Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MIND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Centric-minded templates for self-motion perception.

We propose a two-layer neuromorphic architecture by which motion field pattern, generated during locomotion, are processed by template detectors specialized for gaze-directed self-motion (expansion and rotation). The templates provide a gaze-centered computation for analyzing motion field in terms of how it is related to the fixation point (i.e., the fovea). The analysis is performed by relating the vectorial components of the act of motion to variations (i.e., asymmetries) of the local structure of the motion field. Notwithstanding their limited extension in space, such centric-minded templates extract, as a whole, global information from the input flow field, being sensitive to different local instances of the same global property of the vector field with respect to the fixation point; a quantitative analysis, in terms of vectorial operators, evidences this property as tuning curves for heading direction. Model performances, evaluated in several situations characterized by conditions of absence and presence of pursuit eye movements, validate the approach. We observe that the gaze-centered model provides an explicit testable hypothesis that can guide further explorations of visual motion processing in extrastriate cortical areas.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2002

Mind-body effect: insulinlike growth factor-1; clinical depression; and breast, prostate, and other cancer risk-an unmeasured and masked mediator of potential significance?

A possible relation may exist between higher insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 levels and the risk of premenopausal breast, prostate, or other cancers from recent prospective and case-control studies. Separately, a large prospective study has shown a potential association between chronic depression and cancer risk, whereas other preliminary studies have suggested a link between increasing IGF levels with major depression. Other studies have found that certain standard cancer treatments reduce the effect and levels of IGF, and 1 small study has found that standard antidepressants may reduce IGF levels in some patients diagnosed with major depression. It is possible that IGF-1 (or other IGFs) may be a mediator between depression and cancer, because separately both have been implicated in the risk of various cancers. This hypothesis first and foremost relies on the unsettled notion that an actual relation already exists or may be found in the future. It requires more extensive investigation because several studies have not found an association between IGF or depression and cancer risk, and other limitations such as small sample sizes and other influential factors on IGF levels need to be elucidated. Whether or not a mind-body effect exists with cancer, as seems to be the case with other diseases, remains to be seen. Is depression a potential confounder of human studies that attempts to establish a relation between IGF and disease? All of the studies to date have attempted to at least determine the effect of a variety of factors on IGF levels-including age, sex, diet, family history, weight, smoking status-and then have adjusted their results accordingly. Depression has not been included in this list of potential factors that may need to be considered when analyzing IGF-1 data and cancer risks. The time seems ripe to at least define further the relation, if any, between IGF-1 and depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mind-body medicine in primary care. Implications and applications.

A growing body of research in basic and clinical science confirms that psychological states and interventions affect physiologic and pathophysiologic processes and the outcome of clinical illness. This evidence is reviewed in detail, with special attention paid to those findings that have particular relevance for primary care physicians. Specific guidelines are offered for incorporating mind-body principles and techniques into primary care practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Brain electric microstates and momentary conscious mind states as building blocks of spontaneous thinking: I. Visual imagery and abstract thoughts.

Prompted reports of recall of spontaneous, conscious experiences were collected in a no-input, no-task, no-response paradigm (30 random prompts to each of 13 healthy volunteers). The mentation reports were classified into visual imagery and abstract thought. Spontaneous 19-channel brain electric activity (EEG) was continuously recorded, viewed as series of momentary spatial distributions (maps) of the brain electric field and segmented into microstates, i.e. into time segments characterized by quasi-stable landscapes of potential distribution maps which showed varying durations in the sub-second range. Microstate segmentation used a data-driven strategy. Different microstates, i.e. different brain electric landscapes must have been generated by activity of different neural assemblies and therefore are hypothesized to constitute different functions. The two types of reported experiences were associated with significantly different microstates (mean duration 121 ms) immediately preceding the prompts; these microstates showed, across subjects, for abstract thought (compared to visual imagery) a shift of the electric gravity center to the left and a clockwise rotation of the field axis. Contrariwise, the microstates 2 s before the prompt did not differ between the two types of experiences. The results support the hypothesis that different microstates of the brain as recognized in its electric field implement different conscious, reportable mind states, i.e. different classes (types) of thoughts (mentations); thus, the microstates might be candidates for the 'atoms of thought'.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The frontal lobes and theory of mind: developmental concepts from adult focal lesion research.

The primary objective in this paper is to present a framework to understand the structure of consciousness. We argue that consciousness has been difficult to define because there are different kinds of consciousness, hierarchically organized, which need to be differentiated. Our framework is based on evidence from adult focal lesion research. The different types of consciousness are associated with distinct brain regions, with the higher levels of consciousness related to self-awareness and theory of mind (both facets of consciousness), with an emphasis on the role of the frontal lobes. The secondary objective is to use this structure to suggest hypotheses about the potential effect of frontal dysfunction at various developmental stages, and including both congenital and acquired brain injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Down's syndrome-associated Single Minded 2 gene as a pancreatic cancer drug therapy target.

