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PubMed2001

Virtual darwinian drug design: QSAR inverse problem, virtual combinatorial chemistry, and computational screening.

The generation of diversity and its further selection by an external system is a common mechanism for the evolution of the living species and for the current drug design methods. This assumption allows us to label the methods based on generation and selection of molecular diversity as "Darwinian" ones, and to distinguish them from the structure-based, structure-modulation approaches. An example of a Darwinian method is the inverse QSAR. It consists of the computational generation of candidate chemical structures and their selection according to a previously established QSAR model. New trends in the field of combinatorial chemical syntheses comprise the concepts of virtual combinatorial synthesis and virtual or computational screening. Virtual combinatorial synthesis, closely related to inverse QSAR, can be defined as the computational simulation of the generation of new chemical structures by using a combinatorial strategy to generate a virtual library. Virtual screening is the selection of chemical structures having potential desirable properties from a database or virtual library in order to be synthesized and assayed. This review is mainly focused on graph theoretical drug design approaches, but a survey with key references is provided that covers other simulation methods.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed1998

[Structural basis to quality assurance in medical education].

Medical education, especially continuous one, is considered as a very important strategy in assuring health care quality. It represents the most dynamic structural element of the health care quality. In this presentation we used the structural approach to quality assurance, through examination of medical literature utilisation trends from a number of health professionals and students of biomedical schools. In the research we used questionnaires which contained the questions related to the motivation of the subjects to use the medical literature and its availability to them. 34 students of biomedical schools were interviewed through questionnaires, 45 students of high nursery school and 32 medical doctors. The results showed that motivation of the subjects in the survey, both students and medical doctors to use medical literature is significant. However the possibility to use professional literature in their libraries is very limited because of the lack of new literature. Only 3% of interviewed medical doctors and students use Internet in their education. Technological delay in the process of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused by the war will significantly influence the level of health care quality in our country in the next period.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMed2001

Non-librarian health professionals becoming librarians and information specialists: results of an Internet survey.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain basic information about non-librarian health professionals who become librarians and information specialists. METHODS: The survey was a Web-based questionnaire. A non-random sample of persons was obtained by posting messages to several large Internet electronic discussion groups. Individuals who met the selection criteria and were willing to participate filled out a Web-based form designed using common gateway interface (CGI) programming. RESULTS: 118 forms were analyzed. Three subgroups of participants were identified and statistical comparisons among these groups were carried out for many of the quantitative questions. Information concerning reasons they left their original field; factors influencing their choice of the field of library and information science; reactions of family, friends, and colleagues; and interactions with patrons and other information about this group was obtained and summarized. A health sciences background was seen as helpful in the new career as information specialist. Most people were happy with their new profession despite negative reactions from colleagues, relatives, and, occasionally, patrons. Feelings of regret and abandonment of their patients were noted by some. Many persons did not know that peers had made similar career changes. CONCLUSIONS: A health sciences background imparts an expertise in both the vocabulary and subject matter of medicine that non-biomedical individuals would not ordinarily have. Although becoming a librarian may be perceived as a very positive career change for an individual, societal opinion and pressure can make such a career change difficult. Nevertheless, participants in this survey demonstrate a high level of satisfaction with their new careers and are quite happy with their work.

Attitude↗

PubMed2004

Information needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered health care professionals: results of an Internet survey.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain basic facts and considered opinions from health care professionals and students (nonlibrarian and librarian) about the information needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) health care professionals and their interactions with medical librarians. METHODS: The survey instrument was a Web-based questionnaire. A nonrandom sample of health care professionals and students (librarian and nonlibrarian) was obtained by posting messages to several large Internet electronic discussion groups (GLBT and general) and to randomly selected members of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association. A total of 152 forms were analyzed with about 50% of the participants being GLBT persons. RESULTS: GLBT people have specific health information needs and concerns. More than 75% of medical librarians and students believed that GLBT persons have special information needs, with similar response rates by nonlibrarian health professionals and students. The delivery of services needs to be done with privacy and respect for the feelings of the patron. Major areas of need include the topics of health care proxy, cancer, adolescent depression and suicide, adoption, sexual health and practices, HIV infection, surrogate parenting, mental health issues, transgender health issues, intimate partner violence, and intimate partner loss. CONCLUSIONS: Most GLBT health care professionals desire GLBT-friendly health information services. Making GLBT-oriented health information resources available on a library Web page and making an effort to show acceptance of cultural diversity through signs or displays would be helpful. Education directed toward instilling an awareness of GLBT persons may also be advisable. Most survey participants make some use of medical reference services and many find medical librarians to be very helpful and resourceful.

