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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Utilization of plasma and urine methadone concentration measurements to limit narcotics use in methadone maintenance patients: II. Generation of plasma concentration response curves.

Controversy exists still concerning the proper daily dose of methadone required to eliminate illicit narcotics use. To address this, urine methadone and opioid concentrations were measured prospectively (150 maintenance patients, 18 month period, 9250 urine samples) using fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Results demonstrate that current thresholds (EMIT uses 300 micrograms/L) defining opiate positive urines are overly high (FPIA can go as low as 25 micrograms/L), causing severe underestimation of opioid use in the typical clinic. Using this data, plasma methadone concentration and dose response probability curves were generated for illicit opiate use. Results demonstrate a S-shaped, 24 hr trough plasma methadone concentration response curve with effective concentrations, EC90 = 80 micrograms/L, EC98 = 600 micrograms/L. Plotting mean plasma methadone concentration versus dose gives a monotonically increasing function: Conc = 5.367*dose0.858, raw R-squared = 0.967, corrected R-squared = 0.802. Unfortunately, coefficients of variation for plasma concentrations at each prescribed dose are unacceptably large, explaining poor dose response relationships for some patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of derivative preprocessing and automated polynomial baseline correction method for classification and quantification of narcotics in solid mixtures.

This work offers a real-world comparison of derivative preprocessing and a new polynomial method described by Lieber and Mahadevan-Jansen (LMJ) for baseline correction of Raman spectra with widely varying backgrounds. This comparison is based on their outcomes in factor analysis, analyte discrimination, and quantification. Both correction methods are applied to a Raman spectra data set taken from 85 solid samples of illegal narcotics diluted with various materials. It is found that neither approach outperforms the other, as they give similar principal component analysis (PCA) models and quantification errors: cocaine and heroin show cross-validation errors of approximately 8%, while MDMA is quantified to a cross-validation error of approximately 3-4%. The LMJ method does offer several other advantages, the most significant being the retention of original peak shapes after the correction, which simplifies the interpretation of the preprocessed spectra. The LMJ method is therefore recommended for use as a baseline correction method in future research with Raman spectroscopy.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

Aftercare on narcotic antagonists: prospects and problems.

This study examines the problems and prospects of aftercare of the multiple treatment failure opiate addict who is being treated with narcotic antagonists (primarily naltrexone). At the time of this paper, 21 patients had been admitted to the Drug Addiction Research Project at McLean Hospital, with a retention rate of 42%. "Completers," "noncompleters," and "dropouts" could not be differentiated on the basis of demographic or psychiatric variables, thus making it impossible to define the population most suited for antagonist treatment. The degree of carry-over into the first month in the community, for those who successfully completed the inpatient segment of the program, disappeared over time. The nonreinforcing (lack of euphoric effect) properties of the antagonists and the resultant high level of motivation necessary for the continuation of its use by the patient make this form of treatment suitable for only a small percentage of the "hard core" addict population.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Methadone maintenance and narcotic blocking drugs. Appendix.

The research history of norcodeine as a narcotic blocking drug is presented. Because of the limitations found for norcodeine usage, naloxone, cyclazocine, and naltrexone have recently received attention, and the results of research with them are detailed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of concentration peaks in setting exposure limits for air contaminants at workplaces, with special emphasis on narcotic and irritative gases and vapors.

In various countries, concentration peaks of gaseous air contamination are assessed by a standard formula. Toxicologic data are not sufficient to warrant occupational short-term exposure limits for the majority of substances. In this article the literature on exposure to concentration peaks is reviewed, and the problem is analyzed from general toxicokinetic and physicochemical points of view. Several ways are suggested to achieve better standards. One straightforward and reasonably simple method is summarized in the following three points, which should be considered in the setting of occupational exposure limits: (i) For substances with fast or moderately fast action, only ceiling limits should be considered; (ii) when structure analogy is justified for narcotic and irritating gases, the correct way is to set the limits at the same thermodynamic activity (relative saturation) of the substances in question and not at the same concentration; (iii) for substances absorbed and eliminated slowly time-weighted exposure limits, combined with rules for excursions, or short-term exposure limits derived from such rules are appropriate, but the possible accumulation of large absolute quantities of the substances should be considered. This point is particularly important when the critical effect is narcosis or irritation, as the thermodynamic equipotency means that the effective concentration of water-soluble gases and vapors is higher than that of substances with low water solubility.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Testing problems regarding narcotic substances in hair analysis].

