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PubMed1993

Soviet Jews in the United States: an analysis of their linguistic and economic adjustment.

"This article reviews the literature and analyzes 1980 Census data to study English language fluency and earnings among Soviet Jews [in the United States]. The literature review reveals: 1) the importance of employment and attaining premigration occupational status for self-esteem; 2) the difficulty of adjusting to the wide range of choices in the United States; 3) the greater difficulty and economic importance of learning English; and 4) the rapid linguistic and economic mobility. The multivariate analysis supports the latter two points. Soviet Jews have a difficult initial adjustment, but after five years in the United States they achieve parity in English fluency and earnings with other European immigrants, ceteris paribus."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Linguistic diversity in Australia.

"This paper explores the changing patterns of language diversity in Australia, Sydney and Melbourne between 1991 and 1996. It shows that there has been a great increasing linguistic diversity, accompanied by an overall decline in the use of ¿older' community languages in favour of ¿newer' languages from Asia and the Middle East."

Australia↗
PubMed2002

Acquisition of categorical color perception: a perceptual learning approach to the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Color perception can be categorical: Between-category discriminations are more accurate than equivalent within-category discriminations. The effects could be inherited, learned, or both. The authors provide evidence that supports the possibility of learned categorical perception (CP). Experiment 1 demonstrated that observers' color discrimination is flexible and improves through repeated practice. Experiment 2 demonstrated that category learning simulates effects of "natural" color categories on color discrimination. Experiment 3 investigated the time course of acquired CP. Experiment 4 found that CP effects are acquired through hue- and lightness-based category learning and obtained interesting data on the dimensional perception of color. The data are consistent with the possibility that language may shape color perception and suggest a plausible mechanism for the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Preliminary findings in a study of age, linguistic evolution and quality of life in recovery from aphasia.

Age has been reported as both a decisive and weak variable in recovery from aphasia. A middle aged group of aphasic subjects (50-64) are compared with an older group (65-80) on linguistic task performance, functional communication and quality of life measures administered at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post stroke. Preliminary findings do not suggest any age based recovery discrepancies for middle aged versus older aphasic subjects on these measures in the first post stroke year. An hierarchical pattern of severity across aphasia type emerged, with fluent aphasic subjects being the least and global aphasia subjects the most impaired both at the beginning and end of the first post stroke year. There appear to be differences in the schedule of improvement on different measures, which remain to be confirmed in the final analysis of the data.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

[Establishing the norm of cognitive adaptive test/clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale in the children from 4 to 36 months of age in Shanghai, China].

OBJECTIVE: To meet the need for instrument assessing the cognitive abilities of infants and young children as well as discriminating between global developmental delay and particular deficits in either language or problem-solving skills, we intended to introduce Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) into China. METHODS: CAT/CLAMS were administered to 1604 normative children aged 4-36 months (in 16 age groups, about 100 children per age group) in Shanghai during the period from December 2003 to June 2004. In the meantime, Gesell Developmental Diagnosis was applied for 100 of these children, respectively aged 4, 6, 12, 18 and 30 months (20 children per age group). Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were adopted to analyze data in terms of inter-rater reliability and re-test reliability of the scales of CAT/CLAMS. Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to assess the inter consistency of the scales. Pearson correlation coefficients(r) were adopted to analyze the concurrent validity of the scales. The normative percentile graphs of CAT/CLAMS in the children from 4 to 36 Months of age in Shanghai, China were adopted. RESULTS: Administrations of the CAT/CLAMS for each subject usually took 10-20 minutes. Individual scores (CLAMS, CAT, and CAT/CLAMS) increased with ages (Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.96, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively, P < 0.01 for all). ICCs (intraclass correlation coefficient) in terms of individual scores for the inter-rater reliability test and the re-test reliability test were respectively > or = 0.96 (P < 0.01) and > or = 0.95 (P < 0.01), all the Cronbach alpha coefficients were > or = 0.98; in 100 children of the 5 age groups, there was significantly positive correlation between CAT/CLAMS and Gesell Developmental Diagnosis in terms of language skill DQ and adaptive skill DQ, and Full Scale DQ (r = 0.517, 0.703, 0.613, respectively, P < 0.01 for all). Moreover, this significant positive correlation was observed in each of the 5 age groups (r = 0.455-0.827, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CAT/CLAMS is suitable for discriminating between global developmental delay and particular deficits in either language or problem-solving skills. It is a quick, reliable, and valid instrument, with refined and quantified results. It is a good tool for developmental surveillance and screening of infants and young children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1991