Access to Information↗

PubMed1997

Information-seeking behavior of health sciences faculty: the impact of new information technologies.

This paper reports on an ongoing investigation into health sciences faculty's information-seeking behavior, including their use of new information technologies. A survey was administered to all faculty in medicine, nursing, and pharmacy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. It was similar to one administered to the same population in 1991. The survey asked about faculty's use of electronic resources, documented any shift from the use of print to electronic formats, and measured the utilization of library training. The response rate was 48.5% for medicine faculty, 45.0% for nursing, and 62.5% for pharmacy. The study found that use of the print Index Medicus among faculty was in transition: While 30.5% continued to use the print resources, 68.0% of faculty accessed MEDLINE through electronic means. Faculty preferred accessing electronic databases from their offices to doing so from the library. Health sciences faculty used a wide variety of databases, in addition to MEDLINE, to fill their information needs. Most faculty did not take advantage of either in-house or electronic training sessions offered by librarians. The study concluded that the training preferences of faculty need to be further explored.

CD-ROM↗

PubMed1983

A survey of hospital audiovisual services.

A survey of 305 potential audio-visual (A/V) service users from 17 disciplines in 7 teaching hospitals determined awareness of A/V services offered, use, and evaluation of these services. Ninety-nine percent of those surveyed were aware of the A/V services. The services most used were equipment loan, overhead transparency production, and slide/print production from type. Services most needing improvement were those providing patient education materials and facilities. Slide libraries and instruction in use of audiovisuals were perceived to need improvement. Conclusions are drawn about services that are best decentralized, or centralized and developed for sharing among hospitals.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed1989

Teaching MEDLINE to non-urban end users.

The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) Library conducted a two-year program, funded by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), to teach Oklahoma's nonurban health professionals to perform searches of NLM's MEDLINE files using microcomputers. The training program included lectures, online demonstrations, and hands-on practice time. The initial target audience of non-urban physicians was later broadended to include other health professionals. Data collected on the 334 seminar participants included professions and specialties, previous microcomputer usage, and the size of their hospitals. On-site evaluation indicated a high degree of satisfaction with the trainers' communication skills, preparation, information imparted, and the visual aids used. The results of a follow-up survey to determine how many trainees subsequently obtained NLM codes, the amount of searching done, and the problems experienced await analysis.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2003

Comparative analyses of potato expressed sequence tag libraries.

The cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) shares similar biology with other members of the Solanaceae, yet has features unique within the family, such as modified stems (stolons) that develop into edible tubers. To better understand potato biology, we have undertaken a survey of the potato transcriptome using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from diverse tissues. A total of 61,940 ESTs were generated from aerial tissues, below-ground tissues, and tissues challenged with the late-blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans). Clustering and assembly of these ESTs resulted in a total of 19,892 unique sequences with 8,741 tentative consensus sequences and 11,151 singleton ESTs. We were able to identify a putative function for 43.7% of these sequences. A number of sequences (48) were expressed throughout the libraries sampled, representing constitutively expressed sequences. Other sequences (13,068, 21%) were uniquely expressed and were detected only in a single library. Using hierarchal and k means clustering of the EST sequences, we were able to correlate changes in gene expression with major physiological events in potato biology. Using pair-wise comparisons of tuber-related tissues, we were able to associate genes with tuber initiation, dormancy, and sprouting. We also were able to identify a number of characterized as well as novel sequences that were unique to the incompatible interaction of late-blight pathogen, thereby providing a foundation for further understanding the mechanism of resistance.

Cluster Analysis↗

PubMed1993

A survey of transcripts expressed specifically in root nodules of broadbean (Vicia faba L.).

More than 600 potentially nodule-specific clones have been detected by differential hybridization of a broadbean cDNA library constructed from root nodule poly(A)+ RNA. These isolated cDNAs belong to at least 28 different clone groups containing cross-hybridizing sequences. The number of clones within a clone group varies from about 200 to only one single clone. Northern hybridization experiments revealed nodule-specific transcripts for 14 clone groups and markedly nodule-enhanced transcripts for another 7 clone groups. Sequence homologies indicate that three transcript sequences code for different leghemoglobins. Two other transcripts encode a nodule-specific sucrose synthase and a nodule-enhanced asparagine synthetase, respectively. Four deduced gene products are proline-rich, two of them being the homologues of PsENOD2 and PsENOD12. The third proline-rich protein (PRP) is composed of similar amino acid repeats as the nodule-specific PsENOD12 but is expressed in nodules and roots in comparable amounts. The fourth PRP is a nodule-enhanced extensin-type protein built up by Ser-Pro4 repeats. Two further nodule-specific transcripts encode gene products showing some similarity to structural glycine-rich proteins. Additionally, transcripts could be identified for broadbean homologues of the nodulins MsNOD25, PsENOD3 and PsENOD5 and transcripts specifying a nodule-enhanced lipoxygenase and a translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha, which is expressed in all broadbean tissues tested.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

New approaches to addressing information needs in local public health agencies.

