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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Interventions to retard myopia progression in children: an evidence-based update.

TOPIC: To evaluate the efficacy of interventions such as eyedrops, bifocal lenses, or contact lenses in retarding the progression of myopia in myopic children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Myopia is a common ocular disorder, and high myopia (myopia at least -6.0 diopters) is associated with potentially blinding conditions. At present, there are no general guidelines on interventions that may decrease myopia progression in children, but some interventions such as contact lenses are offered on an ad hoc basis. METHODS OR LITERATURE REVIEWED: English and non-English language articles published from 1968 to 2000 were retrieved using a keyword search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index databases. Randomized controlled trials with comparisons of the effectiveness of interventions to decrease myopia progression in myopic children were reviewed. RESULTS: Ten clinical trials of different interventions to retard myopia progression were reviewed, including three trials that evaluated atropine and one trial that evaluated soft contact lenses. Atropine eye drops of 0.5% concentration were effective in clinical trials, but no significant effect was found for tropicamide or timolol eyedrops. Five of the six trials on bifocal spectacle lenses with various additions failed to show significant retardation, and results of the remaining trial were barely significant (P = 0.047). A trial of soft contact lenses failed to show significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: The latest evidence from randomized clinical trials does not provide sufficient information to support interventions to prevent the progression of myopia. Long-term large-scale double-masked randomized clinical trials, including cycloplegic refraction, are needed before any recommendations about interventions in clinical practice to prevent high myopia in myopic children are considered.

Atropine↗
PubMed1995

Using medical dictionaries to teach the critical evaluation of information sources.

Bibliographic instruction (BI) is the formal teaching of information skills by library professionals. It is argued that biomedical BI must involve the teaching, not only of information retrieval, but also of evaluative skills. A course-integrated BI session on the critical evaluation of health information sources is described. This session uses medical and nursing dictionaries as a subject for investigation. Students in small groups evaluate various dictionaries according to selected criteria. Then they rank the dictionaries and defend the ranking before the rest of the class. It appears to be an effective learning experience from which participants emerge with sharper evaluative skills.

Dictionaries, Medical as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Information literacy as the foundation for evidence-based practice in graduate nursing education: a curriculum-integrated approach.

As part of a system-wide initiative to advance evidence-based practice among clinicians, graduate students, and educators, the New York University Division of Nursing embarked on a curricular initiative to integrate components of information literacy in all core courses of the master's program. Increasing competency in information literacy is the foundation for evidence-based practice and provides nursing professionals with the skills to be literate consumers of information in an electronic environment. Competency in information literacy includes an understanding of the architecture of information and the scholarly process; the ability to navigate among a variety of print and electronic tools to effectively access, search, and critically evaluate appropriate resources; synthesize accumulated information into an existing body of knowledge; communicate research results clearly and effectively; and appreciate the social issues and ethical concerns related to the provision, dissemination, and sharing of information. In collaboration with the New York University Division of Libraries' Health Sciences Librarian, instructional modules in information literacy relevant to each of the 5 core nursing master's courses were developed, complemented by a Web-based tutorial: http://library.nyu.edu/research/health/tutorial. The Web site is multifaceted, with fundamentals for the beginner, as well as more complex content for the advanced user. Course assignments were designed to promote specific competencies in information literacy and strategies for evaluating the strength of the evidence found. A survey of information literacy competencies, which assessed students' knowledge, misconceptions, and use of electronic information resources, was administered when students entered the program and at 1-year intervals thereafter.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2026