We report here a pancreatic cancer drug therapy utility of a gene involved in Down's syndrome. Single Minded 2 gene (SIM2) from Down's Syndrome Critical Region was expressed in pancreatic cancer-derived cell lines as well as in tumor tissues, but not in the normal pancreas. A related member of the SIM family, SIM1, did not show similar specificity. Inhibition by antisense technology of one of the isoforms of SIM2, the short-form (SIM2-s) expression in the CAPAN-1 pancreatic cancer cell line, caused a pronounced growth inhibition and induced cell death through apoptosis. The specificity of antisense was inferred from inhibition of SIM2-s mRNA but not the related members of SIM family. In view of the high mortality rate of pancreatic cancer patients, these findings have important implications for the future of pancreatic cancer treatment.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2002

Mind from genes and neurons: a neurobiological model of Freudian psychology.

A hypothetical neurobiological model of Freud's architecture of the mind is presented in an attempt to unify concepts and data derived from molecular biology (e.g., genomic imprinting), systems neuroscience (e.g., neuroanatomochemical circuitries), evolutionary psychology (e.g., human mating strategies), and Freudian psychology. The model posits that events related to genomic imprinting can be regulated in a tissue-specific manner over the course of neural development such that imprinting along the matriline would favor the development of corticostriatal structures whereas imprinting along the patriline would favor the development of limbic-subcortical structures. A neuropsychological analysis of the brain requirements for successful mating presumably would put an evolutionary premium on the corticostriatal system (matrilineal) in men and limbic-subcortical systems (patrilineal) in women. Additionally, the model emphasizes that the ego and the super-ego of Freudian psychology are dependent on corticostriatal mechanisms (matriline-related), while the id is dependent on brainstem processes (patriline-related). It is hoped that the model herein presented has heuristic value for a rapprochement of psychoanalysis and neurobiology.

Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Parapsychotic grief, theory of mind and the concept of the soul.

The ability to deceive is regarded as the best evidence of the cognitive ability separating humans from other primates. An alternative would be to look at the concept of the soul, which has an archetypal significance, emerging in various geographically remote cultures over the course of history. The soul will be an elusive but not an impossible concept to study with neuroimaging. In parapsychotic grief the decreased may appear to the bereaved person without these hallucinations being considered as indicative of mental illness. If this is the sort of normal human experience which has led to the emergence of the belief in the immortality of the soul it may be a useful starting point for defining the neuroanatomical basis of souls which do not necessarily seek to deceive. As the human prefrontal cortex expanded and developed and strove to understand mental activity derived from subcortical structures the human attained an awareness of his own mind which has been construed as a separable insubstantial but indestructible entity. This idea would be bizarre if it were not archetypal and therefore must be closely linked to the development of the human central nervous system.

Grief↗
PubMed2001

Molecular mechanisms of human single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene expression: identification of a promoter site in the SIM2 genomic sequence.

We previously postulated that the single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene identified on the human chromosome 21q22.2 is a good candidate gene for the pathogenesis of mental retardation in Down syndrome because its mouse homolog exhibits preferential expression in the mouse diencephalon during early embryogenesis. We analyzed the genomic sequence of the entire SIM2 gene which consists of 11 exons and spans over 50 kb. As a step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of SIM2 gene expression, we have analyzed the human SIM2 gene expression in nine established human cell lines. Three transcripts of 3.6, 4.4, and 6.0 kb were detected in the glioblastoma cell line, T98G, neuroblastoma cell line, TGW, and transformed embryonic kidney cell line, 293. The RACE analysis using SIM2-expressing human cell line T98G provided evidence for the transcription start site at approximately 1.2 kb upstream of the translation initiation site. The transfection assay using various deletion constructs with reporter gene suggested the presence of a presumptive promoter region. Transient transfection assay in T98G cell line revealed a significant promoter activity located in the 60 bp sequence between nt -1385 and -1325 upstream region of the translation initiation site. This 60 bp sequence contains cis-elements for c-myb, E47 and E2F transcription factors. Moreover, the gel retardation assay using oligo-DNA of various cis-element sequences indicated the presence of protein factor(s) which bind to the cis-element for c-myb. These results suggested that binding of a protein transcription factor(s) such as c-myb or that alike regulates transcription of the SIM2 gene by binding to a small upstream region.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Mind and brain in Rett disorder.

