP versus conservative therapy (MD&#x2009;-&#x2009;0.80; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01), while insulin plus heparin was associated with shorter hospital stay (MD&#x2009;-&#x2009;1.60&#xa0;days; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). However, faster triglyceride reduction did not consistently translate into improved mortality, organ failure, ICU-related outcomes, or length of stay. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in biochemical markers, the clinical significance of rapid TG reduction in HTG-AP remains uncertain, as these effects were not consistently associated with improvements in mortality, organ failure, ICU-related outcomes, or hospital length of stay. Given that most available evidence was derived from nonrandomized studies and that the certainty of evidence was predominantly low or very low, adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether accelerated triglyceride lowering improves clinically meaningful patient outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[New communication media for ophthalmology].

BACKGROUND: The use of high-tech communication is undoubtedly growing and has become established in almost all sciences and research fields. This article surveys the possibilities for scientific data-exchange via the Internet, the world's largest computer network. METHODS: An introduction is given to network as a whole, its history and structure, and the hardware and software required. Examples are provided to describe the basic services on the Internet with special emphasis on World wide web applications. CONCLUSIONS: The paper indicates that the Internet has a vast potential for providing almost unlimited information of relevance to users. By using the Internet and its resources, modern ophthalmological research will become more effective and successful.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2005

Work-related hand injuries in Ontario: an historical perspective.

Worker's compensation legislation was enacted in Ontario almost 90 years ago. Workers injured on the job gave up their right to sue employers and received no-fault compensation from an independent, employer-funded body called the Workmen's Compensation Board. Three academic health sciences centers in Ontario that are recognized for their commitment to patient care, research, and education compose part of the Specialty Program network with the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB). Statistical data from the WSIB database for workers with hand injuries from 1996 to 2003 show an increase in fractures from fall injuries in the group of women older than 60 that may be related to osteoporosis, a common condition in this group.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

Paranoia or reality?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1997

Training Spatially Homogeneous Fully Recurrent Neural Networks in Eigenvalue Space.

A new design method for spatially-homogeneous, fully recurrent neural networks is presented. In our approach the eigenvalues of the synaptic matrix, rather than the weights, are learned from the examples. When the learning process is carried out, the connection weights are easily computed from the eigenvalues by inverse discrete Fourier transform. The adaptation is performed in the eigenvalue space in order to simply incorporate in the training algorithm the conditions for the uniqueness of the steady-state. As a consequence, the trained networks are insensitive to initial conditions. The method is illustrated by computer simulations concerning two specific feature extraction examples. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

After the genome--the phenome?

What next? The Human Genome Project signifies complexity rather than simplification in the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Genotypes are embedded in genomes. Individuality in phenotypes is embedded in components of the phenome (transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, etc.). The phenome, its layers, and its nodes, links and networks, require elucidation; there is a need for a Human Phenome Project (Freimer and Sabatti 2003). Biology has largely been a reductive science in the recent past; integrative biology lies ahead. Clinician-scientists (including human biochemical geneticists) will be recognized as key participants in the 'medical' Phenome Project as it reveals components of individuality, and their contributions, in simple or combinatorial fashion, to Mendelian and complex traits; better ways to treat 'genetic disease' will be by-products of the project. Although the Word is common to all, most men live as if each had a private wisdom of his own.Herakleitos

Genomics↗
PubMed1998

International cooperation and the European Association for Health Information and Libraries.

This paper describes cooperation between European libraries: what EAHIL hopes to achieve, and how it may be done. Since its founding in 1987, EAHIL has been working for professional development and to improve cooperation and exchange of experience amongst its members. In 1995 a working programme entitled 'EAHIL--Aims towards year 2000' was approved, and it consolidates some of the most important aims of EAHIL. In this paper, only three of the six aims are referred to: conferences and workshops arranged by EAHIL, the development of an efficient network system in order to increase communication and information among members, and the establishment of agreements for cooperation with medical and health science libraries in Eastern and Central Europe in particular.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

[Developing rehabilitation treatment groups for cardiology and orthopaedics -- findings of a research project].

