SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MIRRORS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources

PubMed1966

Interocular generalization: a study of mirror-image reversal following monocular discrimination training in the pigeon.

Generalization gradients along a continuum of angular orientation were obtained from four pigeons, following monocular training on a discrimination between a 45 degrees oblique line (S+) and a 135 degrees oblique line (S-). All pigeons were trained on a chain DRO VI 1 schedule of reinforcement. Generalization gradients obtained with the trained and untrained eye were compared. All pigeons responded maximally to the 45 degrees line (S+) when tested with only the trained eye open. During generalization tests of interocular transfer with only the untrained eye open, three pigeons responded maximally to S- (135 degrees ), the mirror-image of the stimulus associated with reinforcement during training (45 degrees ). The other pigeon failed to show interocular transfer of the discrimination. Interocular reversal of left-right mirror-image stimuli has not been reported for any other species.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Distal anterior cerebral artery mirror aneurysms and middle cerebral artery aneurysms.

A 52-year-old woman presented with bilateral distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) mirror aneurysms, in addition to two right middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. The left distal ACA and right MCA aneurysms were clipped through right interhemispheric and right pterional craniotomies. The right distal ACA aneurysm was thrombosed. Distal ACA aneurysms tend to be multiple, but mirror aneurysms are rare, especially in the absence of congenital vascular anomaly. Single stage unilateral craniotomy is recommended for surgical treatment.

Anterior Cerebral Artery↗

PubMed1977

Matching of normally oriented and mirrored words by good and poor readers.

10 good and 10 poor Grade 6 readers judged tachistoscopically presented word pairs to be "same" or "different" when the words making up the pairs were both normally oriented, both mirrored, or one was oriented and the other was mirrored. Good readers made fewer errors than poor readers on normally oriented "same" pairs but showed no advantage on other configurations. Poor readers were more accurate in detecting mismatches than good readers. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism that may have been implicated.

Child↗

PubMed1981

Hemispheric superiority for processing a mirror image.

39 adult subjects were administered a test using tachistoscopic half-field presentations to determine hemispheric dominance and a mirror-tracing task to determine if an hemispheric superiority exists for processing a mirror-image. The results indicate superiority of the nondominant hemisphere for this task.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of a mirror on body-size estimation.

This study investigated the effect of mirror feedback on body-width estimation in 66 normal adolescent girls. The presence of the mirror had no substantive effect on their estimating behaviour. The authors argue that the result cast further doubt on width estimation as a valid method for accessing the internalized image of the self.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Hemisphericity style, sex, and performance on a mirror-tracing task.

60 right-handed college students classified as preferring either a style of left or right hemisphericity mirror-traced a star pattern once with each hand. Speed of tracing and number of deviations outside the star pattern were the dependent measures. Analysis showed no statistically significant differences in performance between right- and left-style groups or between men and women. However, subjects classified as showing a right-hemisphericity style mirror-traced the star pattern significantly faster and more accurately with the left hand than with the right. The left-hemisphericity-scoring group displayed a nonsignificant tendency to perform better on the reverse pattern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

An exploratory study of mirror-image shape discrimination in young children: vision and touch.

30 children (18 boys and 12 girls) with a mean age of 4 yr., 8. mo. were subjects in an experiment testing the relative dominance of visual and tactual modalities in mirror-image shape discrimination. The sets of unfamiliar stimuli (written and wooden letters of the English alphabet, P, B, C, U, R, F) were presented to the children randomly. Children matched the stimulus with either another visual or another tactual shape. Analysis suggests touch is not inferior to vision in mirror-image shape discrimination. These results are different from those of previous reports comparing tactual and visual discrimination with nonmirror-image patterns.

Child↗

PubMed1994

Mental rotation and mirror-image discrimination.