Development and retention of speech is reported in 265 people with Rett syndrome: 30% (80) never gained real words, 55% (145) gained real words and lost them, 15%(40) retained some words and 6% of the total (16/265) continued to use phrases appropriately. Morphological studies of the cytoarchitecture of the speech areas in 14 cases indicate the existence of interhemispheric differences which form part of the infrastructure for speech processing. Ten adults with Rett syndrome and with meaningful speech are compared to age matched adults without speech. The profile of mind and strategies for coping with its problems are described by a family. Although the range in severity is wide the mental profile is remarkably consistent across the severity range with regard to both positive and negative aspects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

My mind is as clear as it used to be: A pilot study illustrating the difficulties of employing a single-item subjective screen to detect cognitive impairment in outpatients with cancer.

Oncology patients often complain that their "mind does not seem to be clear." This subjective perception, sometimes referred to as "chemo brain," may be due to situational stressors, psychological disorders, organic factors, or effects of neurotoxic medications. Cognitive decline cannot only diminish quality of life, but can also interfere with a patient's ability to make decisions regarding complex treatment issues. The current study investigated the utility of using item 11 of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Screen (ZSDS) as a cognitive screen. A sample of 61 ambulatory cancer patients completed this study. Participants were recruited from four sites of Community Cancer Care, Inc., in Indiana. A battery of cognitive instruments and psychosocial inventories was administered in a standardized order. The sample had a mean age of 58.6 years and comprised 57.4% (n=35) women and 42.6% (n=26) men. Item 11 of the ZSDS was not significantly correlated to the cognitive measures. Correlates of the perception of cognitive impairment were the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) Attention Scale (r=-0.26, P<0.05) and the ZSDS total score (r=-0.29, P<0.05). Patients' perceptions of having a cognitive impairment determined by item 11 of the ZSDS was predicted by total score on the ZSDS (F=42.5, P<0.001), age (F=26.0, P<0.001), and score on the Stroop test (F=19.8, P<0.001). Analysis of sensitivity and specificity indicated that the single-item screen used in this study is not an accurate means for identifying oncology patients with actual cognitive impairment. We conclude that while the perception of cognitive impairment is common in cancer patients, there may be problems in interpreting the nature of these complaints, particularly in separating them from depressive preoccupation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Selective impairments of theory of mind in people with schizophrenia.

"Theory of mind" (ToM) means the ability to represent others' intentions, knowledge and beliefs and interpret them. Children with autism typically fail tasks aimed at assessing their understanding of false beliefs. These features of autism are strikingly similar to some negative features of schizophrenia. Mental abilities were studied in 35 schizophrenics (DSM-IV) and 17 normal controls. Subjects heard four ToM stories and simultaneously were shown cartoons depicting the action occurring in the stories. All stories involved false beliefs or deception. As for the current symptomatology, schizophrenics were divided according to Liddle's three-dimensional model (reality distortion, psychomotor poverty, disorganisation). Our results show significant differences between schizophrenics and normal controls in all ToM stories, with schizophrenic people performing worse than controls. In first-order stories (a false belief about the state of the world) significant differences were found among symptom dimensions, with the psychomotor poverty group performing worse than disorganisation subjects and reality distortion ones. As for second-order stories (a false belief about the belief of another character), the psychomotor poverty group performed worse than the other groups only in one of the four ToM stories. More research in separating ToM deficits from attention disturbances is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

'Theory of mind' in violent and nonviolent patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

The role of mentalizing abilities (or theory of mind) and empathic abilities in violent behavior were studied in 24 hospitalized males with paranoid schizophrenia (ICD-10). Patients were divided into violent and nonviolent groups based on their history of committing violent acts against others. To examine these abilities, patients heard a series of 12 short scenarios depicting social situations followed by questions that require making mental state or empathic inferencing. Our results show that violent patients have more difficulties than nonviolent patients in tasks involving empathic inferencing, and better abilities in inferring cognitive-mental states in others. In addition, violence seems to be associated with a history of alcohol and drug abuse, young age, and the hostility component of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Logistic regression analyses suggest that violence is associated with the combination of hostility towards others, good mentalizing abilities and poor empathy. These results are discussed in light of recent theories on violent behavior in psychiatric populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Theory of mind abilities of children with schizophrenia, children with autism, and normally developing children.

