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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Requests for emergency contraception at an accident and emergency department--assessing the impact of a change in legislation.

The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of attendance of patients requesting Emergency Hormonal Contraception (EHC) at an accident and emergency department before and after a government driven change in legislation, which allowed EHC to be sold over-the-counter by trained pharmacists, to women aged 16 years and above. We employed retrospective comparative study using computer records of all accident and emergency attendances coded as requests for emergency contraception for the years 2000 and 2001. The number of patients requesting emergency contraception at the A&E department decreased after over-the-counter sales were introduced, from 196 in the year 2000 to 164 in 2001 (p = 0.037). Despite this, the number of teenagers requesting emergency contraception at the A&E department increased in 2001--from 63 in 2000 to 74 in 2001 (p = 0.0115). Most requests are received outside local pharmacy opening hours--63.77% in 2000 and 62.2% in 2001. This study raises concerns that the government initiative allowing emergency hormonal contraception to be sold in pharmacies is having little impact on teenagers most in need of this service. A&E departments can expect to continue to receive a significant number of requests for emergency contraception. Further measures will be required to reduce the U.K.'s high rate of unplanned pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The health policy of the "Rat der Volksbeauftragten": the German revolution of 1918/19 in medical historical perspective--part I: Legislation on health policy].

After the fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of the republic on 9 November 1918, the "Rat der Volksbeauftragten" ("Council of People's Representatives") was established as a provisional revolutionary government. It consisted of three members of the Majority Social Democratic Party (MSDP) and three members of the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD). Because of irreconcilable political-ideological differences, the members of the USPD left government on 28 December, so that from this time until 10 February 1919 the MSPD governed alone. The "Rat der Volksbeauftragten" issued extensive decrees and legislation, including many laws on health policy. The study of these regulations allows a reconstruction of the interplay between the political ideas of the two social democratic parties, the requirements of health policy arising from the war, and the revolutionary events.

Democracy↗
PubMed2005

[Reporting accidents and (near) mistakes: meaning and possibilities of legislation].

Several proposals have been made to introduce systems for blame-free reporting of medical accidents and possible mistakes in Dutch health-care facilities. These systems are aimed at improving patient safety. The question whether health-care workers who report accidents and mistakes should be protected by legislation has been raised. In a number of countries, this kind of legal protection has been developed. Most of these laws stipulate that information provided in the context of a reporting system may not be used against the reporter in a legal procedure. In order to improve the willingness of health-care workers to report, it may be worthwhile to introduce this kind of legal protection.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Biotechnology, animal health and animal welfare within the framework of European Union legislation.

Experimental and farm animals are used in biomedical research and in biotechnology studies that are designed to improve agricultural productivity. European legislation governing such research, which is modelled on existing National Laws regarding animal health and welfare, is agreed after several preliminary sessions in which contributions and opinions from large sections of European society are sought. Special attention is paid to opinions expressed by ethical and animal rights associations, which emphasise that animals should be considered as 'sentient beings' and not mere 'goods' or 'property'. A statement to this effect is included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, which was signed in Rome in 2004 by the 25 European Union member states.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2002

A battle over birth "control": legal and legislative employer prescription contraception benefit mandates.

Under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), employers are prohibited from discriminating against women by treating pregnancy and childbirth different from other medical conditions. Employers who offer medical benefits to their employees have thus been required to cover pregnancy-related medical costs on the same terms as other medical coverage. The cost of prescription contraception, however, has generally not been covered by employer-sponsored medical plans, even while other prescription drugs were. This Note examines the recent case of Erickson v. Bartell Drug Co., which challenged this practice of excluding prescription contraception coverage as discriminatory under the PDA, and argues that further federal legislation is necessary to ensure the equal treatment of women in the workplace.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2006

Tattooing, permanent makeup and piercing in Amsterdam; guidelines, legislation and monitoring.

Tattooing, body piercing and permanent makeup are increasing in popularity. Here, we describe the procedures involved in these practices, their risks, the content of guidelines developed by the Municipal Health Service in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) to reduce infection risks, the legislation in the city of Amsterdam, and results of monitoring in tattoo and piercing studios.

Body Piercing↗
PubMed2003

Legislative technique and human rights: the sad case of assisted suicide.

Ths article reviews the issues raised by the case of Diane Pretty and argues that contrary to the views of the English Courts and the European Court of Human Rights, section 2 of the Suicide Act 1961 is incompatible with the Convention. Failing legislative reform, the DPP should formulate and publicise criteria for the exercise of its consent to prosecution in cases of assisted suicide.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed2006

[Present-day legislation and the handling of chemical substances and preparations at the workplaces performing drug synthesis and analysis].

The preparation discusses the present-day legislation concerning the handling of chemical substances and preparations in the Czech Republic (Law No. 356/2003 Coll., Regulation No. 369/2005 Coll.), the passages important for the operation of the workplaces performing synthesis and analysis of drugs, including the new duties of the employer. The legal regulation valid in the Czech Republic is compared in the selected parts with that valid in the Slovak Republic. The authors primarily recommend the workplaces engaged in drug synthesis and analysis to limit the use of chemical substances classified as highly toxic.

Czech Republic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Environmental hygiene of the surgery suites for the control of surgical wound infection: Italian legislation and international guidelines].

