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PubMed2003

Influence of an interpersonal laboratory stressor on youths' choice to be physically active.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether interpersonal stress reduces youths' motivation to exercise in a laboratory setting. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured in boys and girls across a control day, after reading children's magazines, and on a stress day, after giving a videotaped speech. For one analysis, children were divided into low (n = 12) and high (n = 13) heart-rate reactivity groups based on changes in heart rate to stress. In a second analysis, children were divided into low and high perceived level of stress based on changes in perceived stress. To determine differences in choice of exercise or sedentary behavior across the control and stress conditions, subjects chose either to exercise for progressively longer periods to earn a monetary reinforcer or to engage in a high-rated sedentary behavior. RESULTS: The choice to exercise was influenced by stress reactivity differently in the stress and control conditions. Low heart-rate reactive children participated in similar (p > 0.50) amounts of exercise on the stress and control days, but high heart-rate reactive children participated in less (p < 0.01) exercise (22.0 +/- 2.5 vs. 26.3 +/- 2.2 minutes) on the stress than control days. When grouped by change in perceived stress, there were no group differences, but subjects exercised longer (p < 0.01) on the control day than the stress day. DISCUSSION: Interpersonal stress decreased exercise in children susceptible to interpersonal stress. Stress-induced alterations in health behaviors may lead to weight gain in children.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Hidden visual processes.

Isoluminant stimulus is an image whose edges are defined only by a change in color, not by change in brightness. The stimulus here is imperfect: the blue parts and the green parts of the image are only as nearly equal in brightness as they can be on the printed page. Moreover, the change in brightness beyond the edge of the page is apparent, and so is the fact that the reader is holding the magazine at reading distance. When such cues are removed under laboratory conditions, subjects faced with an isoluminant stimulus prove unable to bring its edges into focus. This deficiency contributes to making a familiar face hard to recognize. The experiment indicates that the brain process underlying visual accommodation (the focusing of the eyes) cannot "see" color; it is a hidden process distinct from the processes that lead to perception. The image shows Groucho Marx as he appeared in the motion picture Horse Feathers.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1992

Putting the BDJ to bed.

Twenty-two times a year, usually once every 2 weeks, the British Dental Journal drops through letter-boxes around the world. Some recipients read the Journal cover to cover, others concentrate on specific sections ('Letters to the Editor' are avidly scrutinised), some turn straight to the 'Classified' section and some put it away for 'later on'. Considering the amount of effort put into producing each issue of the BDJ, it would be deflating to think that some recipients skim quickly through it; realistically this must be the case. How many readers, however, stop for a moment to consider how the BDJ came into being? While the actual production of the BDJ is carried out in exactly the same way as any other glossy, colour magazine, whether it be Country Life or Woman's Own, there is a great deal of extra work besides, as it is a scientific journal (see p453). This article looks at who and what are involved in producing an issue, from the perspective of the team in the editorial office.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Anxiety and support in breast cancer: is this different for affluent and deprived women? A questionnaire study.

A postal questionnaire was sent to affluent and deprived women with breast cancer in order to compare psychosocial aspects of care with the purpose of understanding the balance of care and explaining why deprived women have poorer outcomes. Data were collected regarding reported sources of information, SF-36 scores and ongoing causes of anxiety. The results demonstrate that affluent women were more likely to have received information from their hospital specialist (94.8 vs 76.0%) and from a breast care nurse (70.1 vs 40.0%) than deprived women. They were also more likely to have received information from magazines (50.6 vs 33.0%), newspapers (45.5 vs 22.0%) and television news (45.5 vs 26.0%). Deprived women had poorer SF-36 scores than affluent women, and reported greater anxiety about money (12.2 vs 2.8%), other health problems (22.1 vs 8.2%) and family problems (17.5 vs 6.9%). Personal and professional support is clearly important for patients with breast cancer. Health professionals need to be aware of the greater psychological distress demonstrated by deprived women, even some years after diagnosis with breast cancer, and seek to address it.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2004