Theory of mind (ToM) abilities of children with schizophrenia, children with high functioning autism, and normally developing children, matched on mental age (MA), verbal MA, and performance MA, were compared. Both clinical groups were matched on chronological age as well, whereas the normally developing children were younger. A fact belief task, a value belief task, a deception task, and a false belief task were administered. The three groups did not differ on the fact belief task. Children with autism performed more poorly than normally developing children on value belief and false belief tasks, and more poorly than individuals with schizophrenia on the deception task. Children with schizophrenia performed more poorly than normally developing children only on the false belief task. Overall, the group with autism passed significantly fewer tasks compared to the normally developing group. ToM abilities correlated with verbal abilities for individuals with autism. The ToM abilities of children with paranoid schizophrenia and children with undifferentiated or disorganized schizophrenia did not differ. Findings strengthen the notion of a limited understanding of ToM in schizophrenia, and support the notion that ToM deficits, although more severe in autism, are not unique to autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Characterization and developmental expression of xSim, a Xenopus bHLH/PAS gene related to the Drosophila neurogenic master gene single-minded.

We have isolated a novel gene from Xenopus, denominated xSim, which encodes a protein of 760 amino acids containing a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif contiguous to a PAS domain characteristic of an emerging family of transcriptional regulators so called bHLH/PAS. xSim shares a strong amino acid sequence identity with the Drosophila Single-minded (dSim) and with the murine Sim1 and Sim2 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that xSim gene is an ortholog gene of the mSim2 gene. Spatio-temporal analysis shows a maternal and a zygotic expression of xSim throughout early Xenopus development. In situ hybridization assays reveal that the transcripts are enriched in the animal hemisphere until blastula stage and extend to the marginal zone at early gastrula stage. As development proceeds, xSim is mainly restricted to the central nervous system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Expression pattern of the single-minded gene in zebrafish embryos.

Recently we isolated a homolog of the Drosophila single-minded (sim) gene from a zebrafish cDNA library. The 4380-bp of zebrafish sim cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 585 amino acids with strikingly conserved bHLH and PAS A/B domains in the amino-terminal region. During embryogenesis, sim mRNA appears in the animal hemisphere as early as 3 h post-fertilization and is expressed in a widespread pattern throughout the epiblast at the 75% epiboly stage. During the segmentation stage, sim mRNA is prominently expressed in the primordium of the hindbrain and appears as a transverse stripe in the epithelial layers of the mid-diencephalic boundary (MDB). During the pharyngula stage, sim is no longer expressed in the hindbrain, but continues to be expressed in the MDB and extends to the caudal diencephalon along the ventral midline. In addition, sim mRNA is prominent in the two pharyngeal arches. During the larval stage, sim mRNA is transcribed in the esophagus, liver, pancreas, and intestine. In contrast, sim mRNA is no longer detectable in the forebrain after hatching. In adult fish, sim is widely expressed in brain, eyes, gill, heart, liver, and intestine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Alternate functions of the single-minded and rhomboid genes in development of the Drosophila ventral neuroectoderm.

We have investigated the roles of the single-minded (sim) and rhomboid (rho) genes in generating distinct cell fates in the Drosophila embryonic neuroectoderm. We show that sim functions to repress ventral ectodermal cell fates, as in sim mutants mesectodermal cells adopt the fates of neighboring ventral ectodermal cells and targeted sim expression in P[paired.Gal4]/P[UAS-sim] embryos results in loss of epidermal cells. We also find that rho is not required for early expression of sim or ventral nervous system defective in mesectodermal or ventral ectodermal cells; targeted rho expression in P[paired-Gal4]/P[UAS-rho] embryos results in lateral-to-ventral cell fate shifts in the developing neuroectoderm; and midline-targeted rho expression can rescue the medial denticle fusions in rho mutant cuticles.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evidence for cognition without grammar from causal reasoning and 'theory of mind' in an agrammatic aphasic patient.

Understanding the inter-relationship between language and thought is fundamental to the study of human cognition [1] [2] [3]. Some investigators have proposed that propositions in natural language serve to scaffold thinking, by providing, for example, a sequential structure to a massively parallel process [4]. Others have maintained that certain thoughts, such as inferring the mental states of others, termed 'theory of mind' (ToM) reasoning, and identifying causal relationships, necessarily involve language propositions [5]. It has been proposed that ToM reasoning depends upon the possession of syntactic structures such as those that permit the embedding of false propositions within true statements ('Mary knows that John (falsely) thinks chocolates are in the cupboard') [6]. The performance on reasoning tasks of individuals with severe agrammatic aphasia (an impairment of language following a lesion of the perisylvian areas of the language-dominant hemisphere) offers novel insights into the relation between grammar and cognition. We report the unusual case of a patient with agrammatic aphasia of such severity that language propositions were not apparently available at an explicit processing level in any modality of language use. Despite this profound impairment in grammar, he displayed simple causal reasoning and ToM understanding. Thus, reasoning about causes and beliefs involve processes that are independent of propositional language.

Aphasia↗