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PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behaviour. Part I. Dentine lead levels and exposure to environmental risk factors.

Dentine lead levels were obtained for a sample of 996 children who were participants in a longitudinal study of child development. Mean dentine lead levels were just over 6 micrograms g-1 and had a log normal distribution. The relationship between dentine lead values and a number of variables (social background, residence in old weatherboard housing, residence on busy roads, pica) describing exposure to sources of lead was analysed. This showed that all factors made small but statistically significant contributions to variations in dentine lead values and that collectively these factors explained 10% of the variance in lead values. The implications of these results are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behaviour. Part III. Dentine lead levels and attention/activity.

The relationship between dentine lead levels and maternal/teacher ratings of inattentive/restless behaviour in children was examined for a birth cohort of New Zealand children. There were small but relatively consistent and stable correlations between dentine lead values and behaviour ratings. After correction for errors of measurement in dentine lead values and behaviour ratings it was estimated that the correlation between lead levels and inattentive/restless behaviour was in the region of +0.18. However, after control for various sources of confounding there was only a small, but statistically significant, correlation of +0.08 between lead levels and inattention/restless in children. It is concluded that the weight of the evidence favours the view that there is a very weak causal association between lead levels and attention and activity levels in children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Blood lead and urinary delta aminolevolonic acid (U-ALA) in the diagnosis of lead toxicosis of dogs.

A comparative evaluation of the usefulness of blood lead and urinary delta aminolevolonic acid estimations in the diagnosis of canine lead poisoning was made in 2 dogs which were given increasing quantities of lead by mouth for extended periods. In both lead administered dogs the blood lead levels remained elevated throughout the experimental period of 18 weeks. This contrasted with the results of U-ALA determinations in which elevated levels were detected only infrequently and at erratic intervals lacking relationship to lead exposure.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed1980

Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans.

Lead contamination in canned tuna, exceeding natural concentrations 10,000-fold, went undiscovered for decades because of analytical error. The magnitude of this pollution effect helps explain the difference between the lead concentration in the diets of present-day Americans (0.2 part per million) and inthe diets of prehistoric peoples (estimated to be less than 0.002 part per million). It also explains how skeletal concentrations of lead in typical Americans became elevated 500-fold above the natural concentrations measured in bones of Peruvians who lived in an unpolluted environment 1800 years ago. It has been tacitly assumed that natural biochemical effects of lead in human cells have been studied, but this is not so because reagents, nutrients, and controls used in laboratory and field studies have been unknowingly contaminated with lead far in excess of naturally occurring levels. An unrecognized form of poisoning caused by this escessive exposure to lead may affect most Americans because magnitudes of biochemical dysfunctions are proportional to degrees of exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Associations between soil lead and childhood blood lead in urban New Orleans and rural Lafourche Parish of Louisiana.

This study evaluates associations between soil lead concentrations (SPb), age of housing, and blood lead levels (BPb) of children in metropolitan New Orleans and Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. The database includes over 2,600 SPb and 6,000 BPb samples paired by their median values and pre-1940 housing percentages for 172 census tracts. Associations were evaluated with Fisher's exact test and Spearman's rho test and modeled with the least sum of absolute deviations regression. Census tracts with low SPb are associated with new housing, but census tracts with high SPb are evenly split between old and new housing [Fisher's exact test, p = 8.60 X 10(-13) for the percentage of housing built before 1940 (percent pre-1940 housing) versus SPb]. The p-value for SPb versus BPb is 12 orders of magnitude stronger than the p-value for percent pre-1940 housing versus BPb. Census tracts with low BPb are associated with new housing, but census tracts with high BPb are split evenly between old and new housing (Fisher's exact test, p = 1. 67 X 10(-12) for percent pre-1940 housing versus BPb). Census tracts with high SPb are associated with high BPb and census tracts with low SPb are associated with low BPb (Fisher's exact test, p = 3.18 X 10(-24) for BPb versus SPb). The Spearman's rho test of the association of SPb and BPb in Orleans and Lafourche Parishes yielded a p-value of 6.12 X 10(-24). The least sum of absolute deviations regression model of the data is BPb = 1. 845 + 0.7215 (SPb)0.4. A comparison of the modeled BPb versus observed BPb has an r(2) of 0.552 and a p-value of 2.83 X 10(-23) that this relation was due to chance. If blood lead in children is more closely associated to soil lead than to the age of housing, then primary lead prevention should also include soil lead.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

[Studies on the biological effects of low level lead exposures. Part 2. Biochemical responses and subjective symptoms in female lead workers (author's transl)].