Two experiments involving judgments of same-different were conducted to assess conditions in which mental rotation is used. These two experiments were similar except in the way "different" pairs were constructed. In the first experiment, a "different" pair involved two different polygons; in the second one, a "different" pair involved one polygon and its mirror-image. The strategy used by the 8 subjects was investigated through patterns of reaction times. The first experiment exhibited a flat function of reaction times with orientation, whereas the second one exhibited a linear increase in reaction times with angular departure from upright. These results lead to the conclusion that mental rotation is used when a figure has to be distinguished from its mirror-image.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Ipsilateral and contralateral skill acquisition following random practice of unilateral mirror-drawing.

The present mirror-drawing experiment was conducted over four months on one healthy female (R.H.) to elucidate the nature of the ipsilateral and contralateral learning curves for 12 sessions of unimanual training of the nonpreferred hand using a random practice schedule. Analysis indicated greater initial improvement for the practising nonpreferred hand with further improvements for both hands in number of errors and time to complete a single transfer test trial. A 4-mo, retention test showed the improvements were greater for the preferred (untrained) hand. Star-tracing records completed for both hands were quite similar to those recorded using the mirror after practice. This may reflect central processing and long-term potentiation influential even after practice ceased.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of active rest by oral reading on a mirror-drawing task.

This study investigated the effect of active rest on perceptual-motor learning. Two groups received different techniques for promoting recovery during an 8-min. rest period between practice on a mirror-drawing task. The two techniques were active rest by reading orally a book unrelated to the experiment and passive rest during which the group sat without moving the body or thinking about the experiment. Significantly fewer number of errors in the mirror drawing occurred for those subjects who used oral reading during rest. The possibility of raising arousal was discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Car mirrors for drivers with restricted neck mobility.

A postal survey of 50 car drivers with restricted movement of the cervical spine revealed that many experienced difficulties when negotiating junctions or reverse parking. In many cases supplementary interior mirrors increased the drivers' field of vision, enabling them to perform manoeuvres more safely. Choice of suitable mirrors and their exact positioning depends on the design of the vehicle and the individual's disability.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Congenital neural abnormalities presenting with mirror movements in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Case report.

A young girl with Klippel-Feil syndrome presented with the onset of mirror movements in early childhood. Computerized tomography studies of her cervical spine and brain revealed fibrous diastematomyelia with duplication of the cervical spinal cord and an extra-axial midline posterior fossa cyst, together with the multiple cervical vertebral anomalies. Exploration of the posterior fossa lesion revealed it to be a dermoid cyst. The congenital spinal and cord abnormalities found in this case support the hypothesis that the Klippel-Feil syndrome may be associated with variable duplication of the spinal cord and that mirror movements may be related to impairment of pyramidal tract decussation.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed2001

Bilateral posterolateral approach to mirror-image C-2 neurofibromas. Report of four cases.

Multiple nerve root tumors are usually present in patients afflicted with neurofibromatosis Type 1. Although rare, upper cervical mirror-image neurofibromas have been reported in the medical literature, and their surgical management has been addressed in several reports; however, little has been mentioned or is known regarding upper cervical or craniocervical stability following resection of these tumors. In this report the authors describe four cases of large mirror-image C-2 neurofibromas resected in two stages via the posterolateral approach. One patient presented with acute neurological deterioration after a biopsy sample had been obtained, whereas the other three presented with gradual onset of lower-extremity weakness over several months. The time interval between the first and second decompressive surgery ranged from 10 days to 12 weeks. There were no surgery-related complications, and all patients recovered motor function in their extremities. During a follow-up period of 16 to 36 months, there was no clinical or radiological evidence of upper cervical spine instability. Although the series is too small to draw any definitive conclusions, in the authors' experience the posterolateral approach provides a direct route for the successful surgical treatment of bilateral craniocervical nerve root tumors without destabilizing the upper cervical segments.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Wide-angle fluorescein angiographic scanning with high resolution using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope through a mirror image fixation target.