Applications and outcomes of virtual reality in inpatient psychiatry: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) has been widely used in outpatient psychiatric services and has demonstrated benefits across several clinical diagnoses, but its use and effects in inpatient settings remain to be explored. This systematic review aimed to examine the use of VR during psychiatric hospitalization, including types of VR applications, barriers and facilitators of implementation, and effects on various outcomes. METHODS: The review was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42023446524). Following PRISMA guidelines, databases (Ovid, SciVerse, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and WorldCat) were searched from 1983 to 2025 using keywords related to VR and psychiatric disorders. Studies involving the use of VR with psychiatric inpatients (≥85%) were included. Descriptive statistics and narrative syntheses were used to summarize findings. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: After full-text screening, 37 studies (N = 1,004) met inclusion criteria. VR was used for both assessment and intervention, with cognitive-behavioral therapy/exposure (35%) and assessment (24%) being the most frequently used. VR use in inpatient units appeared feasible, acceptable, and safe for inpatients and clinicians, though findings remain preliminary. Several facilitators (e.g. adequate staff training and supervision) and common barriers (e.g. technical difficulties and limited resources) were identified. The most consistent improvements were observed in clinical symptoms (e.g. anxiety) compared with psychosocial, cognitive, and physiological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that inpatient settings represent a promising, yet understudied context for VR-based assessments and interventions. High-quality trials and systematic reporting of implementation are needed in future studies to inform research and clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[From the shelf to the monitor: opportunities and difficulties for psychiatric journals switching from paper to on-line].

The author examines the changes brought about by Internet in the complex field of international medical and scientific journals (and psychiatric journals in particular), since online versions of the printed publications have been made available on the Internet. Attention is focused on the surfeit of these scientific journals and on the economic implications of the transformation. The article underlines how the international scientific community has become conscious of its importance in the production of scientific journals and a description of the very innovative Public Library of Science (PLoS) initiative is also given. The author illustrates the possible future functioning of scientific journals, the so-called "Author pays" model, which is still controversial and closes with comments on the increasingly important role played by direct communication between scientific community and citizens, including the use of specific journals and websites.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Elective cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Elective cervical cerclage has been purported to prevent spontaneous preterm birth. We present a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of cervical cerclage in preventing spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index to identify randomized trials published between 1966 and 2002. All randomized trials that evaluated the effectiveness of elective cerclage compared with no cerclage in women who were at risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation were included for analysis. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed in duplicate. RESULTS: There were seven relevant trials, comprising 2354 women. Meta-analysis was inappropriate because of large differences in the quality of the studies. However, in the largest single trial of good quality, cerclage was shown to prevent birth before 34 weeks' gestation. In this single study the reported number to be treated to prevent one additional preterm birth before 34 weeks was 24 women (95% CI: 10-61). The results of other trials were consistent with the finding of the largest trial. Data on complications were sparse and inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Our systematic review shows that elective cervical cerclage has a significant effect in preventing spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation. Further research should focus on identification and quantification of possible complications, and of risk factors and tests that identify high-risk women who would benefit most from cerclage.

Cerclage, Cervical↗
PubMed1970

Computer simulation of the non-steady-state radioactive labelling of a system of metabolite pools with constant rates of influx and efflux.

The derivation is given of the general case of a differential equation describing the labelling of a single metabolite pool that is subjected to constant rates of influx of radioactive material when the pool size is itself changing at constant rate. A programme, written in ALGOL, is briefly described that solves a set of these differential equations, and that can be used to simulate the radioactive labelling of a system of metabolite pools. A copy of the programme, together with examples of input and output, has been deposited as Supplementary Publication no. SUP 50001 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1970), 116, 7.

Computers↗
PubMed1970

A generalized system for automation of enzyme assays.

A flow system was developed, using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer, that is readily adaptable to a range of enzyme assays. The system includes lines for pumping substrate, cofactor, buffer and enzyme and for generating linear gradients. By using a variable-speed proportioning pump the incubation time may be continuously varied, and the system also allows for continuous variation in the pH, substrate or cofactor concentration, incubation temperature and enzyme concentration. A FORTRAN V program was written that uses instrument calibrations to calculate the flow rates in the individual lines, the incubation time and the characteristics of the gradient used. The computer then prints out instructions for preparation of reagents to give a required reaction mixture, weighing sheets for stock solutions and the results of the assay in international units in suitable tables and graphs. The flow system and computer program are designed to facilitate the automation of manual assays. A detailed example is given of the use of the system [the assay of three dehydrogenases in yeast: l(+)-lactate dehydrogenase, d(-)-lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase], and the general applications of the method are discussed. The program has been deposited as Supplementary Publication no. SUP 50002 at the National Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1970), 116, 7.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1971

N-carbamoyl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba L.).

