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PubMed1982

A community hospital laboratory computer system: an eight-year longitudinal study of economic impact.

An analysis of the intralaboratory economic effects of installation of a dedicated laboratory computer system in a 450-bed acute care general hospital laboratory is presented using data accumulated during an eight-year period. Data collection and analytic conventions used included: (1) an inflation factor derived from the CPI to adjust costs; (2) semilogarithmic plotting; (3) patient procedure counts tallied as the raw count for patient specimens according to the CAP Workload Recording Method; and (4) total workload (including patient standard and control items) recorded according to the CAP WRM. The authors conclude that computerization has produced: (1) a decrease in inflation adjusted labor costs per unit of work; (2) a decrease in inflation adjusted direct cost per unit of work; (3) A decline in the ratio of clerical to technical labor force; and (4) An increase in overall productivity of approximately 7%.

Computers↗
PubMed2004

Informal jobs and non-fatal occupational injuries.

OBJECTIVES: In Brazil, workers without a formal job contract represent approximately half of the labor force but there are no official statistics on occupational injuries for them. This study estimates the annual incidence of non-fatal work-related injuries for workers with and without job contracts and examines gender differences. METHODS: This is a community-based study carried out with a random cluster area sample of the residents of Salvador, a city with 2.7 million inhabitants, the capital of the state of Bahia, northeast Brazil. Individuals from 18 to 65 years of age who reported having a paid job comprise the study population (n=2907). Data were obtained in individual household interviews with questionnaires applied by trained field workers. RESULTS: The overall estimated annual incidence rate (IR) was 5.6/100 full-time equivalent workers (FTE). The incidence of injuries differed between workers with informal (IR=6.2/100 FTE) and formal jobs (IR=5.1/100 FTE), and according to gender (IR=5.8/100 FTE for female and 5.5/100 FTE for male), but these differences were not statistically significant. Statistically significant positive associations between informal jobs and non-fatal work injuries were observed among women with medium education [incident rate ratio (IRR) 2.02, 95% CI 1.00-4.00] and women with black skin (IRR 1.71, 95% CI 0.99-2.97) who perceived a job as dangerous (IRR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09-3.64) or who had no occupational training (IRR 2.08; 95% CI 1.05-4.20). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that non-fatal work injuries are a common health problem among adults in urban Brazil, regardless of the type of job contract or gender, which points to a need to improve workers' health and safety programs for formal and informal hired workers.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of malaria in Malaysia.

Malaria is a major public health problem in Malaysia, particularly in peninsular Malaysia and the state of Sabah. An eradication program started in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in 1961 initially was remarkably successful. A similar but staged program was started in peninsular Malaysia in 1967 and was also quite successful. However, a marked upsurge in incidence in Sabah in 1975-1978 showed that malaria is still a major hazard. The disease leads to great economic losses in terms of the productivity of the labor force and the learning capacity of schoolchildren. The topography, the climate, and the migrations of the people due to increased economic activity are similar in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. However, the epidemiologic picture differs strikingly from area to area in terms of species of vectors, distribution of parasitic species, and resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine. Likewise, the problems faced by the eradication or control programs in the three regions are dissimilar. Because solutions to only some of these problems are possible, the eradication of malaria in Malaysia is not likely in the near future. However, the situation offers an excellent opportunity for further studies of antimalaria measures.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1997

Women's caregiving and paid work: causal relationships in late midlife.

Care of an ill or disabled family member or friend is disproportionately done by women and typically is done in late midlife. Because this is-also a time in the life course when women's labor force participation peaks, many women faced with caregiving demands have to decide how to balance them with their employment. In this study we use the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Mature Women to examine the causal relationship between employment and caring for an ill or disabled friend or relative over a three-year period. We find that employment does not affect whether or not women start caregiving, but that women who do start are more likely to reduce employment hours or stop work. Thus, the causal relationship between employment and caregiving in late midlife is largely unidirectional, with women reducing hours to meet caregiving demands.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1999

The retiree identity: gender and race differences.