[The patient with factitious disorder as active sufferer and passive power: a linguistic analysis of self presentation by a patient in therapeutic interaction].

The self-presentations of a patient suffering from factitious disease are investigated. The data are transcriptions of audiotaped therapeutic interactions. By use of linguistic methods it is shown that the patient presents herself as a suffering victim and at the time as a powerful agent. The empirical result relates very well to a psychoanalytic explanation of the disease. Based also on empirical indications from the data we are thus assuming that our result can be generalized. This would mean the patients suffering from factitious disease can be typically characterized by the tensions resulting from self-images which normally are mutually exclusive. Psychogenetic explanations of the disease therefore should not only concentrate on the patient's role of a suffering victim (e.g.: the desire of hospitalization).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Language acquisition in cleft lip-palate (CLP) children. 2. Linguistic diagnosis and therapeutic approaches].

The major tests and methods used in language acquisition diagnosis in CLP children of 3 months to 6 years of age are described. Apart from methods for phonetic analysis, such as spectrography, emphasis is being placed on the assessment of listening by hearing and of semantic and meta-linguistic acquisition. Additional information is obtained on the motoric, cognitive and social development (for detecting any possible multiple handicaps in these areas). In this context the major problems covered in cleft palate parent groups are also pointed out. Finally, the speech therapy provided for preschool children with severe speech problems (as compared with the control group) is outlined.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Three-year-olds' problems with false belief: conceptual deficit or linguistic artifact?

Researchers are divided over whether young children understand other people's minds. This study reexamines the main technique used to show a basic inability in 3-year-olds to make judgments about a person's thoughts when that person's knowledge happens to be false. 131 children, aged 3, 3 1/2, and 4, were shown the real, unexpected contents of a chocolate box and were required to say what a friend would think was in it and what their own previous expectations had been. Success in this task was compared between the 3 age groups and also according to the specificity of questions asked. It was found, in contrast to previous findings, that test questions that are temporally specific and syntactically straightforward enable most 3-year-olds to attribute false beliefs to others. These results suggest that 3-year-olds' access to information about others' mental states is bounded by the linguistic demands placed upon them, but long before their fourth birthday children have some understanding of others' mind.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Linguistic experience and phonemic perception in infancy: a crosslinguistic study.

English- and Spanish-learning infants were tested for perception of 2 synthetic speech contrasts differing in voice onset time. The 2 pairs were chosen so that they were native to either Spanish or English. Using the Visually Reinforced Infant Speech Discrimination (VRISD) paradigm, 6--8-month-old infants were taught to respond to a change in auditory stimuli with a headturn. Correct headturns were reinforced by the activation of a lighted animated toy. While Spanish-learning infants provided evidence of discriminating both English and Spanish contrasts, English-learning infants only provided evidence of discriminating their native contrast. The results are discussed in terms of the role of linguistic experience in the development of speech perception skills in infancy.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1979

Linguistic aspects of transformative labelling: the case of repentant delinquents.

This article describes the linguistic changes that occurred amongst a group of repentant delinquents and assesses their importance in the self-reconstitution process. Each of the three major themes of transformative labelling are not only reflected in the way that the repentants talk; they are also highly influenced by it. In particular, the adoption of new pattern of speech helps the repentants to (i) come to terms with their delinquent past and turn over a new leaf and (ii) forestall the doubts that are bound to occur during the escalation to normal identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A system for reporting gynecologic procedures. A linguistic-logical approach.