Females painters of ceramic works were examined for parameters of biochemical lead poisoning such as erythrocyte ALAD, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), ALA and coproporphyrin (CP) in the urine as well as parameters of lead absorption such as lead concentration in the blood and urine (PbB and PbU). Results were compared with those of male painters. At the same time, subjective symptoms were questioned in both male and female painters. Under the lead exposure levels of these painters (PbB 5-50 microgram/dl, PbU 10-200 microgram/l), FEP alone, among the four biochemical tests for lead poisoning, showed a different behaviour between the male and female painters. Among female painters, significant higher incidence of the symptom of "tiredness" was recognized when the PbB level became more than 20 microgram/dl and significant higher incidence of the "history of abortion" was seen as the PbU level became more than 60 microgram/l. However, any relationship between subjective symptoms and PbB or PbU level was not recognized among male painters. These results suggest that female painters are more susceptible to lead exposure than male painters.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The ceramics industry and lead poisoning. Lead poisoning in relation to technology and jobs.

The investigation evaluates the risk of lead absorption for 288 ceramics industry workers. Cases were studied in relation to sex, type and length of exposure, production plant characteristics, and jobs performed. The difference linked with sex was amplified by the fact that men usually performed the decidedly higher risk jobs, such as those connected with the direct use of ceramic glazes, in which--although to a variable extent--high percentages of lead are used. In fact, decreasing amounts of lead absorption were found for workers engaged in the operations of glazing, kiln work, maintenance and decoration, selection coming last. It was concluded that, in the Italian ceramics industry, lead exposure is linked to the use of lead-rich glazes and that this exposure may thus vary according to the different jobs or different technological cycles. Although female workers primarily carry out decoration and selection jobs, they nonetheless show high levels of lead in their blood, exceeding 1.9 mu mol/l--the limit currently recommended for women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[A molecular epidemiological study of childhood lead poisoning in lead-polluted environment].

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between polymorphisms of ALAD and VDR genes and individual susceptibility of lead poisoning was investigated in children highly-exposed to lead. METHOD: Four hundred and sixty-nine children were recruited into this study and the blood lead, ZPP, hemoglobin as well as three physical developmental indexes (head circumference, height and weight) were measured. VDR and ALAD gene polymorphisms were analyzed by the methods of PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The subjects with ALAD2 allele had higher ZPP level (10.12 micro mol/L vs 12.87 micro mol/L) (P = 0.017). The subjects with B allele has larger head circumference than only with b allele (51.19 cm vs 50.75 cm) (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the ALAD gene polymorphism modified the relationship between blood lead and ZPP and the VDR gene variants influenced the skull development in children living under lead-polluted environment. The polymorphism of ALAD and VDR genes might serve as the molecular inherited factors modifying the susceptibility of lead poisoning.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

[Use of blood lead data to evaluate and prevent childhood lead poisoning in Latin America].