Internal and moving targets of scanning laser ophthalmoscopes are not capable of observing the fundus beyond a field of more than 80 degrees with high resolution. The authors enabled wide-angle fundus examination with high resolution through a modification of the target. Mirror image fixation targets(MIFT), which fixated the opposite side of the examined eye onto the mirror image of five lamps placed 1.5 m away from the patient, were used to observe the fundus during fluorescein angiography in five diabetic retinopathy patients. In three of them, the ranges of the fundus examinations were measured using conventional internal fixation targets. The mean ranges of the fundus examinations when using MIFT (77.2 +/- 2.5 degrees horizontally, 67.9 +/- 2.1 degrees vertically) were significantly wider than when using internal fixation targets (65.5 +/- 2.6 degrees horizontally, 44.4 +/- 2.8 degrees vertically). MIFT provided a wide angle fundus view with high resolution equal to that of 40 degrees angle images using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗

PubMed1999

Shades of the mirror effect: recognition of faces with and without sunglasses.

A mirror effect was found for a stimulus manipulation introduced at test. When subjects studied a set of normal faces and then were tested with new and old faces that were normal or wearing sunglasses, the hit rate was higher and the false alarm rate was lower for normal faces. Hit rate differences were reflected in remember and sure recognition responses, whereas differences in false alarm rates were largely seen in know and unsure judgments. In contrast, when subjects studied faces wearing sunglasses, the hit rate was greater for test faces with sunglasses than for normal faces, but there was no difference in false alarm rates. These findings are problematic for single-factor theories of the mirror effect, but can be accommodated within a two-factor account.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Much ado about mirrors.

Takano (1998) has suggested four different kinds of reversal to explain why mirrors reverse left and right and not up and down or back and front. In fact, mirrors perform only one kind of reversal: They simply reverse about their own planes, and reflection about one plane is equivalent to reflection about any other, plus a translocation and rotation. The reflection of an object is termed its enantiomorph. Perception of the enantiomorphic relation normally requires an act, either physical or mental, of alignment. In deciding whether two objects are enantiomorphs, there is a tendency to align them so that the reversal is about the axis of least asymmetry. But in deciding whether a single object is one of two possible enantiomorphic forms, people generally rotate it to some canonical orientation. In the case of objects with defined top-bottom, back-front, and left-right axes, the canonical orientation is determined by the top-bottom and back-front axes, leaving the left-right axis to carry the reversal. The main reason for this, I suggest, is that the top-bottom and back-front axes have functional priority, and the left-right axis cannot be defined until top-bottom and back-front are established. This means that the latter two axes have priority in establishing the canonical orientation. The left-right axis is usually, but not always, the axis of least asymmetry.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

[Assessment of autonomic function by the spectral analysis of heart rate variability: an examination in a mirror drawing task].

The effect of an experimental task on autonomic function was investigated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability in 13 male college students. Power spectral density of heart rate variability has been said to contain two significant components: respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as an index of cardiac vagal activity, and Mayer wave related sinus arrhythmia (MWSA) as an index of sympathetic activity with vagal modulation. Those two components were examined during a task of mirror drawing on the CRT. In order to eliminate the effect of respiratory rate on RSA, the respiratory rate was controlled at 15 breaths/min. Furthermore, the coefficient of variance of R-R interval (CV-RR) and the fluctuation of plethysmograph (PTG) were calculated simultaneously. Results indicated that, while RSA decreased significantly, MWSA did not change during the task. On the other hand, neither CV-RR nor PTG showed any significant differences during the task. These findings indicated that cardiac parasympathetic activity was diminished in the mirror drawing task. The significance of spectral analysis of heart rate variability were discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Laser transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy under head mirror].

Laser transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy under head mirror is a new approach for surgical treatment of chronic lacrimal obstruction. This technique has several advantages, such as less damage, less operative complications and so on. This paper presented the results of 37 cases who had undergone transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis under head mirror. The postoperative follow-up time was 3-24 months. The effective rate was 95.6%. The operative technique was also discussed in this paper.

Adolescent↗