From milk to solids: a reference standard for the transitional eating process in infants and preschool children in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to establish a potential reference standard for the process of transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children in Japan, using the transitional food process (TFP) scale described by Sakashita et al. The background for variation and delay in the process are also discussed. DESIGN: A randomized sample survey covering entire Japan. SETTING: Mailing self-completion of questionnaires. SUBJECTS: Randomized sample of 14 000 children aged 0-6 y and their family from 13 prefectures in Japan, namely Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate, Niigata, Tokyo, Saitama, Fukui, Nagano, Nagoya, Hyogo, Yamaguchi, Kagoshima, and Okinawa. METHODOLOGY: Questionnaires requesting the TFP scale and background factors were sent to 14,000 children and families. The percentile ages were calculated. An eating ability index (EAI: number of accepted foods/total number of foods) x 100) was calculated. Regression analysis by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; SPSS, 1997) was used to determine the influence of background factors on EAI. RESULTS: From the 6747 (48.2%) effective answers received, percentile curves of the acceptability of each food on the scale were drawn, and used as initial reference standards. The 50 percentile age range of these 20 standard foods covers from 5 to 42 months after birth. The sensitive period for increasing the acceptance of foods in children was between 6 months and 2(1/2) y of age. ANCOVA regression model (R2=0.605) showed that EAI was mostly influenced by age (P=0.000), followed by feeding style (P=0.000), infant food preparation (P=0.000), information source (P=0.000), and birth order (P=0.003). The dominant cause of digestive system problems was shown to be infection, not too-hard food. It seems that breast feeding, bottle feeding with chewing-type nipples, and the manner of preparing infant foods from the family table promote the progress in acceptance. Children whose mothers followed the information given in books or magazines showed a slower progress. CONCLUSIONS: It seems appropriate to use this reference standard in the study of the transitional process from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children in Japan.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Psychological health in a non-clinical sample of obese women.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between obesity and psychological health remains unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of obesity on the psychological health of a non-clinical sample of obese women, to investigate binge eating in this group, and to examine the predictors of psychological distress. DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of women divided into three obesity groups (body mass index (BMI)= 30-34.9, 35-39.9, > or = 40) was used. PARTICIPANTS: 179 women with a BMI > 30 (mean age 45 y) returned a questionnaire included in a subscriber-only magazine for women of size 16+. MEASURES: The questionnaire asked for information on demographics, weight history and eating behaviour, and included established self-report measures of body shape assessment, body shape satisfaction, dietary restraint, mental health state and self-esteem. RESULTS: The heaviest women (BMI > 40) did not differ on measures of mental health, but expressed the greatest dissatisfaction with their body weight, shape and appearance, and had the lowest self-esteem. Frequent binge eating was reported by 25% of all women. Self-esteem and peer relationships, but not body weight, were highly significant negative predictors of poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Poor mental health is not the inevitable consequence even of the most extreme obesity, but is related to both low self-esteem and poor peer relationships. These, and problems with eating control, are features of psychological morbidity that require recognition and therapeutic attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A cross-sectional survey of the opinions on weight loss treatments of adult obese patients attending a dietetic clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the views and opinions on weight loss treatments of adult obese patients attending a dietetic clinic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SUBJECTS: 161 adults attending dietetic outpatients clinics in Portsmouth for obesity with a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2. MEASUREMENTS: Self-administered questionnaire developed from a series of focus groups with obese adults. Key topics were previous attempts to lose weight, methods used, the role of physical activity and patients' views about treatment from health professionals. RESULTS: The preferences and usefulness of different methods to lose weight varied according to the number of attempts to lose weight, gender, age, body mass index and medical condition of the patient. Men were less likely to use special slimming products, attend slimming groups and swimming than women (odds ratios (95% confidence interval), 0.1 (0.03-0.6) for slimming groups other than Weight Watchers, 0.3 (0.1-0.80) for special slimming products and 0.3 (0.1-0.6) for swimming). Men were more likely to use physical activity (2.6 (1.1-6.2)) and in particular walking (3.7 (1.0-13.6)) and cycling (2.8 (1.0-7.6)) and were more likely to see the dietitian (3.8 (1.4-9.9)) than women. Those with more than 10 attempts to lose weight were more likely to see the dietitian (3.6(1.6-8.2)), use Weight Watchers (2.5 (1.1-5. 6)) and newspapers and magazines (4.4 (1.8-10.9)) than those with fewer attempts. The younger age group were more likely to use more vigorous forms of exercise (4.2 (1.6-11.2) for keep fit and 3.7 (1. 5-9.6) for cycling) than the older subjects. The most obese were more likely to have negative views on their treatment by health professionals (4.4 (1.9-9.8) 'chairs are never big enough' and 4.0 (1.8-8.8) 'I am regarded as a second class citizen') than those who were less obese. Those without a medical condition were more likely to exercise (2.8 (1.3-6.3)) and use books (4.8 (2.0-11.2)) than those with a medical condition. CONCLUSION: The views of obese people should be considered when planning services for the treatment of obesity and a variety of options should be available. International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 164-170

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The German Environmental Survey 1990/92 (GerES II): sources of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds.