Aim of the study is to describe the application of surgical site infection (SSI) control procedures in general surgery operating rooms of Piedmont region hospitals. A specific data collection form was designed to record information. 54 questionnaires were compiled. Piedmont legislation related to operating rooms' equipment is obeyed in more than 90% of hospitals. Nevertheless, there are some critical aspects than could be risk factors for SSI or that are not useful in order to prevent them: use of UV radiation (11.3%), use of tacky mats at the entrance of the operating room (5.7%), special cleaning of operating rooms after contaminated or dirty operations (73.6%) and routine environmental sampling (10%) that is strongly recommended by ISPESL guideline in disagreement with international recommendations. Steam autoclave is used for surgical instruments sterilization by 100% of hospitals, but only 50% of them performs an annual validation of both autoclave performance and sterilization procedures. The study gave useful information in order to promote some structural modifications and personnel education for efficacious SSI prevention and control.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1990

[Legislative control of AIDS in Czechoslovakia].

The author discusses problems of the legal regulation of the fight against AIDS in the CSSR. Valid legislation does not create the necessary prerequisites for the solution of problems associated with the responsibility of HIV carriers and patients suffering from AIDS. The foreseen amendement of the penal code and the code on transgressions reacts to a certain degree to these facts. It is, however, necessary to use as a basis the function of responsibility in the sphere of criminal law and administrative law and not overestimate the possibility to influence the actions of people by threatening with sanctions or their application. The author reaches the conclusion that the problem of AIDS must be resolved in a comprehensive way whereby legal regulations may play an important role in the sphere of prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of legislative reform to reduce drunken driving and alcohol-related traffic fatalities.

From 1980 through 1985, considerable progress was made across the Nation in reducing drunken driving and fatal automobile crashes. More than 400 chapters of local citizen groups concerned with reducing drunken driving were formed. New media coverage, measured in number of stories, increased fiftyfold from 1980 to 1984. More than 500 legislative reforms were passed. All States now have adopted a legal drinking age of 21. Many also adopted criminal and administrative per se laws and instituted penalty increases for drunken driving. By 1985, the total number of fatal crashes declined to 39,168, a decrease of 6,116, or 16 percent, from the 1980 level of 45,284. Single-vehicle fatal crashes occurring at night, those most likely to involve alcohol, declined by 20 percent, with 3,674 fewer crashes in 1985 than in 1980. Among teenage drivers, declines in fatal crashes were steeper: Fatal crashes decreased 26 percent, and single-vehicle night fatal crashes were down 34 percent. After 1984, however, the number of new citizen groups established and the number of stories appearing in the media began to decline. In 1986, after decreasing for several years, the number of fatal crashes rose 5 percent, and single-vehicle night fatal crashes rose 7 percent, up 1,060 from 1985. Among teenage drivers, the increase in single-vehicle night fatal crashes was even higher, up 17 percent. In 1987, single-vehicle night fatal crashes declined slightly but still remained higher than in 1983, 1984, or 1985. Legal changes, while helpful in reducing drunken driving crashes, may not be sufficient to achieve optimal long-term declines.To sustain the progress of the early 1980s, we need to:* Refocus community and media attention on the drunken driving problem. * Increase police enforcement and public support for enforcement of laws against drunken driving.* Heighten educational and enforcement efforts that target risky traffic behaviors more common among drunken drivers-particularly speeding and failure to wear seatbelts.* Develop educational efforts aimed at all segments of the population to increase informal social pressure to discourage drunken driving and riding in vehicles with drivers who are drunk.Traffic accidents remain the leading cause of death among persons ages I to 34; 52 percent of the 46,050 traffic fatalities in 1986 involved ad river or pedestrian who had been drinking. Without renewed attention to the problems posed by drunken driving, we may be unable to sustain the dramatic progress of the early 1980s.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

[Has the new x-ray legislation come into operation too early?].

The new legislation governing the handling of x-rays and radiation has come into effect from 1 January 1988. Many hold the opinion that this was a too early date for its enforcement, because the system of accompanying guidelines and standards is still incomplete. The present article deals with these problems and offers a survey of the present status of guidelines and standards, especially with regard to quality assurance and control.

Germany, West↗
PubMed1988

Opinions of pharmacy, medicine, and pharmaceutical industry leaders about hypothetical therapeutic-interchange legislation.

The beliefs of representatives of organized pharmacy and medicine and the pharmaceutical industry about the effect of hypothetical therapeutic-interchange legislation on various health-care issues were studied. Questionnaires designed to gauge respondents' beliefs about the impact of two hypothetical bills (A and B) concerning selection of therapeutic alternates by pharmacists were mailed to the directors of 307 organizations in April 1986. Bill A would permit pharmacists in any setting to select therapeutic alternates. Bill B would permit therapeutic interchange by pharmacists within organized health-care settings in accordance with guidelines approved by physicians. Issues addressed included the efficient delivery of health care, professional liability, interprofessional and pharmacist-patient relationships, and competition and profitability in the pharmaceutical industry. The response rate was 63% (194 usable responses). Bill A received some support from representatives of state pharmaceutical associations only. However, bill B was supported by respondents from state pharmaceutical associations, state hospital pharmacy societies, boards of pharmacy, and generic manufacturers. Respondents from medical associations and member companies of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) were concerned about the impact of the hypothetical bills on the quality of drug therapy and the efficiency of health-care delivery. Respondents from medical associations also were concerned about the impact of the bills on physician liability. The responses from the medical associations and the PMA-member companies suggest that a program should be developed to educate physicians about the process used by pharmacists and physicians to develop guidelines for therapeutic interchange in various practice settings.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