The authors discuss legal, ethic, and technological problems associated with introduction of drug testing by analysis of hair in Russia. There are sufficiently reliable methods of hair analysis, but lack of legal basis and poor equipment of forensic chemical departments impede the introduction and wide use of these methods in Russia. The authors propose certification of the best equipped departments and render them the legal status of regional centers for tests for narcotics and psychotropic agents.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1999

[Stereochemical aspects of narcotic and psychotropic drug action].

Medicinal drugs are predominantly, whereas narcotic and psychotropic drugs are exclusively exogenous compounds. Three further fundamental properties of the narcotic/psychotropic compounds of significant abuse potential is that they all are of natural (plant or microbial) origin, they contain a large number of chiral atoms, and they influence the neurotransmission processes in the central nervous system. For some of them, the existence of corresponding endogenous ligands have recently been reported. Since exogenous compounds and their endogenous ligands are assumed to bind the same target moiety of the receptor, several fundamental questions arise: To what extent can stereochemical relationships be established between the exogenous compound and its endogenous counterpart? Do they have superimposable moieties? Are the corresponding chiral atoms of the same configuration? Is there a chiral-genetic relationship between the exogenous and endogenous compound? Theoretical aspects and answers to all these questions are sought for morphine, cocaine, LSD, tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine and related molecules.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1975

Long-acting narcotic antagonist complexes.

We evaluated the ability of close to 100 organic acids to form water-soluble salts with methadone, cyclazocine, naloxone, naltrexone and, more recently, diprenorphine. About half the acids yielded insoluble salts. Polybasic acids affording insoluble salts were evaluated for their ability to form drug:acid:metal complexes with the polyvalent metal ions, Zn++, Al+++, Mg++ and Ca++. Optimum conditions for forming complexes have been developed and the consistency of their composition has been established. Salts were analyzed spectrophotometrically for drug content, and complexes were analyzed for drug and metal content. The in vitro degree of dissociation at equilibrium was measured for the preparations suspended in a simulated physiological buffer, pH 7.3. Preparations of the narcotic antagonist drugs showing relatively low degrees of dissociation in vitro, since it early appeared that a high degree of dissociation contraindicated a prolonged duration of pharmacological action, were evaluated in mice after intramuscular administration at several dose levels by the mouse tail-flick test for the potency and duration of their morphine antagonist activity. Our most promising preparations to date, showing the most prolonged durations of action without evidence of gross toxicity, are naltrexone zinc tannate and naltrexone aluminum tannate. These are undergoing detailed evaluation as potential clinical candidates. Thus far, the most useful of several dosage forms studied is s suspension in an aluminum monostearate gel.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2002

Modeling the toxicity of polar and nonpolar narcotic compounds to luminescent bacterium Shk1.

Luminescent bacterium Shk1 was created for the purpose of testing and screening the toxicity of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant influent to avoid toxic shock to the wastewater treatment plant microorganisms. The toxicity of a number of organic compounds was tested using an assay employing Shk1. Because these compounds exhibit toxicity by mechanisms of both polar and nonpolar narcosis, their toxicity cannot be properly modeled together using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model based on the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (log K(ow)). A solvation parameter model was developed to describe and predict the nonspecific (i.e., polar and nonpolar narcosis) toxicity of organic compounds to Shk1, which does not depend on the discrimination between polar and nonpolar narcotic compounds. The statistically significant model descriptors were the McGowan's characteristic volume (V(x)) and the hydrogen-bond basicity (sigmabetaH). The model was similar to the solvation parameter model developed for Vibrio fischeri, but it did not include an excess molar refraction (R) term.

Hydrogen Bonding↗
PubMed1956

Nalline: an aid in detecting narcotic users.

By using-with the permission of the subject-a simple test entailing injection of Nalline(R) (N-allylnormorphine) and noting the reaction in the pupils of the eyes of the subject, it is possible to determine whether a patient is addicted to a narcotic, is an occasional user or is a nonuser.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Diagnosis in acute narcotics poisoning].

The article presents a brief summary of symptoms in acute narcotic drug intoxication. It emphasizes the need for correct diagnosis by using drugs of abuse testing, and when these tests may be applicable. With three case reports the authors show the need for correct diagnosis from both medical and legal aspects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification of narcotics in urine by capillary gas chromatography].