In the framework of the second German Environmental Survey carried out in the Western part of Germany in 1990/91 (GerES IIa) 113 adults aged 25-69 years were selected at random from the total study population of about 2500 to investigate personal exposure to about 70 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Each subject wore a diffusive badge-type sampler for 1 week. The VOCs determined included alkanes, aromatics, aliphatic halocarbons, terpenes, and oxygen-containing compounds. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to determine and quantify the major sources of personal exposure to various VOCs. In this paper, results are given for benzene, and C8- and C9-aromatics. Being subject to environmental tobacco smoke was found to be the most important determinant of benzene exposure, but automobile-related activities such as driving a car or refuelling, were also associated with significantly increased levels of benzene. The major determinant of C8- and C9-aromatics concentrations was occupational exposure. Emissions from paints, lacquers, newspapers, magazines and print-works were also important contributors to C8-aromatics exposure. Renovation, painting and smoking were associated with a significant increase of the exposure to C9-aromatics.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The history of modern spinal traction with particular reference to neural disorders.

The last 200 years of the history of spinal traction is described in the present article. The study starts at the end of the 18th century with the works of JA Venel (1789) who tried to apply the Hippocratic idea to modern surgery. Orthopedic specialists of the last century were mostly preoccupied with corsets and the method gained broader popularity when neurologists paid attention to the similar method of suspension. The Russian neurologist Osip Mochutkovsky described suspension as a method for the treatment of tabes dorsalis in an article published in the Russian magazine 'Vratch' in 1883. His works became known in Europe when JM Charcot paid attention to it and published a special short monograph on this subject in 1889. This work was translated into English (1889) and Russian (1890) and the method became popular in the treatment of tabes dorsalis and other neurological diseases. The eminent Russian neurologist VM Bekhterev proposed the combination of body suspension with cervical traction (1893). Some years later Gilles de la Tourette promoted the use of spinal traction in his neurological clinic (1897). Unfortunately neurologists worked without the cooperation of orthopedic specialists. During the first decades of the 20th century suspension was also replaced by traction in neurology. This method was used by both neurologists and orthopedic specialists but in the last decades neurologists lost their interests in it and it found greater use in traumatology and in spinal surgery where it is still in use today.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of spinal cord injury in Helsinki.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective register-based epidemiological study. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence rate of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) with special reference to ASIA Impairment Grade A-D. SETTING: Helsinki, Finland. METHODS: Cases were identified using the registers of the Kapyla Rehabilitation Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and the local organization for the disabled. Local health centres were informed about the study, residential service houses were contacted, and announcements were published in patient magazines. RESULTS: A regional population was found to have a prevalence rate of 28/100,000 inhabitants with SCI (ASIA Impairment Scale A-D). CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate in this study is consistent with the data published in other Nordic countries. SPONSORSHIP: The Finnish Cultural Foundation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Design and field application of an automated cartridge sampler for VOC concentration and flux measurements.

One of the major limitations in advancing the understanding of tropospheric ozone and aerosol generation and developing strategies for their control is the technical ability to accurately measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This paper describes the design of a constant flow VOC sampler. The versatile sampler can be used for fully automated concentration and flux measurements of VOCs. The sampler incorporates a microprocessor control unit and provides highly accurate mass flow control and significant ease of operation. Sampling sequences can be programmed directly or by remote control through a PC. All important operational parameters necessary for a complete sampling audit trail are logged. Compact weatherproof housings and low power consumption allow operation at remote sites and locations which are sensitive to disturbances or have restricted access. Inner wetted surfaces of the sampler are constructed from non-contaminating materials that do not sorb or emit VOC, and thus permit the collection of representative samples even in environments with very low VOC concentrations. The cartridge magazine provides a maximum of 20 sequential cartridge samples, which allows for long-term air quality assessments. In the dual channel mode, two samples can be collected simultaneously through two independent sample loops, providing ten sequential sample pairs. This design allows the parallel collection of (a) quality assurance backup samples, (b) samples on two different types of cartridges/sorbents to allow a variety of analyses, or (c) differential samples for flux measurements using enclosure, aerodynamic profile, or relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) methods. Field applications including airplane profile measurements above a tropical rainforest area, as well as gradient and REA measurements over a mid-latitude mixed forest stand are described, and demonstrate the validity and flexibility of the system. In particular, the application of the VOC sampler as an integrated part of a REA system is emphasized.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1998

Soft tissue evaluation of contemporary Caucasian and African American female facial profiles.