A system was developed for reporting gynecologic procedures at Chicago Lying-In Hospital. The system is designed to report procedures and treatments performed during both inpatient stays and outpatient visits. Key features of the system are (1) the automatic encoding of all gynecologic procedures in both the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) coding systems, (2) the use of an independent program to maintain and update a multiply referenced network of operative procedures and (3) the use of a cross-indexing system that allows each procedure to be accessed in several ways and according to several patterns of keys (billing code number, CPT category, common abbreviation and/or linguistic feature).

Computers↗
PubMed1980

Effects of early linguistic experience on speech discrimination by infants: a critique of Eiler, Gavin, and Wilson (1979).

In a recent report in this journal, Eilers, Gavin, and Wilson (1979) presented discrimination data obtained from 2 groups of infants exposed to different language-learning environments. The results showed differences in voice onset time (VOT) discrimination between Spanish and English infants, suggesting an effect of early linguistic experience. A critique of this study indicates that such conclusions about the effects of early experience on speech perception are unwarranted on both methodological and conceptual grounds. Methodological flaws include the absence of reliable statistical analyses and the failure to guard against experimenter bias effects. Conceptual flaws involve the erroneous interpretation of failures to discriminate certain selected speech contrasts. Inferences concerning the developmental course of speech perception in young infants based on the results of the Eilers et al. study need to be interpreted cautiously in light of these serious criticisms.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1994

Mortality of the German linguistic isolates of the western Italian Alps (Walser).

For five localities of Western Alps (Val d'Aosta and Piemonte) inhabited by Walser populations (Gressoney-la-Trinité, Gressoney St. Jean, Issime, Macugnaga and Rima) the main features of mortality are described, namely raw death rate, seasonality of deaths, distribution of deaths according to age classes and infant mortality. Death rate is higher than the Italian average value; seasonality of deaths shows some statistically significative differences only in a few decades and does not reach a high significativity. Distribution in age classes shows a rather low mortality at lower ages (0 and 1-4 years) with small changes between the two halves of the 20th century. An exception is constituted by Macugnaga, where an elevated mortality at lower age classes is present in both halves of the century, though higher in the first one. The picture can be considered as not typical of Walser populations. Infant mortality shows great variations in the investigated isolates, but an explication today is impossible. The degree of illiteracy, one of the causes of infant mortality, is rather elevated only at Macugnaga (until 1931). A comparison is made with other German linguistic islands studied so far by one of the two authors (G.M.).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Population structure of the Chenchu and other south Indian tribal groups: relationships between genetic, anthropometric, dermatoglyphic, geographic, and linguistic distances.

We describe the genetic structure and interrelationships of nine south Indian tribal groups (seven from Andhra Pradesh and two from the adjoining states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) using seven polymorphic loci (ABO, MN, RH, PGM, ACP, PGD, and LDH). R matrix analysis indicates that the Andhra Pradesh tribes are clustered and that the Kadar and Irula are genetically isolated from them. This dispersion of populations has been explained by the combination of relatively high frequencies of the alleles RH D and MN M in the Kadar and the relatively high proportions of the allele PGM*2 in the Irula. The Mahaboobnagar Chenchu subgroup is isolated from other Telugu-speaking groups because of high frequencies of the PGM*1 and ACP*A alleles. The regression of mean per locus heterozygosity (H) on distance from the gene frequency centroid (rii) reveals considerable levels of external gene flow among the Lambadi, the Yerukula, and the two Chenchu subgroups and more homogeneity in the Kolam, Koya, Yanadi, Irula, and Kadar. Mantel statistics were used to assess the relative effects of nonbiological processes (i.e., language and geography) on the morphological and genetic patterns of these subdivided populations. The significance of correlations was determined between different data sets (genetic, dermatoglyphic, anthropometric, geographic, and linguistic) at three levels involving nine, six, and five populations. Although multiple correlation analysis reveals significant combined effects of geography and language on genetics, anthropometrics, and dermatoglyphics, highly significant partial correlations suggest strong effects of geography on both anthropometry and genetics. Our analysis indicates that geographic factors have an overwhelming effect on the genetic differentiation of the south Indian tribal groups.