OBJECTIVES: This study's focus on the retiree identity complements research on institutionalized retirement criteria. We test whether tensions between individuals' own life circumstances and institutionalized retirement criteria manifest themselves in the extent to which individuals assume a retiree identity and in the overlap between self-definitions and attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria. METHODS: The analyses rely on logistic regressions and are based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,633). RESULTS: Labor force participation serves as the main basis for the retiree identity, but other life experiences (work history, disability, spouse's retirement, economic status, family history) also contribute to individuals' self-identification as retiree and the "fit" between self-identification and attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria. Men's retirement identity seems more closely tied to their attainment of institutionalized retirement criteria and a continuous and successful work career, whereas a variety of life circumstances impinge on women's retiree definitions. Moderately disabled African Americans are more likely to self-identify as partly or fully retired. DISCUSSION: While employment constitutes the main reference for individuals' self-definition as retiree, other life circumstances also have some influence. Full understanding of retirement transitions will require more attention to the meaning context of retirement among divergent population groups.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1999

Time use of old and very old Berliners: productive and consumptive activities as functions of resources.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to examine time use of elderly women and men and to explain age- and gender-related variance in activity levels in terms of differences in available resources. METHODS: Activities reported in an elderly sample stratified for age and gender (N = 485, Age: 70-103 years) were aggregated into three classes: regenerative, productive, and consumptive activities and regressed on income, presence of a partner in the household, education, walking mobility, and labor force participation. RESULTS: Levels in productive and consumptive activities were decreased in the old-old. Moreover, young-old women spent more time working in the household than any other group. Most of the age- and gender-related variance in activity levels could be explained by differences in available resources. For men, living with a partner was associated with less time spent for productive activities and enhanced leisure time, whereas for women, the reverse was observed. The expected reduction of unpaid work time as a function of income (income effect) was not observed. DISCUSSION: Elderly individuals do contribute to societal production. Allocation of time to productive and consumptive activities is a function of available resources, amounts and effects of which differ for young-old and old-old as well as for women and men.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

The status and integration of the aged in Japanese society.

Japan is an exception to the general rule that modernization causes a sharp decline in status and integration of the aged. Most of the Japanese elders continue to live with their children and perform important functions in the householf. The majority of men over 65 continue to be in the labor force. The elders are also well integrated into their communities through clubs and visits with neighbors. The high status of the elders is reflected in many private and public practices which give precedence to older persons. Thus, even in modern societies, a culture which promotes respect for the aged can maintain high levels of status and integration for its older citizens.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Relative deprivation and perception of financial adequacy among the aged.

This paper presents a conceptual framework that incorporates the notion of relative deprivation to explain the perceived financial adequacy among the elderly. The model not only provides a more heuristic interpretation of older people's financial satisfaction but also further clarifies the role of actual income. The relative deprivation model was evaluated by using data from the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Ctr. from 1972 through 1977. The findings support the predictions derived from the model and were replicated with high consistency across these six data sets. According to the findings, financial satisfaction is directly related to relative deprivation while income only indirectly affects one's sense of financial well-being. Social status, income, and labor force participation have been demonstrated to be either directly or indirectly related to feelings of deprivation.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Financial well-being among the aged: a further elaboration.

This study represents a further elaboration of the relative deprivation model proposed and tested by Liang and Fairchild (1979). A central assumption underlying this inquiry is that the link between economic status and perceived financial adequacy is mediated by subjective interpretations of the situation such as relative deprivation (Stouffer et al., 1948) and distributive justice (Homans, 1961). In addition, the effects of ascribed status variables such as age, sex, race, and religion on the social comparison process are assessed. Data for this investigation came from a survey of 252 older people in the Detroit area. Findings indicate that financial satisfaction is directly influenced by relative deprivation and distributive justice, while it is only indirectly affected by social status, labor force participation, and income. Race and age are the two ascribed statuses which have a significant impact on social comparison and perceived income adequacy. Implications of these results in terms of theory building and the design of income maintenance policies are also suggested.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Ageism in the labor market: estimating earnings discrimination against older workers.

In this paper we attempt to determine the degree to which older persons employed full-time experience a decline in earnings not related to a decline in productivity. We label such a decline in earnings "discrimination." Using panel data for a cohort of men aged 45 to 54 in 1966, we examined trends in earnings between 1966 and 1976 and the effects of labor force experience on earnings controlling for factors related to productivity, such as health, time on the job, and specific occupational training, as well as other factors known to influence earnings levels. Comparing earnings attainment models estimated at both time periods, the effect of experience on earnings was negligible in 1966 but substantial and negative in 1976. By far the largest component in the real earnings decline experienced by these men between 1966 and 1976 was associated with the increase in age-related experience.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

The vertical mosaic in later life: ethnicity and retirement in Canada.

Given the distinctive historical experiences, cultural features, and status positions of the diverse ethnic groups in Canadian society, we anticipate that these differences will influence the retirement behavior and conditions of their members. This paper examines the effects of ethnic group membership for immigrants to Canada on the timing of retirement and the sources and amounts of retirement income using data from the Public Use Sample of the 1981 Census of Canada. Separate but parallel analyses are conducted for men and women to take into account their distinctive labor force experiences. We find that membership in Asian, African, or Latin American ethnic groups is associated with both later retirement and a lower probability of receiving social insurance and private pension benefits, as well as appreciably lower income among elderly men. This is likely the result of changes in pension legislation in the 1960s and 1970s reducing benefits to recent immigrants.

