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PubMed2004

Classic AIDS in a sooty mangabey after an 18-year natural infection.

Prevailing theory holds that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are nonpathogenic in their natural simian hosts and that lifelong infections persist without disease. Numerous studies have reported that SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys) remain disease free for up to 24 years despite relatively high levels of viral replication. Here, we report that classic AIDS developed after an 18-year incubation in an SM (E041) with a natural SIVsm infection. Unlike that described in previous reports of SIV-related disease in SMs, the SIVsm infecting E041 was not first passaged through macaques; moreover, SM E041 was simian T-cell leukemia virus antibody negative. SM E041 was euthanized in 2002 after being diagnosed with severe disseminated B-cell lymphoma. The plasma virus load had been approximately the same for 16 years when a 100-fold increase in virus load occurred in years 17 and 18. Additional findings associated with AIDS were CD4(+)-cell decline, loss of p27 core antibody, and loss of control of SIVsm replication with disseminated giant cell disease. These findings suggest that the time to development of AIDS exceeds the average lifetime of SMs in the wild and that the principal adaptation of SIV to its natural African hosts does not include complete resistance to disease. Instead, AIDS may develop slowly, even in the presence of high virus loads. However, a long-term relatively high virus load, such as that in SM E041, is consistent with AIDS development in less than 18 years in humans and macaques. Therefore, the results also suggest that SMs have a special mechanism for resisting AIDS development.

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PubMed2003

Fatal Herpes simplex infection in a group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

An outbreak of classical herpetic infection causing vesicoulcerative stomatitis in a family group (eight animals) of Callithrix jacchus is described. In all eight infected animals, human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was identified as the causative agent. This was confirmed by histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular biologic investigations, as well as by virus isolation. The clinical picture, the macroscopic appearance, and the histologic results indicated a herpes infection as the cause of mortality. Alterations of the oral mucous membranes were erosive to ulcerative with typical intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistologic and molecular biologic techniques clearly identified the HHV-1 virus and excluded other possible primate herpesviruses such as B-virus, SA8, HVP-2, and Herpes tamarinus. The significance of this herpesvirus infection for colony management is discussed.

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PubMed2003

B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease.

Nonhuman primates are widely used in biomedical research because of their genetic, anatomic, and physiologic similarities to humans. In this setting, human contact directly with macaques or with their tissues and fluids sometimes occurs. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus), an alphaherpesvirus endemic in Asian macaques, is closely related to herpes simplex virus (HSV). Most macaques carry B virus without overt signs of disease. However, zoonotic infection with B virus in humans usually results in fatal encephalomyelitis or severe neurologic impairment. Although the incidence of human infection with B virus is low, a death rate of >70% before the availability of antiviral therapy makes this virus a serious zoonotic threat. Knowledge of the clinical signs and risk factors for human B-virus disease allows early initiation of antiviral therapy and prevents severe disease or death.

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PubMed1999

Serologic evidence for an epizootic dengue virus infecting toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka.

Dengue is one of the most rapidly emerging diseases in the tropics. Humans are the principal reservoir of dengue viruses. It is unclear if nonhuman primates also serve as a reservoir of human dengue viruses under certain conditions. In this study, a cross-sectional serologic survey was carried out to characterize the pattern of transmission of a recently identified dengue virus among toque macaques in Sri Lanka. The results indicated that an epizootic dengue virus was active among the macaques. A single epizootic had taken place between October 1986 and February 1987 during which 94% of the macaques within the 3 km2 study site were exposed to the virus. The epizootic was highly focal in nature because macaques living 5 km from the study population were not exposed to the virus. The transmission of dengue viruses among macaques in the wild may have important public health implications.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[The biochemical indices of the blood serum in experimental hepatitis A in tamarins].

Serum biochemical parameters were studied in 42 healthy wild-caught adult tamarins (S. mystax), males and females, to determine the normal values. Blood samples were drawn repeatedly, and the serum was tested for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, isocitric dehydrogenase, serum glucose, serum urea, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. The results indicated that serum chemistry values were similar to those reported as normal for both humans and other Callitrichidae species. The study of serum biochemical parameters in tamarins with experimental hepatitis A indicated that serum enzyme activities alone reflected the hepatic damage, while other biochemical parameters were of no real clinical importance. The experimental results showed the levels of serum urea to be indicative of the pathological involvement of the kidneys in experimental hepatitis A in some cases.

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PubMed2005

Septicemia and peritonitis in a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Six common marmosets from a colony of 50 died over a period of 3 weeks, with the predominant finding of gram-negative bacterial septicemia. Four of these animals died peracutely; the other two were found when they were moribund, and they subsequently died despite clinical intervention. Gram-negative bacterial rods were present in the blood vessels of stained tissues from five of the six marmosets. Three marmosets also had severe fibrinopurulent peritonitis. In addition, one of the marmosets with peritonitis also had purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis with large colonies of gram-negative bacterial rods within dialated colonic crypts. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from multiple organs in three of the marmosets. Clinical evaluation of the entire colony identified four marmosets with anorexia, nasopharyngeal discharge and diarrhea. These marmosets were treated with enrofloxacin immediately, and they responded well. K. pneumonia could not be cultured from nasal or fecal samples obtained from the colony animals. Because of the peracute nature of the disease, animals often die before exhibiting clinical symptoms, and antibiotics are seldom helpful. In this outbreak we saw both of the major forms of Klebsiella infection in common marmosets: the peracute form with bacteremia and minimal inflammatory reaction around blood vessels, and the chronic form with bacteremia, fibrinopurulent peritonitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis.

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PubMed1990

Ebola virus.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Postexposure immunotherapy of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus with an SIV immunogen.

An inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunogen given to healthy, seropositive rhesus macaques 4 months after infection had no effect on the humoral immune response to SIV, the presence of antigenemia, cell-associated viremia, or disease course. Further immunotherapeutic trials in this highly susceptible animal model should be carried out sooner after exposure, before significant loss of CD4 cells has occurred. The SIV infected macaque model will continue to serve an essential role in development and testing of anti-AIDS drugs and immunogens.

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PubMed1987

Bovine tuberculosis in a wild baboon population: epidemiological aspects.

A follow-up of an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis in a population of feral baboons in Kenya was undertaken after one year by necropsy of euthanized, clinically ill animals, and tuberculin testing of others. It was concluded that the source of the infection was animals feeding on village slaughterhouse offal of M. bovis infected cows. Secondary (direct) baboon-baboon transfer of the disease appeared to be minimal or nonexistent.

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PubMed1977

Polyclonal gammopathies associated with chronic diseases in nonhuman primates.

Serum samples collected from clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared with serums from animals diagnosed as having malignant lymphoma, atypical tuberculosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or more than 1 of these. Electrophoretic analyses of serum proteins (in grams per deciliter) indicated that mean values in a clinically normal group were as follows--total protein, 8.30; albumin, 4.07; alpha-globulin, 0.85; beta-globulin, 2.23; and gamma-globulin, 1.15. In macaques with malignant lymphoma, mean values were--total protein, 7.60; albumin, 2.72; alpha-globulin, 0.91; beta-globulin, 1.71; and gamma-globulin, 2.23. In macaques with atypical tuberculosis, these values were 8.47, 2.92, 0.84, 2.18, and 2.52, respectively, and those with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 9.06, 4.01, 6.71, 2.42, and 1.93. Where multiple serum samples were available from 1 macaque for analysis, gamma-globulin values were increased before clinical disease was apparent. Evaluation of serums from macaques may be used as a means of detecting preclinical lymphoproliferative disease.

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