Alleles↗
PubMed1993

Video analysis: a method of assessing changes in preverbal and early linguistic communication after cochlear implantation.

As the age of cochlear implantation in children decreases, there is an increasing need for methods to monitor the preverbal and early linguistic development of children fitted with these devices. One method that has been used successfully to monitor children wearing acoustic amplifying hearing aids entails the video recording over time of child-adult interactions in a conversational setting, and the subsequent methodical analysis of various aspects of the interaction. These aspects include eye contact, turn taking, autonomy, and auditory processing. The same method has been applied to children wearing the Nucleus 22-electrode cochlear implant system. An overview is given of the video analysis results for a group of 10 children studied from a period before implantation up to one year postimplantation. The results illustrate group changes in the various measures due to the provision of auditory information by the cochlear implant, plus the scatter of individual data. It is concluded that early indications of progress over time generally predict the level of functioning achieved at 12 months postimplantation. The method provides essential objective information, which enables discrete changes in behavior to be monitored realistically. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the video analysis method to obtain information for clinical management of children with cochlear implants.

Child↗
PubMed1997

[Linguistic confusion about nursing standards. A literature study].

This paper takes a close look at nursing publications that are concerned with the theoretical knowledge of "standards". The central question is: "What are the intentions and characteristics to which standards are linked in nursing literature?" Diverse definitions and synonyms of standards are discussed as well. There is a considerable irregularity in the terminology of standards and similar terms in the investigated literature. Therefore, the term "standard" is treated by the author as a general one that embraces many definitions and has to be differentiated for a closer approach. Thus, four different kinds of features have been developed in the course of the analytic work: "intentions", "range of validity", "contents" and "structure". These four areas form a basis for a more definite description of the various kinds of standards. Based on her findings, the author give recommendations on how the actual linguistic confusion can be effectively dealt with.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The establishment of the I-PSS in the CIS countries taking into account its cultural and linguistic features. International Prostate Symptom Score].

I-PSS adaptation to cultural and linguistic features of CIS population has been made in two stages. The 1st stage consisted of adaptation of the questionnaire's text and its check up by the specialists. At the 2nd stage a random sample of 46 males at the age 60 to 80 years were tested and retested. Reliability of the results has been proved in repeated tests and comparison of the adjusted questionnaire with its English-American variant. The authors propose to use adapted questionnaire I-PSS which meets international requirements in the countries members of CIS.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishing the norm of Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) in Chinese infants.

The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) has been recommended as a useful diagnostic tool for cognitive delay. To provide wider application of this instrument as a general screening tool for pediatricians, a normative percentile graph from a large convenience sample of Chinese infants has been established. The effects of environmental factors on early language and adaptive development were also analyzed. A total of 402 normal infants aged 4 to 36 months attending well-child clinics were recruited. These infants were from all socioeconomic strata, and half were bilingual with Mandarin and Taiwanese. Grandmothers were the chief caretakers or co-caretakers in 28% of this population. The milestones were attained in a sequential and orderly fashion. In contrast to the adaptive ability, there was a wide variation in language acquisition between age 12 and 24 months. Multiple stepwise regression of demographic and environmental factors revealed that age was the main variance in CAT score (P = 0.0001). In CLAMS score, however, age and caretakers were the significant predictors (P = 0.0001). Infants cared for by both mothers and grandmothers had higher CLAMS score by two months over those cared by mothers only (P = 0.001). Those cared for by grandmothers only had lower language score than those by mothers only, though without statistical significance (P = 0.05). Bilingualism, birth order, numbers of siblings, familial structures, and parental socioeconomic status had no effect on early development.

Child Rearing↗