For local Public Health agencies to be fully responsive to community needs, staff must have ready access to up-to-date and accurate information. During the last several years, the Hamilton-Wentworth Department of Public Health Services (DPHS), a Teaching Health Unit affiliated with McMaster University, has been developing new information services including establishment of a specialized library on site; education sessions on the use of information stored in this library and in the Hamilton-Wentworth Health Library Network; innovative approaches to tailoring information services to staff needs including on-site access to on-line literature databases; and establishment of a group to retrieve and report community health data. In the initial three years of operation, surveys of Hamilton-Wentworth staff and a comparison health unit (Niagara) revealed that staff most frequently sought information from managers and support staff, as well as from personal books, articles and journals. Over half (57%) of the Hamilton-Wentworth staff reported use of the DPHS library, whereas 28% of Niagara Regional Health Unit staff reported use of their library. Other information services, for example, bibliographic indexes on population health, were less frequently used. Plans to increase their use are discussed.

Canada↗

PubMed2006

A study of the humoral immune response of breast cancer patients to a panel of human tumor antigens identified by phage display.

OBJECTIVE: In this article we provide evidence of a significant spontaneous humoral response in cancer patients. METHODS: A panel of tumor-associated antigens, previously identified through serological screening of phage-displayed cDNA libraries from solid human tumors, breast carcinoma cell lines and human testis by employing breast cancer patient sera, was used in this study to survey sera from 182 patients with known disease histories and clinical stages. RESULTS: This analysis reveals a statistically significant association between tumor disease and presence in peripheral blood of IgG antibodies against four autoantigens. One of these antigens (D7-1) is particularly interesting in that the antibody response against it grows with cancer progression from stages I through IV, with an incidence of 13.2, 13.5, 18.2 and 27%, respectively. The significance of this stage-dependent increase in the incidence is confirmed by the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-squared test (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm association between breast cancer diagnosis of patients and presence in their peripheral blood of antibodies against several autoantigens identified by phage display.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Analysis of mouse embryonic gene library for the frequency of single and multiple copy genes.

A gene library was constructed from embryonic mouse DNA by ligating DNA fragments generated by partial Eco RI digestion with Charon 4A vector and in vitro packaging. A special consideration was given to randomization of target DNA. The general applicability of a gene library prepared in this manner was assessed through cloning a variety of genes of known reiteration frequency in the mouse genome. The survey included a single copy gene--C region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, and genes that appear in more than one copy--V region of the immunoglobulin light chain genes and the endogenous retrovirus related genes. In all cases tested the frequency of clone isolation was in good agreement with the expected incidence based on the number of genome equivalents screened and the reiteration frequency of that particular gene. Moreover, we found no preference with regard to the clonability of genes contained in fragments of a wide-size range.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Matrix screening of substituted N-aryl-1,8-naphthalimides reveals new dual fluorescent dyes and unusually bright pyridine derivatives.

A 3 x 14 matrix of substituted N-aryl-1,8-naphthalimides was synthesized for the evaluation and discovery of dual fluorescence. Because of their unique photophysical properties, these dual fluorescent systems represent an exception to the widely studied TICT (Twisted Internal Charge Transfer) fluorescent dyes or tautomeric benzofluorescein class of two-color dyes. The matrix library was designed to investigate the effects of heterocycles, particularly pi-excessive and pi-deficient systems. Of the 42 compounds surveyed, five displayed well-resolved two-color emission in solvents as nonpolar as hexane. Based on the observed trends in fluorescence lambda(max) and quantum yield, a new model is proposed that predicts LW and SW emission for these systems. In addition, this model provides potential design features for the synthesis of new dual fluorescent species.

Amides↗

PubMed2001

Building bridges: towards integrated library and information services for mental health and social care.