Exposure to lead is a widespread and serious threat to the health of children in Latin America. Health officials should monitor sources of exposure and health outcomes to design, implement, and evaluate prevention and control activities. To evaluate the magnitude of lead as a public health problem, three key elements must be defined: I) the potential sources of exposure, 2) the indicators to evaluate health effects and environmental exposure, and 3) the sampling methods for the population at risk. Several strategies can be used to select the study population depending on the study objectives, the time limitations, and the available resources. If the objective is to evaluate the magnitude and sources of the problem, the following sampling methods can be used: I) population-based random sampling; 2) facility-based random sampling within hospitals, daycare centers, or schools; 3) target sampling of high risk groups; 4) convenience sampling of volunteers; and 5) case reporting (which can lead to the identification of populations at risk and sources of exposures). For all sampling methods, information gathering should include the use of a questionnaire to collect general information on the participants and on potential local sources of exposure, as well as the collection of biological samples. In interpreting data, one should consider the type of sampling used and the non-response rates, as well as factors that might influence blood lead measurements, such as age and seasonal variability. Blood lead measurements should be integrated in an overall strategy to prevent lead toxicity in children. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1992

Lead exposures among lead burners--Utah, 1991.

In July 1991, concerns about lead exposure among lead burners--workers who solder or weld with lead and, therefore, are exposed to potentially high levels of lead--at a construction site in Utah prompted the national office of the lead burners' local union to contact CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for assistance. On July 10, 1991, NIOSH, under the health-hazard evaluation program, initiated an environmental survey of the workplace and medical evaluations of the lead burners working on-site.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

Increased lead absorption and lead poisoning from a retained bullet.

A young man was found to have elevated blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels seven years after he had been shot in the foot with a .22 caliber bullet. Although clearly evident in radiographs obtained at the time of the accident, the bullet had never been removed. Over the course of the intervening years the radiographic appearance of the projectile changed dramatically. The patient underwent a surgical debridement procedure with some resolution of his lead intoxication. This case was reviewed in the context of the literature describing the disposition of retained lead projectiles. Lead bullets or fragments lodged within joints are slowly disintegrated and, as absorption accelerates, predispose the patient to the risk of lead poisoning which may occur many years after the original incident. Prompt removal of any lead projectile entering a joint space is strongly recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Relationship between atmospheric lead concentration and blood lead level in Turin (Italy).

On July 1, 1981 the Italian government received and implemented an E.E.C. directive dated 1978 calling for the reduction of lead in fuels from 0.6 to 0.4 g/L. The effectiveness of this legislative measure is evaluated here by comparison of data on atmospheric lead levels in the city of Turin, and blood lead levels in A.V.I.S. (Italian Association of Blood Donors) donors in Turin and the countryside (control group), before (1977) and after (1986, 1987) the enforcement of the law. The results show that the implementation of the law has contributed to a decrease in the atmospheric lead levels. The analysis of blood lead concentration revealed an evident biological response to this environmental change: there was a decrease in blood lead level between 1977 and 1987, in both the countryside (control group) and, to a lesser extent, in the city.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The rate of decline of blood lead in lead industry workers during medical removal: the effect of job tenure.

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for occupational exposure to lead, workers whose blood lead concentration has reached or exceeded a specified trigger level are removed from work areas where 8-hr time-weighted-average air lead concentration is equal to or in excess of a specified value, and are returned when two consecutive blood lead concentration measurements have been at or below the return trigger level. Initial removal and return triggers, of 80 and 60 micrograms/100 g respectively, instituted in 1979, were supplanted in a scheduled sequence by 70/50 and later by 60/40 triggers. This paper presents a descriptive summary of lead industry-wide experience with medical removals from high workplace-lead exposure as mandated by OSHA, and an examination of the influence of job tenure on length of removal. Median length of removal under the 80/60 triggers was 3.4 months; under the 70/50 triggers, it was 4.4 months. Median length of removal under the 60/40 triggers can only be estimated due to censoring of the data set, but was between 6 and 8 months for employees removed during the first 4 months after institution of the 60/40 triggers. Respirator use and company identity significantly influenced length of removal only under the 80/60 triggers. Job tenure did not influence length of removal of employees removed and returned within the 18-month limit. However, mean tenure of employees reaching 18 months on removal was significantly longer than mean tenure of employees removed and returned within 18 months, under all three sets of triggers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed1979

Influence of lead poisoning and ultrastructural changes in the body wall of Eisenia foetida (Savigny), Oligochaeta. I. Short action of different concentrations of lead and ultrastructural changes in the cells of the body wall.