Previous studies suggest that esthetic Caucasian profiles exhibit fuller lips than the norm for their race, while esthetic African American profiles are similar to those of esthetic Caucasians. The present study was undertaken to compare the profiles of female Caucasian and African American models and their nonmodel counterparts. Four groups of 30 subjects were evaluated: Caucasian models [CM], Caucasian controls [CC], African American models [AM], and African American controls [AC]. The models' profiles were photographed from current fashion magazines, the photos were scanned, and 17 landmarks were digitized. Each profile was standardized for size and oriented along the N'-Sn' line on a Macintosh 6115CD computer. Control photographs were processed in a similar manner. Twenty-six variables were measured for each profile. Means, ranges, and standard deviations were computed along with unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-tests (p<0.05) to evaluate group differences. The results showed that for the AM and AC profiles, all but two of the 26 variable were similar. For the CM and CC profiles, eight variables demonstrated significant differences. Between-race comparisons demonstrated greater numbers of parameters that were significantly different: CM/AM with 18 and CM/AC, CC/AC, and CC/AM with 22 each. Most of the differences involved the lips. Vertical soft tissue proportions for the four groups did not follow a 40/20/40 ratio. Caucasian and African American models displayed significantly different profile characteristics. The African American models and controls showed similar profile features, whereas greater differences were observed between Caucasian models and controls. Based on our study, the African American profile currently presented in the mass media is not "Caucasian-like." In fact, it appears that Caucasian models display more ethnic features than African American models do Caucasian features, suggesting that previously held concepts of facial beauty may no longer apply.

Beauty↗
PubMed2004

The esthetic properties of lips: a comparison of models and nonmodels.

It is perceived that fuller lips are more attractive, and hence lip augmentation has become common in esthetic plastic surgery. Numerous materials have been used, including collagen, autologous adipocytes, and more recently Restylane; however, little data exist on what comprises esthetically beautiful lips. Photographs of 28 models from fashion magazines were scanned to obtain digital images. These were selected strictly, using only exactly anterior-facing pictures. Using image analysis software, a range of defined lengths, angles, the lip area, and perimeter were measured. Lengths were expressed as a ratio of the intercanthal distance. A group of 14 nonmodel hospital employees were used as controls, with images obtained using a digital camera, and the same measurements were calculated. Results were compared for the two groups, and statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test. Overall lip width was not significantly different between the two groups (models, 15.7 units; nonmodels, 15.9 units). Both upper- and lower-lip height was significantly greater in models than in nonmodels (models, 2.1 and 3.6 units; nonmodels, 1.6 and 2.7 units, respectively), as was the upper-lip height laterally at the point of the angle of cupid's bow. Correspondingly, the angles of both upper and lower lips were also greater in models (models, 30.0 degrees and 47.3 degrees; nonmodels, 23.2 degrees and 37.6 degrees, respectively). We have assumed the model group to have esthetically beautiful lips. Our quantitative measurements have confirmed that this population has fuller lips compared with nonmodel controls, as determined by the lip height and angles.

Cosmetic Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Explanation of ambiguous advertisements: a developmental study with children and adolescents.

Explanation of linguistic ambiguity occurring in a naturalistic context was examined for children and adolescents at various ages. Subjects ages 9 through 18 were asked to explain the meanings of 14 ambiguous advertisements taken from recent magazines, newspapers, and brochures. All of the ads were lexically ambiguous and contained a word or phrase that had both a physical and a psychological meaning (e.g., "Introducing the Upper Crusts. Two sensational new entrees from Stouffer's"). Results were that older subjects explained the meanings correctly more frequently than younger subjects, although adolescents who were 18-years-old did not perform perfectly. It was also found that the psychological meanings of the ads were more difficult to explain than the physical meanings. The results were interpreted in relation to previous developmental studies of ambiguity involving sentences, jokes, and riddles, and studies of figurative language explanation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of beer advertising awareness among eighth graders.