1. dl-2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine was resolved through the bromocamphorsulphonate to give its d-isomer. The N-carbamoyl derivatives of these amino acids were synthesized. Circular-dichroism studies on these and related compounds, reported in a deposited Annex, helped to establish the optical configuration. 2. N-Carbamoyl-dl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine was isolated from broad-bean leaves. It amounted to about 0.1% of the leaf dry matter. Racemization may or may not have occurred during the isolation. There were indications of the same compound in chicory and in savoy cabbage. Under weakly acidic conditions it was converted gradually into 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin. Both these compounds yielded 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine on acid hydrolysis. 3. The occurrence is discussed of 2-phenylglycine derivatives in Nature and of N-carbamoyl-amino acids and hydantoins in plants. 4. Gradient elution from anion-exchange resin with acetic acid, besides proving useful for the present work, gave useful separations of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid and of some N-acetyl-amino acids. 5. Supplementary material (Annex 1: details of experimental work other than ultraviolet and circular-dichroism spectra; Annex 2: ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism of d-2-phenylglycine and some related compounds) has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50003 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1971), 121, 7.

Carbamates↗
PubMed1971

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c from Cucurbita maxima L. (pumpkin).

The amino acid sequence of pumpkin cytochrome c was determined on 2mumol of protein. Some evidence was found for the occurrence of two forms of cytochrome c, whose sequences differed in three positions. Pumpkin cytochrome c consists of 111 residues and is homologous with mitochondrial cytochromes c from other plants. Experimental details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50005 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1971), 121, 7.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1971

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (buckwheat) and Brassica oleracea L. (cauliflower).

The amino acid sequences of buckwheat and cauliflower cytochromes c were determined on 1(1/2)mumol and 1mumol of protein respectively. The molecules consist of 111 residues and are homologous with other plant mitochondrial cytochromes c. Experimental details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50005 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1971), 121, 7.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1971

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c from Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and Gossypium barbadense L. (cotton).

The amino acid sequences of Abutilon and Gossypium cytochromes c were determined on 1mumol of protein. The molecules consist of 111 residues and are homologous with other mitochondrial plant cytochromes c. Experimental details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50005 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1971), 121, 7.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1972

The acute effect of ethanol on albumin, fibrinogen and transferrin synthesis in the rat.

Decrease of absolute synthesis of albumin and fractional synthesis of transferrin was observed within 3h of orally administering ethanol (4ml/kg) to rats maintained on a 40%-protein diet. In contrast, absolute synthesis of fibrinogen was unaffected. With this ethanol intake, the changes in protein synthesis occurred without significant ultrastructural change in the liver. When the ethanol intake was greater (8ml/kg) ultrastructural disruption was observed. However, both the decrease of plasma protein synthesis and the ultrastructural alterations could be prevented by the simultaneous administration of a mixture of amino acids with the ethanol. The latter findings, not reported hitherto, suggest that ethanol may interfere with hepatic plasma protein synthesis and ultrastructure more through a disturbance of amino acid metabolism than through direct physical damage to the hepatocyte. An Appendix outlines the deconvolutional method used to correct for losses of labelled protein in the period during which measurements were made. The principle may also be applied to labelled plasma urea. The details of the calculations are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication 50007 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1972) 126, 5.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1972

The preparation and properties of a group of proteins from the high-sulphur fraction of wool.

A method is reported for the preparation of a group of three proteins from the S-carboxymethylated high-sulphur fraction of wool. These proteins have been partially characterized by their tryptic peptides. All have similar structural features and show an interesting homology within the group and some similarities of sequence with a different group of wool high-sulphur proteins. The evidence for the sequence of some of the peptides is given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication 50008 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1972) 126, 5.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1972

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c from Helix aspersa Müller (garden snail).

The amino acid sequence of a snail cytochrome c has been determined. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain of 104 residues, and is homologous with other mitochondrial cytochromes c. Unlike the cytochromes c from vertebrates, there is no acetyl blocking group at the N-terminus. A change in an otherwise invariant position has been observed in position 87. Comparison with amino acid sequences of cytochromes c from other sources indicates that the point of divergence of the molluscs and the vertebrates in evolutionary time was 720 million years ago. Experimental details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50009 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1972), 126, 5.

Amino Acid Sequence↗