The effect of short term influence of different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 in the soil on the accumulation and localization of lead in the body wall cells of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny), Oligocheta, was studied histochemically. The experimental animals displayed the presence of lead deposits in the cytoplasm and vacuols of the epithelial gland cells which also showed morphological changes indicative of their increased secretory activity. Furthermore, a considerable accumulation of lead was found in the sarcoplasm and particularly in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cells in the body wall. The histochemical data show that the most intense accumulation of lead is found in animals kept in an environment containing 0-05 mg Pb per 1 g of the soil. At this concentration of lead noteworthy morphological changes together with deposits of this metal are found in the mitochondria. This mitochondrial changes occurred together with the above mentioned, lead induced cytological deviations. They did not appear in other groups of experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Chronic lead poisoning: Lead gout with giant tophi on the skin, nephrophathy and porphyrinopathy].

Chronic lead nephtropathy, secondary gout (lead-gout) and porphyrinuria may develop after long lasting professional exposure to lead. A printer with giant tophi on his hands and feet excreted a significantly higher amount of lead after infusion of calcium EDTA in comparison with a normal control person. This result indicates an increased mobilization of lead from skeletal deposits. Furthermore, the laboratory findings showed renal insufficency and porphyrinuria up to 1316 mug/l (elevation of total porphyrins with slight or no elevation of delta-amino-levulic acid and porphobilinogene). The clinical triad nephropathy, secondary gout and porphyrinuria seems to be a variant of chronic lead poisoning.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Subclinical cervico-spino-bulbar effects of lead: a study of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper.

Subclinical central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction among lead-exposed workers was studied by measuring short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and maximal motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (MCV and SCV) following stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. The examinations were conducted in 20 gun-metal foundry workers exposed to lead, zinc, copper, and tin, with blood lead (BPb) concentrations of 16 to 64 micrograms/dl (mean, 42 micrograms/dl). The interpeak latency of SSEP in the cervico-spino-bulbar region [N9(Erb)-N13 latency] was significantly prolonged, and the MCV and SCV in the forearm were significantly slowed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the yield of urinary lead following challenge with calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) and packed red blood cell volume were the major factors associated with the prolongation of SSEP latency in the cervico-spino-bulbar region. Similarly, the interpeak latency in the upper central nervous system (N13-N20 latency) was inversely related to the zinc concentration in erythrocytes; latency up to the Erb's point [N9(Erb) latency], which reflects conduction time in a long pathway of the sensory median nerve, was inversely related to urinary zinc level; the MCV and SCV in the palm were positively related to erythrocyte zinc concentration and plasma copper concentration, respectively. These findings suggest that the subclinical neurophysiological effects of lead occur not only in peripheral nerves but also in the central nervous system. It appears that zinc antagonizes the central and peripheral neurologic dysfunction caused by lead; similarly, copper antagonizes the peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lead in bone III. Prediction of social correlates from skeletal lead content in four Colonial American populations (Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound).

Lead content was determined in the skeletal tissue of 82 individuals representing two black and two white Colonial American populations: Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound. Group and individual differences in bone lead concentrations were used to assess behavioral, social and occupational characteristics. Variations in skeletal lead content suggested that the white owners of the Catoctin iron furnace shared little of their food and beverage with their black, male, industrial slaves, but that some of these workers' women had access to the owners' food sources--probably via domestic duty assignments. A broad range of lead concentrations in bones of the free blacks at College Landing implies a wide range of economic success among these tradesmen. Bone lead content of the white populations at Governor's Land and Irene Mound helped confirm family relationships that had been assigned on an archaeological and osteological basis, and also suggested that the social and functional status of the white tenant farmers' white servants frequently differed little from that of black slaves. These findings suggest that, when applied in appropriate circumstances, lead studies of archaeological skeletal tissue may provide information supplemental to that derived from historical, archaeological, or other conventional sources.

Adolescent↗