Africa↗
PubMed1987

Socioeconomic development and the status of elderly men in Turkey: a test of modernization theory.

The aim of this study was to test the predictions of modernization theory concerning the relationship between socioeconomic development and the status of elderly men in Turkish society. Using data derived from Turkish provincial census returns for 1980 and related material, we performed a series of principal component (PC) regression analyses on the data. The results indicated that a greater proportion of elderly men were classified as "head of household" in provinces characterized by low levels of urbanization and industrialization and with high village populations. Labor force participation rates of elderly men also demonstrated a negative relationship to the modernization variables. In contrast, measures of educational and high-level employment status showed a positive relationship with these indexes. These latter variables may reflect historical processes of development and achievements gained earlier in life rather than the current status of elderly men in Turkey. Thus, the study provides strong support for the major tenets of modernization theory.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The married woman's retirement decision: a methodological comparison.

Data from the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to investigate married women's retirement decisions. Results are presented from a methodological comparison of parameter estimates derived under both single- and multiple-equation frameworks using logit analyses. This study finds that: the married woman's decision is influenced significantly by her own wage wealth, Social Security wealth, pension wealth, and age, and it is significantly influenced by her spouse's wage wealth and his labor force status.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

The aging of Asia.

This article reviews some of the demographic characteristics of population aging and the elderly populations in 14 Asian countries: health and life expectancy; sex ratio, marital status, and living arrangements; and rural versus urban residence, labor force participation, retirement, and income. It also focuses on current programs for the elderly populations in Asia and discusses three general issues of importance in the development of aging policies: (a) to what extent should the West be used as a model; (b) what should be the role of the family versus the government in caring for elderly people who cannot care for themselves; and (c) should eligibility for programs be based on age or need?

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Group benefit orientation toward older adults at work? A comparison of cohort analytic methods.

The group benefit orientation for explaining generational beliefs on policy issues is considered in light of debate regarding emerging conflict between younger and older people in America. Using data from two national surveys conducted seven years apart, beliefs about older adults' labor force participation are analyzed by conventional cohort analysis and an alternative method of replacing age in similar models with a theoretically meaningful variable. Neither method offers support for the group benefit orientation. Both methods indicate that more recent cohorts show the highest levels of support for older workers' privileges and opportunities, reflecting social change in the direction of increasing tolerance of and support for the rights of older people. A period effect of increasing support for older workers was also observed on two of the indicators. The findings have implications for both the substantive issues raised and the analysis of cohort data.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

How stressful is retirement? Findings from the Normative Aging Study.

The stressfulness of retirement both as a transitional event experienced during the past year and as a life stage was investigated. Transitional stress was assessed using a life events approach, and stage stress using a "hassles" approach. Respondents were 1,516 male participants in the Normative Aging Study, 45% of whom were retired. Among those retiring in the past year, respondents' own and spouse's retirement were rated the least stressful from a list of 31 possible events. Only 30% found retirement stressful. Retirement hassles were also less frequently reported and were rated less stressful than the work hassles of men still in the labor force. The only consistent predictors of both transitional and stage retirement stress were poor health and family finances; personality did not predict retirement stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Black retirement migration in the United States.

The specific aim of this study was to extend the analysis of retirement migration patterns to older Blacks. The 1980 Census public use sample A provided the data for this analysis. Because of their strong initial southern settlement and their labor force out-migration patterns in this century, many older Black migrants are "provincial return migrants" to the South, a migrant type that may decline among Blacks in the future. There is also a regional counterstream migration pattern among older Black migrants. Out-migrants in this stream from the South have elevated indicators of dependency. Suggestions are made for other related studies of Black retirement migration.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Retirement reason versus retirement process: examining the reasons for retirement typology.

Studies have often used reason for retirement as an indicator of the pathway leading to retirement. We discuss the conceptual basis for the retirement-reason typology and evaluate the distinctiveness of various reasons for labor force exit by predicting them in a standard model-based analysis. Data are from the 1982 Social Security New Beneficiary Study, and the analysis is limited to men. A number of factors in the model-based analysis have distinctive effects on exit for particular retirement reasons, but health limits increase the likelihood of all types of retirement. We conclude that reasons for retirement only partially capture distinctive retirement processes.

Aged↗