The call for a more specific and transparent service and reimbursement system for medical rehabilitation is not new. However, in practice, the idea was not followed up for a long time. This situation changed with the introduction of German Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) for acute care settings. It is now strongly being discussed whether such a sophisticated lump sum reimbursement system might also be a viable alternative in the field of rehabilitation. There still exist different opinions over the suitability of a lump sum-system for medical rehabilitation, but the main direction seems to be clear. There is no doubt that medical rehabilitation requires a needs-adapted, differentiated patient classification system. The benefits of such cost-homogeneous groups are evident. They support medical and management services and are suitable for both internal and external use. The main intent of the project presented was to develop such a patient classification system, adapted to the requirements of medical rehabilitation. The project concentrated on orthopaedic and cardiac rehabilitaton. For these two areas, needs-adapted and cost-homogeneous groups (RBG, Rehabilitationsbehandlungsgruppen - Rehabilitation Treatment Groups) were developed in order to adequately represent the underlying service portfolio and to act as a link between acute and post-acute care. In addition, severity level indicators were identified, in order to explain for different needs and resource volumes and in order to create severity-RBGs representing patients with the same severity level. Based on these groups, a needs-adapted lump sum reimbursement system can be developed, allowing for a differentiated service and cost controlling. The project described formed part of the Research Funding Programme Rehabilitation Sciences defrayed by the German Pension Insurance and the Federal Ministry for Education and Research. As part of the Freiburg/Bad Sackingen research network, it was realised at the University BW, Munich.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Helicobacter pylori.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen, responsible for most peptic ulcer disease, gastritis and gastric malignancies. H. pylori has several unique features: it is highly adapted for gastric colonization, yet it produces clinical consequences in a small minority, its genome is known, and it is the only bacterium strongly associated with cancer. H. pylori is therefore of great interest to clinicians and researchers of many, often disparate, disciplines. We highlight recent advances in this fast changing field from many different areas. RECENT FINDINGS: The major contentious clinical issues relate to the synergistic gastrotoxic interactions of H. pylori with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and a possible association of H. pylori with atherosclerotic events. Accumulating evidence implicates genetic variation in the inflammatory response to H. pylori in the etiology of the increased risk of gastric cancer after H. pylori infection. Studies of pathogenesis have been aided by increasingly sophisticated murine models. The effects in gastric epithelial cells of two of the major virulence factors (genes within the cag pathogenicity island and the vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA) of H. pylori illustrate the complex network of cellular reactions activated by H. pylori. The metabolism of H. pylori is dependent on the availability of hydrogen. SUMMARY: Basic science research into H. pylori continues to elucidate the mechanisms by which H. pylori infection causes disease. These findings have implications for the design of novel therapies and for improving clinical strategies to identify at-risk individuals. Many are also worthy of consideration for other epithelial-microbial interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Stochastic simulation of live salmonid movement in England and Wales to predict potential spread of exotic pathogens.

The anthropogenic movement of live fish has been identified as the most important route for the transmission of disease between river catchments. To assist in contingency planning for exotic salmonid disease outbreaks, a stochastic model was developed to assess the potential geographic distribution of an introduced pathogen with time to first detection. The Live Fish Movement Database (a resource funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [Defra] and managed by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [CEFAS] and the Environment Agency [EA]) was used to establish details of live fish movement in England and Wales. A contact network was created for farm to farm and farm to non-farm (fishery) movements of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and probability functions were used to model the timing and destination of movements from farm sites, based on these trading activities. Monte Carlo simulations were run to track the progression of potential disease transmission from single index farm inputs through river catchments with time. Two hundred farms exported fish to 1653 destinations in 147 of the total 198 river catchments. The median number of catchments contacted after 3 and 12 mo were 3 and 6, respectively. In 5% of simulations 63 or more catchments were contacted, and in 1% of simulations 75 or more catchments were contacted after 12 mo. These results may be used to underpin the development of contingency plans for exotic disease outbreaks.

Animals↗