This research focuses on identifying the information needs of health professionals, social workers and staff from voluntary agencies, who work together in the provision of services for people with a mental illness. The aim is to provide a fully integrated library and information service for mental health and social care. A number of recent government reports have prompted this research. These have culminated in the publication of the National Service Framework for Mental Health. It was decided to conduct a qualitative study using 17 semistructured interviews with individuals and multi-professional groups. A thematic analysis highlighted a number of key themes including: information need, information seeking behaviour and information flows. Results have indicated that because of the dispersed nature of mental health services, across primary and secondary care, and from statutory and non-statutory organisations, information technology is viewed as the only realistic vehicle to provide the required information. As specialist mental health trusts are configured, covering wider geographical areas, this can only increase the reliance on information technology, for information access and information sharing.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Developing pineapple fruit has a small transcriptome dominated by metallothionein.

In a first step toward understanding the molecular basis of pineapple fruit development, a sequencing project was initiated to survey a range of expressed sequences from green unripe and yellow ripe fruit tissue. A highly abundant metallothionein transcript was identified during library construction, and was estimated to account for up to 50% of all EST library clones. Library clones with metallothionein subtracted were sequenced, and 408 unripe green and 1140 ripe yellow edited EST clone sequences were retrieved. Clone redundancy was high, with the combined 1548 clone sequences clustering into just 634 contigs comprising 191 consensus sequences and 443 singletons. Half of the EST clone sequences clustered within 13.5% and 9.3% of contigs from green unripe and yellow ripe libraries, respectively, indicating that a small subset of genes dominate the majority of the transcriptome. Furthermore, sequence cluster analysis, northern analysis, and functional classification revealed major differences between genes expressed in the unripe green and ripe yellow fruit tissues. Abundant genes identified from the green fruit include a fruit bromelain and a bromelain inhibitor. Abundant genes identified in the yellow fruit library include a MADS box gene, and several genes normally associated with protein synthesis, including homologues of ribosomal L10 and the translation factors SUI1 and eIF5A. Both the green unripe and yellow ripe libraries contained high proportions of clones associated with oxidative stress responses and the detoxification of free radicals.

Ananas↗

PubMed2005

Examination of the impact of information-skills training on the academic work of health-studies students: a single case study.

AIM: To examine the impact of information-skills training on the academic studies of student midwives. Objectives include ascertaining whether student confidence increases, learning experiences are enhanced and academic standards are improved. METHODS: A student midwives' discussion group at a higher education institution, plus an in-depth interview with the students' course leader. RESULTS: Students reported increased confidence in using library and information resources. Appropriate and timely information-skills training embedded into health-studies curricula can lead to students becoming independent and lifelong learners, as well as improving the standard of their academic work. CONCLUSION: Information skills for health-studies curricula in higher education can be developed and delivered collaboratively by both library and academic staff. This can have very positive effects on both student perceptions and experiences and standards of teaching and learning.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Novel eukaryotic lineages inferred from small-subunit rRNA analyses of oxygen-depleted marine environments.

Microeukaryotes in oxygen-depleted environments are among the most diverse, as well as the least studied, organisms. We conducted a cultivation-independent, small-subunit (SSU) rRNA-based survey of microeukaryotes in suboxic waters and anoxic sediments in the great Sippewisset salt marsh, Cape Cod, Mass. We generated two clone libraries and analyzed approximately 300 clones, which contained a large diversity of microeukaryotic SSU rRNA signatures. Only a few of these signatures were closely related (sequence similarity of >97%) to the sequences reported earlier. The bulk of our sequences represented deep novel branches within green algae, fungi, cercozoa, stramenopiles, alveolates, euglenozoa and unclassified flagellates. In addition, a significant number of detected rRNA sequences exhibited no affiliation to known organisms and sequences and thus represent novel lineages of the highest taxonomical order, most of them branching off the base of the global phylogenetic tree. This suggests that oxygen-depleted environments harbor diverse communities of novel organisms, which may provide an interesting window into the early evolution of eukaryotes.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1985

Information needs of university programs in health administration: report of survey response.

Program directors and librarians providing information support for academic programs in health administration share similar perceptions of the information needs of their students and faculty. Where they differ in identification of helpful products or key discussion topics, the difference appears to be a function of their role. For example, it is probable that librarians do not consider preparation of user-specific bibliographies from on-line databases as an important AHA Resource Center product because they prepare these themselves at the local level. Conversely, it is probable that program directors do not see an overview of current issues in health administration as a high-priority topic for a meeting because they have access to more immediate resources for that kind of information. Not unexpectedly, program directors and librarians alike see the AHA Resource Center's role as a secondary one and look within their own institution first for information support. A report of survey results and information about the AHA Resource Center were shared with survey respondents and nonresponding program directors in January 1985. The AHA Resource Center is utilizing responses to this survey to plan services and programs that will be helpful to faculty and students in university programs in health administration and to library staff serving these programs.

American Hospital Association↗