AIMS: To identify correlates of beer advertising awareness among adolescents at an age when most initiate use of alcohol. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of an in-school survey about alcohol advertising. Structural equation modeling was used to test for independent predictors of a latent beer advertising awareness construct, separately among boys and girls. SETTING: Twenty middle schools in South Dakota, USA participated during their spring semester. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1530 eighth graders. MEASUREMENTS: A latent advertisement awareness variable was derived based on recognition of six masked beer advertisements, knowledge of beer brands and knowledge of beer slogans. Tested predictors included measures of exposure to alcohol advertising in various venues, social norms regarding drinking, drinking beliefs and behavior and gender. FINDINGS: Adolescents with greater exposure to advertisements in magazines, at sporting and music events and on television were more advertisement aware than those with less exposure, as were teens who watch more TV, pay attention to beer advertisements and know adults who drink. Beer advertisement awareness was dramatically higher among boys, and was associated with drinking only among boys. CONCLUSIONS: Each of a variety of advertising venues appears to influence independently the extent to which beer advertising is incorporated into an adolescent's cognitive world. Boys are more likely to be aware of and remember beer marketing, and may be more likely to drink as a result of this awareness than girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Health promotion and lifestyle advice in a general practice: what do patients think?

BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Since 1990 health promotion and lifestyle advice has been integrated in general practice and has been mainly undertaken by practice nurses. However little is known about patients' views of the service provided. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To examine patients' recall and perceptions of lifestyle counselling received from practice nurses in a general practice in the North-east of England. To investigate the extent to which patients' needs are met. To assess the main sources of health information sought by patients. DESIGN/METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive survey. A total of 512 patients were sent a postal questionnaire about current lifestyle, recall of lifestyle advice received and perceptions of the advice provided. FINDINGS: A response rate of 64% was achieved. Questionnaire analysis revealed unhealthy lifestyles among the population studied that could be addressed through health promotion, e.g. 25% were smokers; 44% exercised occasionally; 40% had a body mass index >25 kg/m2. Advice received on diet was reported by 6% of patients; on exercise by 4%; on smoking by 4% and on alcohol consumption by 2%. Patients were willing to receive more health promotion in areas such as stress, exercise and weight reduction. Magazines (67%) and TV (47%) were selected as the main sources for health promotion information. CONCLUSIONS: Health needs to be promoted. The low rate of lifestyle advice reported by the patients implies that more preventive advice should be provided in primary care settings. More effective health promotion should be planned according to the needs of the practice population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cryofixation of epithelial cells grown on sapphire coverslips by impact freezing.

Rapid cryofixation of cells cultured on coverslips without the use of chemical fixatives has proved advantageous for the immunolocalization of antigens by electron microscopy. Here, we demonstrate the application of sapphire-attached tissue culture cells (PtK2 epithelial cells and mouse myoblasts) to metal-mirror impact freezing. The potential of the Leica EM-CPC cryoworkstation for routine freezing and for safe transfer of the cryofrozen samples into a sapphire disc magazine for freeze-substitution (SD-FS unit) has been exploited. Subsequently, the SD-FS unit has been tested for its use in methanol freeze-substitution and low temperature embedding for immunoelectron microscopy. The structural preservation of Lowicryl HM20-embedded cells has been assessed as being free of damage by large ice crystals.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1999

Species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) as described by mitochondrial DNA sequencing.

The taxonomic status of the Italian hare Lepus corsicanus has been uncertain since its first description by W. E. de Winton in 1898 (de Winton WE. Annual Magazine of Natural History, London, 1898, 1, 149-158). The distribution range of this species has shrunk severely over the last few decades owing to overhunting and restocking with nonindigenous brown hares (L. europaeus) in central and southern Italy and Sicily. Recently, scanty populations of Italian hares were rediscovered, and samples for morphological and molecular analyses were collected. Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and cytochrome b indicate that L. corsicanus is a phylogenetically distinct species, which can be identified by concordant morphological and mtDNA traits. It seems to be reproductively isolated and apparently does not hybridize with sympatric brown hares. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Italian and brown hares are not closely related sister taxa, but belong to distinct evolutionary lineages that dispersed in western Europe in different periods during the early Pleistocene. The Italian hare probably differentiated in isolated refuges in southern Italy during the last glaciation. Comparative analyses of mismatch distributions suggest that hares have had different demographic histories during the Pleistocene, which resulted in phylogeographical structuring in Italian hares, but not in brown and mountain (L. timidus) hares. The Italian hare is an endangered endemism and needs urgent conservation efforts.

Animals↗