It is demonstrated that gas chromatography with quartz capillary columns (QCC) and with cross-sewn SE-52 by polysiloxane provides for the possibility to divide and identify, in human urine, 16 narcotic substances of the amphetamine, 1.4-benzodiazepine, morphine and other groups. The suggested extraction method makes it possible to isolate the above compounds from urine simultaneously and, after derivatization, to determine them by gas chromatography (GC) with programmed temperature within one stage analysis session. GC tests were performed on 2 both foreign and Russian QCC with SE-52. There is a description of 2 methods of how to obtain the trifluor-acetyl derivatives (TFA-derivatives) by using trifluor-acetate anhydride and N-methyl-bis-trifluor-acetamide. The limit of detecting the TFA-derivatives was 1-2 ng for the plasma-ionizing detector. The extraction method as well as the positive and negative aspects of using the TFA-derivatives are under discussion. The method of gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry confirms that the positive results of radioreceptor assay are verified by GC in 92% of cases.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2004

[Detection of myocardial and lung injury by psychotropic and narcotic agents by immunohistochemical detection of metalloproteinases].

Positive findings of intoxicant (narcotic) and psychotropic drugs (OPL) have been regularly recorded in clinical patients and deceased persons over the last years at the Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 1st Medical faculty and General Teaching Hospital, Prague; stimulants and opioids represent the most frequent cause of death. Their misuse results in damage to various organs. In order to follow the development of pathological changes in the process of remodeling extracellular matrix directly in tissues, the methods of immunohistochemical detection of the matrix metalloproteinases in myocardium and lungs as well as fibrinogen in cardiomyocytes were selected for analysis in a group of 18 deceased individuals. In the intoxication with stimulants we usually demonstrated MMP 2 in the myocardium interstitium, MMP 9 being observed in two cases and MMP 1 in one case. The analysis of lungs always demonstrated MMP 1, especially in the lung interstitium and also on the surface of some alveoli, which accepted the appearance reaching up to "hyaline membranes" as well as in cellular elements of macrophage type and and the same was true for MMP2. Fibrinogen was not always demonstrated in cardiomyocytes. The detection of metalloproteinases was less prominent in the case of opioids. The demonstration of MMP explains well the evolution to more advanced pathomorphological changes, which have been found in myocardium and lungs of OPL users and fits to the nosological status of earlier phases of intoxications with these drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Studies of narcotics by micro Raman spectroscopy].

For the first time, the Raman spectra of eight kinds of narcotics were obtained and investigated by micro Raman. The results indicated that the Raman spectra were affected by the numbers and position of methyl in substituent groups. Under incidence light 514.5 nm and appropriate measurement condition, high quality Raman spectra of drugs with low fluorescence background were obtained. In addition, we discovered that narcotine and thedaine were very sensitive to strong light radiation. Finally, by comparing Raman spectra carefully for all drugs we measured the specific Raman peaks were given for the purpose of distinguishing different kinds of drugs.

Illicit Drugs↗
PubMed1992

Postoperative narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics.

Narcotic analgesics may be used safely in most patients. Common adverse effects may be managed successfully with naloxone. PCA is a newer approach to the management of postoperative pain. The authors' survey results indicate that most podiatric physicians would benefit from the understanding of the considerations in the patient subgroups with renal or hepatic dysfunction that required postoperative pain control.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sex-related differences in the antinociceptive effect of some non-narcotic analgetics in rats: the role of biotransformation].

Non-narcotic analgetics sodium diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen, nimesulid, ketorolac, and celebrex (cytochrome P-450(2)c substrates) produce more pronounced and prolonged analgesic effect in pubertate female rats than in males. This can be related to the slower elimination of drugs from the female organism. The liver of females is characterized by a lower content of cytochrome P-450 and by less pronounced activity of amidopyrine-N-, indomethacin-O-, and naproxen-O-demethylase activity. No sex-related differences in pharmacodynamics were observed for meloxicam, and ethoricoxib, benzofurocaine, and amison, and acetylsalicylic acid, which are the substrates predominantly for CYP3A.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A possible molecular mechanism of the narcotic action of noble gases].

A molecular mechanism of the narcotic action of noble gases is suggested, which is based on the fact that noble gas atoms change the orientation of water molecules absorbed on the surface of axon membrane. The resulting change in the transmembrane potential deteriorates the propagation of nerve pulse.

Animals↗